The formation and operation mechanism of EU integration

The integration of Europe began with the acceptance of collective economic assistance from the United States just after the Second World War. In order to get economic assistance from the United States, western European countries established the European Economic Cooperation Organization. In order to facilitate trade liberalization, this organization soon developed into the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development in Europe, and its member countries are almost all over Europe. In terms of defense, Britain, France, Belgium, the Netherlands and Luxembourg signed the Brussels Convention in 1948, forming a military alliance to counter the potential threats from Germany and the Soviet Union. The following year, the five western European countries signed the North Atlantic Treaty with the United States, Canada, Denmark, Iceland, Italy, Norway and Portugal. NATO is a militarily more international organization, but it does not involve political and economic development. Similarly, Council of Europe, founded in 1949, devoted itself to the unification of politics and culture, and held a famous conference to protect human rights. Council of Europe gained more extensive support, which paved the way for the establishment of three European * * * isomorphic bodies. From the end of World War II to 1949, European and American countries formed an alliance either economically or militarily, and the Soviet bloc was also forming at that time, thus the world formed two major interest groups, and the Cold War era followed, with the former East Germany and West Germany as the dividing line. In 1951, at the initiative of French Foreign Minister Schumann, six western European countries, including Belgium, France, West Germany, Italy, Luxembourg, and the Netherlands, signed the Paris Agreement, and established the European coal and steel entity. The unified management of coal and steel, such as price and output, needs to be negotiated with the member countries, and finally decided by the entity. In 1957, the six European coal and steel countries signed the Rome Agreement in the Italian capital, and established the European Economic Community and the European Atomic Energy Community. In 1965, without Britain's participation, three major organizations, namely, the European economic entity, the European coal and steel entity and the European Atomic Energy entity, merged into the European entity (hereinafter referred to as the "European entity"). In 1973, Denmark, Ireland and Britain joined the European Union, and Spain and Portugal joined the European Union in 1986. In 1991, the Council of the European Community held a meeting in richter, the Netherlands, and drafted the EU Agreement. In 1993, according to the EU Agreement, the European Community was officially renamed as the "European Union" (referred to as "EU"). The Amsterdam Agreement, formulated in 1994, holds that ensuring the effective operation of EU functional departments is a prerequisite for EU's eastward expansion. Austria, Finland and Sweden became members of the EU in 1995. So far, the number of EU member states has reached 15, accounting for 9% of the total population in Western Europe.

The EU mainly includes economic and monetary union and political union. Economic and monetary union is more the product of the internal logic of economic integration development since the establishment of Europe, and political union is more a contingency measure against the external pressure caused by the change of European situation. Economic and monetary union is the most substantial part of the Macheng Treaty. In 1972, under the initiative of France and West Germany, the EUROpean monetary system was established, and on January 1, 22, the European Union unified currency "Euro" was officially adopted, which truly unified the internal market of the European Union. The EU's long-term goal is to become a global political entity through the same foreign and national defense policies, and to produce transnational citizens through the same judicial and civil rules. The European Union has a Council, a committee and a parliament, which form a mutually restrictive authority. The economic goals set by the EU involve European market, agriculture and transportation, economy and society, environmental policy and European social fund. Among the three major organs of power in the European Union, the Council of the European Union is composed of representatives of governments and is a symbol of the international interests of member States. The European Commission is the embodiment of EU power and the legislative and executive body. The European Parliament is elected by referendum of all member states, representing the rights and interests of all citizens in the EU. The European Union also has two supervisory bodies, the European Court of Justice and the European Audit Office. The European Court of Justice is responsible for safeguarding the dignity of EU laws, and the European Audit Office is responsible for financial audit. In addition, the EU also has five branches, namely the Economic and Social Committee, the Regional Affairs Committee, the European Central Bank, the European Investment Bank and the European Complaints Center, all of which participate in EU affairs.

Political union includes foreign and security policies, judicial and internal affairs cooperation, etc. Except for the provisions on the expansion of parliamentary powers and other institutional provisions, the part of the treaty related to political union does not have detailed contents, timetables and strict * * * management rules like the economic and monetary union. The goal of foreign and security policy is to protect the interests of the EU and the security of the EU. Maintaining peace and promoting international cooperation under the principle of consistency with the United Nations, NATO, CSCE and the Paris Charter; Develop and consolidate democracy, law and human rights; Promote the formation of * * * with the defense, and bring Western Europe into the * * * with the defense structure. The goal of justice and internal affairs is to ensure the free movement of people of the same community. The cooperation areas focus on immigration and political asylum, oppose international terrorism, crime and drug trafficking, and promote information exchange between member States.