The richest consortium in the world.

Now let's introduce the American 10 consortium Rockefeller Financial Group in detail.

(Rockefeller Financial Group)

One of the top ten American consortia. Based on the Rockefeller family's oil monopoly, it extended its sphere of influence to all sectors of the national economy by constantly controlling financial institutions, and became the largest monopoly group in the United States. Founder J.D. Rockefeller started with oil and opened an oil refinery in Cleveland in 1863. Based on the oil refinery in 1870, he expanded and established the Ohio Standard Huai Oil Company, which soon monopolized the oil industry in the United States, and invested its huge profits in the financial industry and manufacturing industry, and its economic strength developed rapidly. Total assets were only $6.6 billion in 1935, and increased to $82.6 billion in 1960, which increased by1.5 times in 25 years. Since then, great progress has been made. The total assets of 1974 have increased to $330.5 billion, surpassing Morgan Consortium and ranking first among the top ten consortia in the United States. There are 65,438+06 largest oil companies in the United States, 8 of which belong to Rockefeller Financial Group.

Rockefeller Financial Group is a typical example of bank capital controlling industrial capital. It has a huge financial network, with Chase Manhattan Bank as the core and more than 100 financial institutions such as New York Chemical Bank, Metropolitan Life Insurance Company and Fair Life Insurance Company. Through these financial institutions, many industrial and mining enterprises are directly or indirectly controlled, and they occupy an important position in various economic sectors such as metallurgy, chemistry, rubber, automobile, food, air transportation, telecommunications and arms industry. The arms companies it controls are: McDonald Douglas, Martin marietta (controlled by Mellon Consortium), sperry Rand and Westinghouse Electric Company (controlled by Mellon Consortium). Rockefeller Financial Group also controls five major American airlines, including United Airlines, Pan Am, American Airlines, TWA and Eastern Airlines, alone or together with other consortia.

1973 After the energy crisis, the countries of the Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries launched a tit-for-tat struggle with the monopoly capital of the United States, which dealt a heavy blow to Rockefeller Financial Group. The consortium has taken various measures to remedy this unfavorable situation. First of all, he participated in the development of domestic oil in the United States and won the lease right of offshore oil fields in the coastal areas of China. 1976, he obtained the oil lease right of Alaska and the middle Atlantic coast 130000 acres. We also developed the British North Sea oil field with the Anglo-Dutch Shell Oil Company. It also penetrated into other related sectors of the energy industry. In addition, the petrochemical industry is also vigorously developed.

Rockefeller Financial Group not only occupies a dominant position in the economic field, but also places a large number of agents in the government, which influences the domestic and foreign policies of the US government. It also penetrated into education, science, health, art and social life through organizations such as Rockefeller Foundation and Rockefeller Brothers Foundation, and expanded its influence.

However, since 1980s, Rockefeller Financial Group's economic strength has been declining, and its status has also declined, and it has been surpassed by Morgan Consortium. Mainly because of the mutual infiltration of American consortia, Rockefeller Financial Group's big enterprises such as Exxon and big banks such as Chase Bank were infiltrated by other consortia and became enterprises controlled by the same company.

Morgan consortium

(Morgan Financial Group)

One of the top ten American consortia. Formed at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, it is a monopoly capital consortium that rules the American economy. Founder J.P. Morgan founded Dechong Securities-Morgan Company at 187 1 on the basis of his father J.S. Morgan's wealth, and engaged in banking business such as investment and credit. 1894, the partner died and was wholly owned by him. 1895 changed its name to J.P. Morgan Company, and based on this company, it expanded its power to financial undertakings and economic fields (such as steel, railways and public utilities) and began to form monopoly consortia. 19 12 years, Morgan consortium controlled 13 financial institutions with total assets of $3.04 billion, among which Morgan Corporation was the strongest and dominated the American financial sector. The financial tycoons on Wall Street called Morgan Company "the banker among bankers". Morgan Consortium made a fortune in the First World War, and with its abundant financial capital, it penetrated into all sectors of the national economy after the war. In 1930s, the total assets of big banks and enterprises controlled by Morgan Consortium accounted for more than 50% of the eight American consortia at that time.

Due to the increasing competition among consortia, other consortia took Morgan Consortium as the main target, so its strength status declined relatively, and it was once surpassed by Rockefeller Financial Group. In order to save the decline, it has taken various measures. In finance, we should use a solid financial foundation to expand our strength. In terms of industry, we have actively explored emerging technology industries, and since the 1960s, we have leapt to the first place in technological departments such as electronic computers, high-speed photocopiers and microfilm. The International Business Machines Corporation under the consortium is the largest computer manufacturer in the world. Great progress has also been made in industries with good foundations such as electrical equipment, power equipment and atomic energy equipment. In the arms industry, General Electric Company, General Dynamics Company and Grumman Aircraft Company controlled by Morgan Consortium are the top arms contractors of the US Department of Defense. By the end of 1970s, the trust assets of Morgan Consortium grew rapidly, far exceeding other consortia. The rise of cutting-edge technology industries such as computers doubled its economic strength. In terms of the number of enterprises controlled by Morgan Consortium and the assets it owns, it is superior to Rockefeller Financial Group.

Morgan consortium has a solid foundation in the financial industry. Its main pillar is J.P. Morgan Company. Morgan is one of the largest multinational banks in the world, with 65,438+00 subsidiaries and many branches in China, and more than 65,438+0000 communication banks. It has branches or representative offices in about 20 big cities abroad, and owns shares in financial institutions in nearly 40 countries. Its operating characteristics are buying and selling a large number of stocks and operating huge trust assets. It controls the shares of 37 foreign commercial banks, development banks, investment companies and other enterprises. In addition, there are manufacturers Hanover Company, new york Banker Trust Company, Northwest Bank Company, Prudent Life Insurance Company and new york Life Insurance Company. Among the industrial and mining enterprises, there are mainly International Business Machines Corporation, General Electric Company, International Telephone and Telegraph Company, American Steel Company and General Motors Company. In terms of public utilities, there are AT&T and Southern Company.

First National City Bank Financial Group

(First National City Bank Financial Group)

One of the top ten consortia in the United States is the Eastern Consortium, which rose after the war. Although the history is not long, its total assets have surpassed several established consortia and become one of the top ten consortia. With the First National City Bank as the core and relying on its huge funds, the consortium expanded its power to the arms industry (such as rockets, missiles and airplanes) and civilian industries (such as electronics, chemicals, petroleum and nonferrous metallurgy) and controlled a large number of famous large enterprises and companies. It is also one of the most active consortia in overseas expansion.

The First National City Bank, formerly known as new york Citibank, was established in 18 12, and is one of the oldest banks on Wall Street. By the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century, it was controlled by two big families, steelman and Rockefeller, and quickly developed into the capital dispatching center of standard petroleum system (Mobil petroleum system). In 1930s, it was hit by the world economic crisis and its business collapsed. In the wave of enterprise merger in 1950s, it became active again. On 1955, it merged with the First National Bank of new york and changed its name to the First National City Bank of new york, and changed its name to its current name on 1962. With this bank as the core, the first Citibank consortium was formed and squeezed into the ranks of the top ten consortia in the United States.

The rapid development of first national city bank Consortium is mainly due to its economic strength consisting of large companies and enterprises closely related to arms production in the First National City Bank. Boeing Company and United Aircraft Company, which are engaged in arms production under its control, have always been major arms contractors in the United States except for the production of large civil airliners. They mainly contract military products such as jet bombers, militia-3 intercontinental missiles, Apollo program and the manufacture of rockets and space launchers, and get surprisingly high profits from military orders every year. Other enterprises affiliated with the consortium include Atlantic Richfield Oil Company (controlled by Morgan Consortium), Phillips Oil Company (controlled by Morgan Consortium), Xerox Company, Minnesota Mining and Manufacturing Company, Crawler Tractor Company (controlled by Morgan Consortium and DuPont Consortium) and National Cash Register Company which produces electronic computers. In business, there are penny company (controlled by Morgan consortium) and jewelry store (controlled by Chicago consortium). The above enterprises are monopolized at home and abroad.

Boston financial group

(Boston Financial Group)

One of the top ten consortia in the United States and one of the oldest monopoly consortia in the United States. It consists of Boston Lowell, Lawrence, Adams, Loki, and the emerging Kennedy family, who made a fortune from the slave trade in the19th century. At that time, these families invested huge sums of money accumulated by overseas colonial plunder in commercial banks, insurance companies and investment companies, and relied on these financial institutions to provide funds to operate textile industries such as textiles, leather, shoes, clothing, food and chemicals. Due to the rapid development of textile industry, at the beginning of the 20th century, Boston, a family that has been intermarried for generations, took the First National Bank of Boston as the core and formed the Boston Consortium.

The First National Bank of Boston was established in 1859. 1903 is still called Boston first national bank after it merged with Massachusetts bank. It is the earliest multinational bank in America. In addition to banks, the Boston Consortium also owns four famous insurance companies, the largest of which are john hancock Mutual Life Insurance Company and Massachusetts Mutual Life Insurance Company.

The strength of Boston consortium in industrial and mining enterprises is not as good as that of Oriental consortium. The industries it controlled used to be mainly textiles. Since the 1950s, MIT's scientific research achievements have been used to develop emerging technology industries, from textile industry to electronics, optics, aerospace and missiles. For example, Texteron, which it controlled, merged many small and medium-sized companies after the war and expanded its strength. Its business direction has also shifted from textile industry to aerospace industry and electronics industry, becoming a diversified company with more than 70 subsidiaries. It not only manufactures aviation and aerospace products, all kinds of electronic components and aircraft parts, but also operates the watch, furniture and poultry industries. One of its companies, Bell Life Aircraft Company, is an arms exporter, making helicopters for the Pentagon and foreign countries. Boston consortium has superior technical strength in developing emerging technology industries. The scientific research achievements of Harvard University, Massachusetts Institute of Technology and other famous schools have strongly promoted the development of cutting-edge industries in Boston. Its subsidiaries, such as Texteron, Raytheon and Boraroyd, have experienced rapid economic growth under the stimulation of emerging technology industries. Politically, the Boston consortium once supported Kennedy as president with the Geffler consortium. The Kennedy family dominated the White House and won a large number of military orders for the Boston consortium, which caused strong dissatisfaction from the Morgan consortium. 1963165438+10 The assassination of Kennedy in October dealt a great blow to the Boston consortium, which made it lower in the competition with other consortia.