Introduction to Gaoshan Nationality (Geography)

Gaoshan people are ethnic minorities living in Taiwan Province province. They mainly live in the mountainous areas of the main island of Taiwan Province, Taiwan Province Province, the longitudinal valley plain along the eastern coast and Lanyu Island. Taiwan Province authorities call them "mountain compatriots" or "mountain people" for short. Due to regional and linguistic differences, there are Amir, Atayal, Paiwan, Bunun, Rukai, Beinan, Cao, Saixia and Yamei. In addition, there are more than 1, Pingpu people who have been sinicized. Pingpu people include 1 ethnic groups in history. They are scattered in the plains and coastal areas in the west, north and southwest of Taiwan, mixed with the Han nationality for a long time, intermarried, accepted the Han culture earlier, and basically merged with the Han nationality after the 19th century. According to the statistics of the fifth census in 2, there are still 4,461 people scattered in the southeast coast of the motherland. Gaoshan people have their own language, belonging to Indonesian language family in austronesian family, and have no written language. Gaoshan people in different regions use different languages. Mainly engaged in agriculture and fishing and hunting.

Gaoshan nationality area is located in the central mountainous area of Taiwan Province, the eastern longitudinal valley plain and Lanyu Island, with an altitude of 5 -2 meters. It has a tropical and subtropical climate and a large forest coverage area, and is known as the "forest treasure house".

Alpine language belongs to Indonesian language family in austronesian family. Alpine languages vary greatly from region to region. At present, there are at least 1 5 languages, which can be roughly divided into three groups: "Taiya", "Cao" and "Paiwan". There is no common national language. Chinese is widely used by Gaoshan people scattered in mainland China.

The Neolithic cultural relics unearthed in Taiwan Province are closely related to the Neolithic cultural relics in the mainland of China, especially in Fujian. Taiwan Province people should have migrated from the mainland of China.

In the traditional customs inherited from generation to generation, the Gaoshan people have many characteristics of ancient culture in South China, such as nesting, male fear, boat-rafting, Chu Jiu, wooden drum, raw seafood, betel nut addiction, rice chewing, bamboo tube drinking, squatting, feather crown, flower clothing, pearl shell, wearing clothes, and so on. Among them, nesting, boat carving, tattooing, tooth cutting, ear piercing, raw seafood, cliff burial and snake worship are typical cultural characteristics of the ancient Yue people, which confirms the Gaoshan people and the ancient Yue people. Habits * * * vulgar, the source of a pulse.

The Gaoshan nationality used to be in the stage of primitive social development for a long time. According to historical records, during the Three Kingdoms period, the ancestors of Gaoshan were divided into several tribes, and the members of the tribe were called "Milin", and the public affairs were managed by the members of the tribe. They use stone axes, stone spears, stone rings, antlers as spears and bluestones as arrowheads, mainly gathering and hunting, and animal husbandry is still underdeveloped. The prevailing marriage system of men marrying women is still at the stage of matriarchal society. By the 7th century, there had been farming and animal husbandry, and the tools of production were still mainly stone tools, with a small amount of iron. Tribes have chiefs, no taxes, and public affairs are still managed by tribal members. If someone commits a crime, the tribal members will discuss the sanctions according to the customary law, and the lighter will be responsible and the heavier will be executed. Without words, I don't know the calendar, and I worship mountain gods and sea gods. There are many songs and dances during the rally. Existing sculpture and painting. During the Song, Yuan and Ming dynasties, the contact between Taiwan Province and the mainland increased day by day. According to chandy's "Dong Fan Zhi" and other books in the Ming Dynasty, although the agriculture, animal husbandry and hunting of Gaoshan nationality at that time were further developed than before, and some special products had been traded with coastal residents in mainland China, the Han people used agate, porcelain, cloth, salt, copper, hairpin rings and other deer breast, deerskin, antlers, etc., which were easy for Gaoshan nationality, but the tribes still "died of old age."

After the 17th century, a large number of Han people moved to Taiwan Province, and the Zheng regime adopted a series of measures that were beneficial to the economic and cultural development of Gaoshan people, which accelerated the social and economic development of Gaoshan people. Some Gaoshan people living in the southwest plain developed into feudal society. Since the 16th century, the Gaoshan people in Taiwan Province have suffered many foreign invasions. In 1563, the Japanese invaders invaded the chicken coop (Keelung) in the north, burning and looting, and the local Gaoshan people were forced to move to the mountainous area. Later, Dutch colonialists, Spanish colonialists, American and Japanese invaders invaded Taiwan Province, and the Gaoshan people gave it to loyal opposition. They fought bravely, tenaciously and showed their patriotic sentiment of defending their homeland to the death.

Before the massive migration of Han nationality in 17th century, Gaoshan nationality in Taiwan Province was in the primitive society stage. Ethnic groups living in mountainous areas make a living by hunting. Ethnic groups living in the plain are engaged in burning, cultivating, fishing, hunting and gathering, mainly planting taro, potato, upland rice and millet. They don't know that the tools of plowing, raking, hoeing and axe, production tools and farming techniques are extremely primitive.

in the Qing dynasty, with the large-scale immigration development, Gaoshan people in Taiwan Province generally introduced advanced production technology from Han people. Significant changes have taken place in the production and life of the Gaoshan people living in the plains and coastal areas, and they began to plant rice, wheat, millet, millet, sesame and beans, while the Gaoshan people living in caves and deep forests still focus on hunting and collecting and planting. Hunting is called "weeding", which is mainly about deer, wild boar, bison, bear, leopard, rabbit and pheasant. Hunting tools mainly include bows, arrows, spears, knives, ware, etc. Hunting methods are generally burning hunting, trapping hunting, shooting hunting, etc. The hunting scene is very spectacular. In modern times, hunting has become a sideline of Gaoshan people. In the customs of Amei and Penan people, group hunting is a necessary activity before and after the religious ceremony of major sacrifice. Yamei people in Lanyu, Amei people on the coast and Shao people in Sun Moon Lake are also engaged in fishing. Fishbone, harpoon, bow and arrow, fishing net, fish scoop, fish cage, bamboo cover, bamboo raft, fishing boat and other tools are usually used for fishing. Methods such as shooting fish, net fishing, fishing, building weirs, poisonous fish, dried fish, curtain fish and attracting fish are adopted. Yamei is the peak season for hunting flying fish from March to June every year. They set up a fleet based on the paternal lineage group and fished at night. Although Beinan people, Paiwan people and Lukai people live near the sea, they do not engage in fishing, and still take agriculture and hunting as their basic production form. Before 1949, some Bunun and Atayal people of Gaoshan nationality still retained strong remnants of primitive communes, and Pingpu people, Paiwan people, Atayal people, Rukai people and Ami people had surpassed slavery society and entered the feudal society stage. Pingpu people and Paiwan people also have tenancy relations and polarization between the rich and the poor.

since p>1949, under the control of the Kuomintang, the capitalist commodity economy in Taiwan Province province has reached a relatively developed stage, and Taiwan Province's economy is known as one of the "four little dragons in Asia". Under the influence and promotion of the developed commodity economy, the farming, fishing and hunting economy of Gaoshan nationality has undergone tremendous changes. In the areas where Gaoshan people live, modern industry and agriculture have grown, and the living standards of Gaoshan people, especially those living in the coastal areas and plains, have been greatly improved. However, the level of productivity and the degree of economic development vary greatly from place to place. The economic development of Gaoshan people living in mountainous areas is still slow, and their living standards are relatively low.

The folk literature of Gaoshan nationality includes ballads, myths, legends and stories, which are rich and colorful, and Gu Zhuo is simple. Ballads not only reflect various production activities such as farming, fishing and hunting, gathering, but also record the war songs of tribes fighting, resisting foreign aggression and defending territory. There are also custom songs, which are as tired as pearls; Political songs, attacking the disadvantages of the times, are powerful. Ballads are fresh in style and beautiful in music. The myth of Gaoshan nationality is rich in connotation, and in the process of inheritance, a myth system centered on the tracing of ancestors, the marriage between floods and compatriots and the conquest of the sun has been formed. It reflects the beliefs, wishes, values and artistic accomplishment of Gaoshan compatriots. In addition, there are many legends and stories about customs, outstanding figures, "little black people", animals and plants.

Gaoshan nationality is a nation rich in artistic genius. Song and dance, music, sculpture and other national arts are well-known in the world. In history, Gaoshan people, whether in labor, love, wedding banquets, sacrifices, etc., all have song and dance performances, arm in arm, stomping and singing, shaking their heads and closing their eyes, and being extremely coquettish. Yamei's hair-throwing dance, Saixia people's low-spirit sacrifice dance and Amei's harvest dance all have high artistic level. In the history of Gaoshan people, there is a marriage custom of building a house and teasing the piano and flute, so harmonica and nasal flute are often used to play melodies. In addition, there are wind instruments such as nose flute and nose whistle; Percussion instruments such as the wooden drum, xylophone and Chu Jiu, and stringed instruments such as the bow, all play melodious music.

woodcarving art has a unique style of primitive art in the Pacific region, among which the woodcarving of Paiwan people is the most prominent. No matter the residence, weapons and living utensils are carved, the knife method is rough and the shape is simple. The figure decoration takes crouching portrait as the theme, as well as the combination of head, snake, deer and geometric patterns with totem characteristics, pursuing strong color contrast and exaggerated realism, hiding the soul in nature and being elegant and simple. The woodcarving ornaments of Paiwan people are collected at home and abroad. In addition, Yamei's fishing boat also has unique carvings, and its artistic realm is praised by the world.

in ancient times, the Gaoshan nationality regarded nudity as beauty. Shade with only a piece of cloth and waist with fur. However, after contact with Chinese culture, men gradually wore long gowns and women wore skirts, paying attention to the beauty of clothing. In addition to hides and barks, clothes are mostly made of self-woven linen and decorated with colored patterns. Men's clothing types, sleeveless body clothes, shawls, corsets and belts are common in the north; Deerskin vest, chest bag, waist bag, corset and black cloth skirt are common in the middle; Long-sleeved jackets, waist skirts, trousers and black headscarves are common in the south. Women's clothing types include short dresses and long dresses and short skirts. Yamei's dress is simple, and men cover their lower bodies with T-shirts and wear vests. Women usually wear vests and skirts, and are wrapped in square cloth in winter.

The diet of Gaoshan people is mainly cereals and rhizomes. Generally, millet, rice, potato and taro are the common foods, with miscellaneous grains, wild vegetables and prey. Millet and upland rice are the main grains in mountainous areas, and rice is the main grain in plains. Pingpu people also specialize in fragrant rice and like to eat "grass paste" (the grass pulp in deer intestines is accompanied by salt). In the past, the diet was raw, but now the diet, cooking and enjoyment are very elegant. Gaoshan people are addicted to smoking, drinking and chewing betel nut.

Gaoshan people used to live in caves by mountains and rivers, or build bamboo and thatch, and build trees as houses. At present, there are wooden houses, bamboo houses, huts, slate houses, grass-topped underground houses, etc., but they pay great attention to the combination of modeling and practicality. Most of them are rectangular or square with doors and no windows.

The Gaoshan people also have the custom of body decoration, such as tattooing, cutting teeth, piercing ears, removing hair and girding the abdomen. The body decoration is generally for the purpose of adulthood, beauty, marriage, discipline and honor.

The marriage of Gaoshan people is monogamous, and it is forbidden for close relatives to get married. Most men and women are free to love each other. For example, Atayal people whistle to express their love, and some Ami women give gifts to the man's house to express their lovesickness. In the form of funeral, Atayal people, Bunun people and Cao people were buried indoors and buried under the bed of the deceased. Paiwan people and Yamei people bury the dead in the open space in front of and behind the house, and all the evil dead are buried on the spot.

Gaoshan people have many taboos: after pregnancy, women are forbidden to use knives and axes, not to eat apes, bobcats, pangolins and fruits, and avoid having twins; Avoid snakes, bobcats, rats, cross the dead and their burial places; Avoid seeing animals mating; It is forbidden to fart, sneeze, and rape; Avoid eating animal heads and tails; Men are forbidden to touch women's special woven fabrics, hemp fabrics, hoes and pigsty; Women are forbidden to touch men's exclusive weapons, hunting gear, clubs and so on.

The important festivals of Gaoshan people include: sowing sacrifice (Taiya people, the end of spring sowing in late March), peace sacrifice (Bunong people, the fourth day of April), ancestor sacrifice of Ali (Pingpu people, September 16th), harvest festival (Cao people, Lukai people, Ami people, etc., August 15th) and bamboo pole sacrifice (Paiwan). The traditional festivals of Gaoshan people are usually combined with sacrifices. Because of the complexity, the Taiwan Province authorities advocate simplifying the complex and adjusting the merger. These are the main festivals that are popular now. During the festival, in addition to singing and dancing banquets, sports competitions, cultural exhibitions and recreational activities are also added.

The Gaoshan people still retain the beliefs and rituals of primitive religions. They worship elves, and there are different gods in different places, such as God, God who created the universe, God of nature, God who manages things and other elves and monsters. Sacrifices include agricultural sacrifices (including cultivation sacrifices, sowing sacrifices, weeding sacrifices, harvesting sacrifices, new grain storage sacrifices, etc., mainly millet sacrifices), hunting sacrifices, fishing sacrifices, ancestral spirits sacrifices, etc. Witchcraft prevails, among which the methods of divination are bird divination, dream divination, water divination, bamboo divination, ladle divination and rice divination, and there are various forms of witchcraft books. Due to the influence of Han immigrants and Dutch and Spanish colonists, the religious beliefs of Gaoshan people are complicated. The Han nationality brought Buddhism, the western invaders brought Christianity and Catholicism. These religions have taken root among the Gaoshan people. Now, primitive religious beliefs, Buddhism and western religions are intertwined in the religious life of Gaoshan people.

Gaoshan ethnic group is a general term for ethnic minorities in Taiwan Province province, including Bunun, Rukai, Paiwan, Beinan, Shao, Taiya, Yamei, Cao, Amei and Saixia.

the name "Gaoshan nationality" is the general name given by China to the nationalities in Taiwan Province province after the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression in 1945.

in history, especially before the Ming dynasty, there was no such name as Gaoshan nationality. The ethnic origin of Gaoshan nationality is multi-source, but it mainly comes from a branch of Guyue people in the southeast coast of Chinese mainland. After the Han people moved to Taiwan Province, the aborigines were divided into two parts: one part settled in the plain and merged with the Han people, which was called Pingpu people, including the 21 ST society of Xilaya, the 13 th society of Honganya, the 9 th society of Babusa, the 4 th society of Bazehai, the 4 th society of Babula, the 6 th society of Daokas, the 28 th society of Kaidagelan and the 34 th society of Karmalan. The other part still lives in the mountainous area, and is less influenced by the Han nationality. So far, it retains the characteristics of the language, customs and habits of the aborigines. Now the Gaoshan nationality generally refers to this part of ethnic minorities. On March 14th, 1954, the Taiwan Province authorities stipulated that the Gaoshan ethnic group includes 9 ethnic groups (i.e. Taiya, Saixia, Bunong, Cao (renamed as Zou in November 1998), Rukai, Paiwan, Beinan, Yamei and Ami) (if it is said that it is 1 ethnic groups, the Shao ethnic group is also considered as one ethnic group). Most of these ethnic groups are distributed in the central mountains and islands in the southeast, and a few are scattered in Fujian, Shanghai, Beijing, Wuhan and other places. The total population is about 4,, and there are 2,99 people scattered in the mainland (the fourth census in 199).

Gaoshan people have their own language, belonging to Indonesian language family in austronesian family. There are great differences in the internal languages of Gaoshan people, including Amir, Atayal, Paiwan and Bunong. Have no words of their own. The Gaoshan compatriots living in Taiwan Province have their own unique culture and art, and their oral literature is rich, including myths, legends and folk songs.

Most Gaoshan people are engaged in agriculture, and a few are engaged in fishing and hunting. There are handicrafts such as carving and weaving.

For a long time, the Gaoshan people and the Han people * * * resisted the aggression of foreign invaders and * * * developed Taiwan Province. During the 5 years of Japanese imperialism's occupation of Taiwan Province, the resistance struggle was particularly fierce, and the Wushe Uprising was the largest in 193. In 1947, he participated in the "228" uprising dominated by the Han nationality.

women are forbidden to use knives and axes after pregnancy, and they are forbidden to eat ape meat, bobcat meat, pangolin meat, and mixed fruits. Women's looms men can't just touch them.

The Gaoshan people live on cereals and potatoes. Except Yamei and Bunun, several other ethnic groups take rice as their daily staple food, supplemented by potatoes and miscellaneous grains. Yamei people living in Lanyu live on taro, millet and fish, while Bunun people live on millet, corn and potatoes (locally called sweet potatoes). In the production method of staple food