Summary of high school history knowledge points

History is not just an activity, not just specialized knowledge or scholarship, nor just a system of knowledge, it is also a science that is both scientific in terms of research objects and tasks. Special subjects. This time I have compiled a summary of high school history knowledge points for you to read and refer to.

Summary of high school history knowledge points

Unit 1 The political system of ancient China

1. Enfeoffment system

< p> Purpose: Consolidate national power

Contents: ① Objects of enfeoffment - royal family, heroes, and nobles of the past generations, ② Obligations of the enfeoffed person - obey the orders of the King of Zhou, guard the territory, follow in battles, and pay tribute Fu, pilgrimage report. ③Rights of the ennobled - hereditary positions, appointment of officials, establishment of armed forces, conscription of taxes and servitude.

Function: ① Strengthened Emperor Zhou’s jurisdiction over local areas. ② Expanded the ruled area and developed remote areas; ③ Formed a political structure that favored the Zhou royal family; ④ Zhou became a powerful country that lasted for hundreds of years. However, the vassal states had considerable independence, which posed the hidden danger of separatism and separatism.

2. Patriarchal system

Definition: Patriarchal system is a social system that maintains political hierarchy and consolidates rule based on the closeness of patrilineal blood relationships.

Features: eldest son inheritance system

The relationship between the patriarchal system and the feudal system: the feudal system and the patriarchal system are the two pillars of the Western Zhou political system, and they are mutually reinforcing.

Impact: The patriarchal system ensures the political monopoly and privileged status of the nobility, and is also conducive to the stability and unity within the ruling group.

Characteristics of China’s early political system: patriarchal system as the core, with strong tribal overtones.

3. The unification of Qin:

In 221 BC, Qin destroyed the six kingdoms, and King Yingzheng of Qin established the first unified, centralized feudal authoritarian state in Chinese history. Country - Qin Dynasty.

4. The formation of the authoritarian centralized political system of the Qin Dynasty

Contents: ① Establish the title of "Emperor" and establish the emperor system. The emperor has overall political, economic, and military power over the country, and the emperor appoints and removes major officials from the central to the local level.

② Set up the central official system of Sangong and Nine Ministers: Prime Minister - to help the emperor handle national political affairs; Yushi Dafu - to supervise hundreds of officials; Taiwei - responsible for national military affairs.

③ Implement the county system in the local area: the chief of the county is the governor, and the chief of the county is called the county magistrate or county magistrate, and they are all directly appointed and removed by the emperor.

Impact: It consolidated the unity of the country, promoted social stability and economic and cultural development, established the basic pattern of China's political system for more than two thousand years, and played an important role in the formation of the Chinese nation.

Negative effects: Strengthening the oppression of the people can easily lead to tyranny and intensify class conflicts.

5. Measures taken by the Qin Dynasty to consolidate unification:

① Promulgate Qin laws and unify decrees; ② Unify currency, weights and measures; ③ Unify writing; ④ Build Chidao and Lingqu; ⑤ Build the Great Wall; organize immigration.

The reason for the demise of the Qin Dynasty was Qin's tyranny

6. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty strengthened centralization of power

Background: In the early Han Dynasty, the prefectures and states were parallel, and kingdom problems arose

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Measures: Emperor Jing of the Han Dynasty put down the "Rebellion of the Seven Kingdoms"; Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty implemented the Tuen Order

Function: Solved the problem of the kingdom, strengthened the centralization of power, and consolidated and developed the situation of great unification.

From the end of the Tang Dynasty to the Five Dynasties, the situation of feudal separatism appeared (summary of high school history knowledge points)

7. Strengthening of centralization in the early Song Dynasty

Measures: ① Military : A glass of wine releases the military power, relieves the military power of the generals in the DPRK and local military envoys; strengthens the imperial army and strengthens the weak branches. ② Administratively: appoint civil servants as local governors; set up general magistrates to be responsible for supervision. ③Economically: A small part of local taxes is used as local expenditure, and the rest is controlled by the central government.

Impact: ① Strengthened the central government’s control over local areas and eliminated the separatist phenomenon of feudal lords and towns. ② It resulted in redundant officials, redundant soldiers and redundant expenses, laying the root of "poverty and weakness".

8. The Tang Dynasty implemented a system of three provinces and six ministries

The central government of the Tang Dynasty established Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province, which were respectively responsible for decision-making, deliberation and implementation. The chief officials of the three provinces are all prime ministers, which disperses the power of the prime ministers. The Shangshu Province consists of six departments: officials, households, rituals, soldiers, punishments, and work, establishing and improving the management system of three provinces and six departments.

9. The Yuan Dynasty implemented the provincial system

Background: Unprecedented territory expansion

Overview: The central government established Zhongshu Province; the local government established ten provinces and the Xuanzheng Yuan Jurisdiction

Meaning: Strengthened jurisdiction over the entire country; strengthened centralization of power and consolidated unity. It was the beginning of China's provincial system and had a profound impact on later generations.

10. Changes in the official selection and appointment system

Dynasty system

Han Dynasty inspection system

Nine-rank Zhongzheng in the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties System

The imperial examination system of the Sui, Tang, Song and Qing Dynasties

11. Strengthening of the monarchy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties

Taizu of the Ming Dynasty adjusted the central and local official systems and strengthened centralization: ① The prime minister was abolished and six ministries were established; the province was abolished and three departments were established. ②The establishment of the cabinet. Essence: It is the product of strengthening the monarchy.

Emperor Yongzheng of the Qing Dynasty established the Military Aircraft Department (uploading and distributing) - the development of the monarchy system reached its peak

Unit 2: Ancient Greek and Roman Political Systems

1. Greece The political system

The reasons for the emergence of democratic politics in ancient Greece: ① The unique geographical environment and the national conditions of a small country with a small population; ② The development of overseas trade and industry and commerce.

The basic characteristics of a city-state are: small country with few people and independence

The establishment process of Athenian democracy: Solon's reforms - laying the foundation for Athenian democracy; Cleisthenes' reforms - - Establishing Athenian democracy; Pericles reforms - pushing Athenian democracy to its peak.

Characteristics of Athenian democracy: popular sovereignty and rule by turns.

Evaluation of Athens’ democratic politics:

Positive aspects: ① The implementation of democratic politics makes the society relatively fair, which is conducive to social stability. ② It contributed to the high prosperity of Athens' politics, economy and culture. ③ It provided certain reference for the later establishment of democratic politics by the European and American bourgeoisie.

Negative aspects: ① Women, slaves and foreign immigrants have no political power. Only a few people can truly enjoy democracy. In essence, it is a democracy of the slave-owning class. ② Excessive democracy can easily lead to the spread of anarchism. (Summary of high school history knowledge points)

2. Roman law

1. The origin and development of Roman law:

The early Roman countries only had customary law. There is no written law. The birth of statutory law was marked by the promulgation of the Twelve Tables of Bronze.

Civil law: The scope of application is limited to Roman citizens. The Roman law used to adjust the relationship between Roman citizens is called civil law

Civil law: External expansion in ancient Rome In the process, a law that was universally applicable to all free people within the scope of Roman rule was gradually formed, that is, the "Law of Peoples"

In the 6th century, the "Summa Civil Code" marked the final completion of the Roman legal system.

2. Evaluation of Roman Law

Positive aspects: ① The formulation and implementation of Roman law maintained the rule of the empire and stabilized the social order. ② Roman law was the first relatively systematic and complete code of law in European history, which greatly influenced the legislative and judicial systems of modern European and American capitalist countries; it was a powerful weapon for the modern bourgeoisie to fight against feudalism.

Limitations: Maintaining the Slavery System

Unit 3: The Establishment and Development of the Modern Western Capitalist Political System

1. The British Revolution

Background: Root cause: The autocratic rule of the Stuart dynasty hindered the development of the British capitalist economy

Process: The revolution broke out in England in 1640. During this period, King Charles I was executed and the French Republic was established. But the Stuart dynasty was restored. The Glorious Revolution of 1688 marked the completion of the British Revolution.

2. The British constitutional monarchy:

Characteristics: ① Retaining the status of the king, who actually “rules without governing”, exists as a symbol of the country. ②The highest power of the country lies in the parliament and a representative system is implemented. Parliament is the country's highest legislative body, and the cabinet holds executive power and is accountable to Parliament.

The promulgation of the "Bill of Rights" in 1689 was a formal symbol. In the 18th century, the responsible cabinet gradually took shape.

3. The establishment of the United States government:

In 1776, the 13 British North American colonies became independent and the United States was born. At the beginning of independence, the United States was actually a loose alliance of 13 states (the Confederacy). The federal government was established in 1789, and Washington was elected as the first president of the United States. In the mid-19th century, the United States formed a pattern in which the Democratic Party, the Democratic Party, and the Communist Party took turns in power

4. The U.S. Constitution of 1787:

In 1787, the Constitutional Convention was held in Philadelphia and passed a Federal Constitution.

Evaluation: ① It is the first relatively complete bourgeois constitution in the world. ② Strengthen state power, practice the principle of separation of powers, and embody the spirit of bourgeois democracy. Limitations: Recognition of black slavery, Indians without citizenship, and low status of women.

5. The Difficult Road to the French Revolution:

The French Revolution and the establishment of the First French Republic in 1789; the Third French Republic in 1870 established.

6. The Constitution of the Third French Republic:

In early 1875, the National Assembly adopted the Constitution of the Third French Republic.

Significance: The legal system of democracy and government (the parliamentary system of France and the Republic of France) was formally established in law, marking the final establishment of France’s political system and government

7. Germany Unification:

Under the leadership of Bismarck, Prussia completed the unification of Germany through three dynastic wars. In 1871, a unified German Empire was established.

8. Germany’s dualist constitutional monarchy:

Characteristics: The emperor is not a virtual throne, but holds real power. The emperor and prime minister hold great power over the country. Parliament has no oversight power over the government.

Tips for answering historical multiple-choice questions

1. Prioritize "Arabic numerals" (focus on historical eras and data)

Read historical multiple-choice questions and extract them quickly and accurately Information is the most important ability. The "Arabic" numerals in the history multiple-choice questions are easily visible information. It is still very easy to find Arabic numerals among a large number of Chinese characters.

The "Arabic" numbers in history multiple-choice questions are often the key to solving the problem, the key to solving the problem. Because the "Arabic" numbers in the history multiple-choice questions are either the year or the data related to the answer.

2. "Wearing clothes and wearing hats" is the key point (pay attention to the role of punctuation marks, brackets, quotation marks, and book titles)

As we all know, punctuation marks play an important role in the expression of the Chinese language. The "dressing" here refers to the brackets and the book title. The appearance of brackets in history multiple-choice questions is often used to explain the key information in the question. The appearance of the book title means that the source of the material has been told.

Once the source of the material is understood, many issues such as the author of the material and the author's position can be solved. "Hatting" here refers to quotation marks. The quotation marks that appear in history multiple-choice questions are either key information or emphasized subject terms. Using the knowledge of punctuation marks in materials to solve problems quickly is a manifestation of comprehensive ability.

How to quickly improve history scores

1. Necessary pre-class preview

Read the teaching materials carefully, understand the content of the teaching materials, think about the key points of the content, discover learning difficulties, and do Good preparation for speaking. In the process of reading the materials carefully, if there are words you don't recognize or words you don't understand, you must look up the reference books and try to learn them yourself. Use a pencil to underline what you don't understand and prepare to listen to the teacher's explanation in class.

2. Cultivate interest

Interest is the best teacher. To discover the beauty of history. The beauty of history is that history is the collective memory of mankind; learning history is like recalling our past; if you like to recall the past, then I believe you will fall in love with history. History is not a ruin. But each living soul.

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