Immigrants from Lu Ze

The realistic reasons for the immigration in the early Ming Dynasty can be summarized as three points by Mr. Huang Youquan Gao Shengen:

1, develop production and improve national strength.

In the early Ming dynasty, the rulers of the early Ming dynasty were very aware of this situation, and they were extremely anxious. Zhu Yuanzhang made it very clear: "After the chaos, the Central Plains was full of grass and trees, and the people were in dire straits. The so-called land reclamation and increasing household registration are the top priorities of the Central Plains. " Not only the supreme ruler Zhu Wuji knew this, but almost all people of insight in the imperial court knew this. Local and central officials have written in succession, demanding to enrich land reclamation, develop production and improve financial resources. For example, as early as the third year of Hongwu, Su Qi, the magistrate of Zhengzhou, put forward "Three Things in Time", and the third thing was "Reclaiming land to realize the Central Plains". He pointed out: "In the past ten years, he has become a grasshopper. Jin Fang is destined to start his career and clean up the world. If you don't work hard to attract investment, you will realize the Central Plains. I'm afraid the country will be exhausted for a long time. For today's plan, if those who return to work are willing to leave the fields, the remaining barren land will be responsible for maintaining order and calling on those who have not been naturalized to move. The official management of cattle breeds, sowing in time, placing positions with them outside and receiving them in different places. In case of floods and droughts, it is better to avoid them ... "In this way, the Central Plains will gradually become rich, and the immigrant people can live in the fields without the help of Soviet transshipment. "

2. Enrich capital and lay a solid foundation.

In order to prevent the local strongmen from insurrection, Zhu Yuanzhang followed the example of Qin Shihuang and Emperor Gaozu and moved the local strongmen to the capital. In July of the 24th year of Hongwu, Zhu Yuanzhang said quite frankly to the officials of the Ministry of Industry: "In the past, Emperor Gaozu moved his capital to Guanzhong, but he didn't take it at first. Think about it today, the foundation of the capital is that the ruler has a class and has to do it. " After Ming Taizu Judy made Beijing its capital, she also began to enrich Beijing in a planned way. A passage by Ming Taizu says: "In the first year of Yongle, Zhejiang, Jiangxi, Huguang, Sichuan, Fujian, Guangdong, Guangxi, Shaanxi, Henan, Zhili, Susong, Chen, Yangzhou, Huaihai, Luzhou, Taiping, Ningguo, Anqing and Weizhou were selected. ..... a wealthy family. Fill in the rich family in Beijing. " After that, Shanxi people moved to the suburbs of Beijing many times.

3. Defend the frontier and strengthen national defense.

Since the Han Dynasty, it has been an important measure for China's border defense. Reclaiming farmland refers to the abandoned fields reclaimed by soldiers and farmers for military supplies or grain requisition since the Han Dynasty. In the past dynasties, there were military camps, civilian camps and commercial camps. Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty reclaimed land in the western regions, and when Han announced that he would reclaim land in border counties, he used the garrison as his army. During the Three Kingdoms period, Cao Cao made a promise of land reclamation, and began to cultivate the people by farming officials, which was called people's land shortage. The farmer who wants to recruit is called a farmer, asking officials to give cows and seeds, and rewarding six officials and four. If farmers bring their own cattle, they will get half a point; It was not until the Ming Dynasty that there was a Shang Tun. In the middle of Ming Dynasty, salt merchants raised people and cultivated land in the frontier, and exchanged their grain and grass for salt, which was called Shangtun. Because of its strong organization and large cultivated land area, it can adopt advanced farming methods, so the output is generally high, so it can accumulate a large amount of grain in a period of time, thus enhancing the country's strength.

Third, the scale of Hongdong immigrants.

The migration of Sophora japonica in Hongdong did not begin in Ming Dynasty, but in Song and Jin Dynasties, and lasted until the early Yuan Dynasty. By the beginning of the Ming Dynasty, a large-scale immigration activity organized by the government was formed. The migration activities in Ming dynasty continued in Ming dynasty, but mainly in Hongwu and Yongle years. During the reign of Qing Qianlong, this kind of activity continued, but sporadically.

The migration of Sophora japonica in Hongdong is not limited to Hongdong people. Sophora japonica in Hongtong is a gathering place for Shanxi immigrants. The residents who moved out were mainly from Taiyuan and Pingyang, and people from Zezhou, Luchu, Liaoning and Qin Fen. According to the records of Ming History and Shi Minglu, according to the administrative divisions at that time, Taiyuan Prefecture governed six counties and twenty-two; Yangqu County, Taiyuan County, Yuci County, Taigu County, Qixian County, Xugou County, qingyuan county County, Jiaocheng County, Wenshui County, Shouyang County, Linxian County, Yuxian County, Jingle County and Hequ County; Pingding Prefecture: Leping County; Xinzhou: Dingxiang County; Crane area: Lan County and Xing County; Daizhou: Wutai County, Xianxian County and Huangxian County; Baodezhou; Shizhou: Ningxiang County. Pingyang Prefecture governs six counties and twenty-nine: Linfen County, Xiangling County, Hongtong County, Fushan County, Zhaocheng County, Taiping County, Yueyang County, Quwo County, Yicheng County and Fenxi County; Puxian county; Zhou Pu: Linjin County, Ronghe County, Yi Shi County, Wanquan County and He Lv County; Xiezhou: Anyi County, Xiaxian County, wenxi county County, Pinglu County and Ruicheng County; Jiangzhou: Jishan County, Jiangxian County and Yuanqu County; Huozhou: Lingshi County; Jizhou: Xiangning County, Xizhou: Daning County, shilou county, Narcissus County. Zezhou has jurisdiction over Gaoping County, Yangcheng County, lingchuan county County and Qinshui County. Luzhou has six counties under its jurisdiction: Zhangzi County, Tunliu County, Xiangyuan County, Lucheng County, Huguan County and Licheng County. Bozhou County: Yushe County and heshun county. Qinzhou has jurisdiction over two counties: Qinyuan County and Wuxiang County. Fenzhou has three counties: Xiaoyi County, Pingyao County and Jiexiu County.

In the future, the places to move out should be Linfen, Yuncheng, Jinzhong and other cities, such as Taiyuan, Changzhi and Jincheng. It can be seen that the area where Shanxi people moved at that time was quite large, including almost the whole central and southern Shanxi except Yanbei area. Before leaving, most of the immigrants in these areas went through the migration procedures under the big locust tree in Hongdong, received the migration certificate issued by the Ministry of Housing and Urban-Rural Development, bid farewell to the past, and then went to a different place.

There are only 18 migration activities recorded in historical books, including 10 migration in Hongwu period. Hongwu moved the capital to Shanxi twice in six years and nine years, and really settled the people in Fengyang. In twenty years of Hongwu, he moved people to Taikang, Zhang Dehe. In twenty-two and twenty-five years, he moved to Henan twice, three times in total. Hongwu moved to Linqing, Shandong from 20 to 2000, and moved to Dongchang, Shandong from 22 to 2000. Twenty-two years later, he also moved from Qinzhou to Shandong, volunteering to settle the field; In twenty-five years, he moved to Shandong again and moved to Shandong four times. Moved the capital ***5 times, Hongwu moved to Calm in 21 years, moved to Daming and Guangping in 22 years, moved to Beiping in 22 years, moved to Hebei in 25 years and moved to Beiping in 35 years. In twenty-five years, Hongwu moved to Datong and other places, and in twenty-eight years, moved to Saibei (that is, Yanbei, Inner Mongolia, Shaanxi and other areas north of the Great Wall). During the Yongle period, eight immigrants all went to the Gyeonggi area (Hebei, Beijing, Tianjin and other places).

Mr. Yang Anyang once sorted out the historical facts of the migration of Sophora japonica: according to the records of Ming Taizu Annals, Food Annals of Ming History, Biography of Li Shanchang and Yunnan Annals Newly Edited in the Republic of China, the migrants in the early Ming Dynasty mainly moved out from scattered areas such as Inner Mongolia, Jiangsu, Suzhou Jiaxing, Hangzhou and Shaanxi. Hongtong * * * moved to the Communist Party 17, accounting for 26% of the 66 items recorded in the early Ming Dynasty. Now, the 17 touching stories in Hongtong Ancient Sophora japonica are described as follows:

1. A Record of Ming Taizu (volume 1 10) contains: "In November of the ninth year of Hongwu, the Fengyang proletarians were pacified".

2. The Record of Ming Taizu (volume 13 1) contains: "In May of the 13th year of Hongwu, there were more than 24,000 Shanxi militiamen, and it was noted that they were returned to the people".

3. A Record of Ming Taizu (Volume 193): "Liu Jiugao, a resident of Hongwu Residence, said in August 20-2003: Since the transfer of troops, there have been obviously fewer shortage of people in Hebei ... Yang Jing, assistant minister of housing in People's Republic of China (PRC), said: ... Shanxi people should do as they said. So the landless people who moved to Lu Ze, Shanxi, went to Xinde (Henan), Calm (Hebei), Linqing (Shandong), Guide (Henan), Taikang (Henan) and other places, and now they have started their own farms, exempted from three years of hard labor, and returned them with 20 spindles of farm tools. "

4. A Record of Ming Taizu (Volume 197): After September of the 29th year of Hongwu, the military commander Zhu Rong played: poor people in Shanxi lived in Daming, Guangping and Dongchang, including 26,772 hectares in abel tamata;

5. Hu Guang's "A Record of Ming Taizu" Hongwu twenty-two years in November "Zhangde, Weiping, Guide in Henan, Dongchang in Linqing, Shandong, Tuyizao, and the poor people in Shanxi, it is a crime to make Li Ke, the governor, wait for everything in Cambodia and take an examination of Ding Diantian." Re-order the Ministry of Industry to list. "

6. In August of the 25th year of Hongwu, one hundred thousand Shanxi militiamen were given thirty banknotes each, and the cattle were ordered to be taken back.

7. A Record of Ming Taizu (Volume 223); In December of the 25th year of Hongwu, Sheng Feng and other Song Guogong's militia returned. First, Ding Li, a voter sent to Taiyuan and Pingyang, went to Dingtian, and even he signed up according to the number of books ... Counting Ding Jiuwei, Taiyuan, Liao, Qin and Fen Xuanding Qiwei, ... each guard had 5600 people.

8. A Record of Ming Taizu (Volume 223): In December of the 25th year of Hongwu, the Cambodian officials Li Ke and Li Xu of the later army returned to Beijing. First of all, I ordered Shanxi people to listen to the opinions of those who wish to live in Zhangde. For repayment, there are 598 households in Zhangde, Weihui, Guangping, Daming, Dongchang, Kaifeng and Huaiqing. This year, more than 3 million stone millet and wheat were harvested,1000-1803,000 kilograms of cotton were harvested, and 3 180 hectares of wheat seedlings were planted. I am very happy in the world: "There are almost no poor people in my country for ten years."

9. A Record of Ming Taizu (Volume 236): In the first month of the twenty-eighth year of Hongwu, Jia Yin sent an envoy to save Jin, sent the governor of Shanxi, and commanded 26,600 people belonging to the official army of Wei Ma Bu to build a city in Saibei.

10. Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty (Volume 2 1) contains: "In August of the first year of Yongle, he was sentenced to prison and farmed for the people in Beijing. First, Chen Ying, the minister of punishments, and Zheng Ci, the left imperial adviser of Duchayuan, said that ... Beiping, Yongping and Zunhua are fertile and sparsely populated ... The rest are exempt from the crime of migration, and the staff is exempt from being woven into armor, and the wife is sent to Beijing, Yongping and other counties to farm for the people ... The Ministry of Rites put forward: "The four major secretaries of Shandong, Shanxi, Shaanxi and Henan are woven into the armor of this political department. ...

1 1. Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty 12: In September of the thirty-fifth year of Hongwu, the Ministry of Housing and Urban Affairs was ordered to send officials to verify the houses of Xitaiyuan, Pingyang, Zezhou, Lu, Liao, Qin and Fen, Shaotian and Wudian, and to divide them into Ding Kou, so as to consolidate the counties in Peiping.

12, Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty (Volume 3 1) In the second year of Yongle, ten thousand people from Taiyuan, Pingyang, Zelu, Liao, Qin and Fen lived in Beijing.

13, Records of Emperor Taizong of Ming Dynasty, Volume 37: Yongle In September, I visited Taiyuan, Pingyang, Ze, Lu, Liao, Qin and Fen in Shanxi.

14, Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty, 40 years: "In the first month of the fourth year of Yongle, 2 14 people, including Huguang, Shanxi and Shandong, said they were willing to serve Beijing. I ordered the Ministry of Life to send it to Daoli. "

15, Record of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty, Volume 49: "In May of the fifth year of Yongle, the household department was ordered to transfer 5,000 households from Pingyang, Ze, Lan in the west and Denglai in Shandong to the forest park for supervision, grazing and planting, and the household department paid 100 ingots and six buckets of rations on the road." C

16, Records of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty (volume 103) contains: "In November of the 14th year of Yongle, more than 2,300 refugees from Shandong, Shanxi and Huguang moved to Baoding, exempted from hard labor for three years".

17 A Record of Emperor Taizong of the Ming Dynasty (volume 106), in May of the fifteenth year of Yongle, Shenwai Mountain in Shanxi Province, including Pingyang, Datong, Yuzhou and Guangling, said: "This place is long and narrow, and food and clothing are scarce, and it is divided into Beijing, Guangping, Qinghe, Calm and Hebei. From then on, it will still be free of rent for one year. "

Four. Descendants of Hongdong immigrants

In order to facilitate the descendants of Hongdong immigrants to find their roots and ancestors, the author extensively investigated the data and listed several genealogies of Liu in Hongdong for reference:

1. Hong Tong Liu's Genealogy (eight volumes, one at the beginning and one at the end) was compiled by Serina Liu and Herry Liu in the Qing Dynasty, published in the fifty-fourth year of Emperor Kangxi of the Qing Dynasty (17 15) and collected by the National People's Congress.

2, Hongdong Liu's spectrum is very clear, Liu Nanxun, Hongdong people. This score is Liu's Hongdong Subao Score. Qing Qianlong five years (1740) engraving. Collection of Hebei University

3. Hong Dong Liu's "Spectrum", the first volume of six volumes, was revised, a great philosopher and a native of Hong Dong. Block printing of the 15th year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (18 10). A great man seeks to hide.

4. The author of Liu's genealogy in Hongdong is unknown. According to the genealogical records in the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), 26th year of Guangxu and 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), there are block prints in Tongzhi period of Qing Dynasty. Guangxu twenty-three years, based on this book. All right.

5. Restoration of the peak of Liu's genealogy in Hongdong. Peak, Hongdong people. This book is based on prosperity and celebration. Among all the supplemented and rebuilt editions, Guangxu edition revised by Liu Dianfeng is the best. This version is excellent in content and engraving. On the basis of tongzhi edition, it is divided into 18 categories, but some additions and deletions are made. Preface was written by the 12th Sun Dianfeng and 16th Sun Dianfeng, including Lu Preface in the 46th year of Kangxi, Preface revised three times in the 5th year of Qianlong, and Preface in the 4th year of Tongzhi. Remember Liu's nineteenth generation grandson. Carved in the 23rd year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1897). Hongtong county archives

6. Liu's genealogy was restored. Sheng, people. This score was revised on the basis of Qianlong, Jiaqing and Guangxu. It is only three years since the 23rd year of Guangxu (1897), and its content has not changed much. Carved in the 26th year of Guangxu reign in Qing Dynasty (1900). Collection of Hebei University

7. During the Republic of China, Liu Hengjie revised Liu's genealogy. Heng Jie, a native of Hongdong. The spectrum was reconstructed on the basis of Qianlong, Jiaqing, Tongzhi and Guangxu. There is not much difference between the genealogy and Guangxu edition, except that the genealogy map lasted until the 21st year of the Republic of China (1932), only 32 years later than Guangxu 26th edition (1900), just one generation later. The difference is that the second volume is missing, which needs to be supplemented by Guangxu reference. Looking at Hongdong, Liu's family background is clear and orderly, because of the preservation and continuation of genealogy in previous dynasties. Looking at the old spectrum and referring to the new spectrum, the 500-year history of the Liu family in Hongdong is impressive. It can not only make up for the shortcomings of history and local chronicles, but also be used for multi-disciplinary and multi-angle research such as sociology, folklore and demography. Engraving in the 21st year of the Republic of China. The picture of Hebei University is provided by Wang.

8. Map of Liujia in Dachang Village, Xugou. The author is not detailed. It is recorded in the genealogy that Li Zhong, the ancestor of Hongwu, moved to Dachang Village in Xugou from under the big pagoda tree in Hongdong. Before the twelfth century, they were all alone, and it was not recorded until the twenty-fourth generation. Transcript of the 26th year of the Republic of China (1937).

In addition, Shanxi Library also collects some Shanxi Liu's genealogy, the contents of which are as follows:

Liu's Yaoshan Genealogy (Republic of China) was revised by Yang Shoucun in the thirty-second year of Guangxu, and revised in three volumes in the twenty years of the Republic of China.

Liu's Genealogy (Republic of China) was compiled. In 36 years of the Republic of China, the manuscript 1, 30 pages.

The genealogy of the Liu family in Kaicun Village, Qin County in the Republic of China, compiled in the 13th year of the Republic of China 1 volume, 3 1 page.

Liu's Genealogy in Hongtong: Volume 20, Volume 2, Volume 1 (Qing Dynasty), edited by Liu in the 23rd year of Guangxu 16.

Liu's Genealogy in Hongtong, Volume 6, Volume 1 (compiled by Liu Daxie in Qing Dynasty), printed in the fifteenth year of Jiaqing, 6 volumes, 696 pages.

Six-volume edition of Liu's genealogy in Hongdong, Shanxi Province (Qing Dynasty) The six-volume edition of Ganlong compiled by Liu in 2005 has 723 pages.

Liu's Genealogy in Hongdong, Shanxi Province (Qing Dynasty), edited by Liu Dianfeng and others, Guangxu 22nd Edition 16 Volume 1358 Page.

Liu's Genealogy in Hongdong, Shanxi Province (Republic of China), edited by Liu Hengjie and others, 21 years of the Republic of China 15, 134 pages.