What did Meng Yuan bring to ancient China?

As the first unified dynasty established by ethnic minorities in the history of China, the Mongol-Yuan Empire had an important historical position and had a great influence on the development of the Chinese nation.

So, what did the Mongol-Yuan Empire bring to China? ? Jing, what is it? I think there are the following points:

1, economy

Sea-land trade continued to prosper and mercantilism continued to develop.

The Yuan Dynasty inherited the commercial policy of the Song Dynasty and continued to implement the mercantilist policy. During Genghis Khan's period, the Mongolian khanate continued to slaughter the Han people in the south, hoping to turn the Central Plains into a pasture for Mongolian grazing. Later, under the persuasion of Lu Ye Chu Cai, Genghis Khan gave up this idea, and the Mongolian khanate began to accept the economic development model of the Han people.

In Wokuotai era, in order to consolidate the rule of Han, many measures were taken to encourage production and appease exile, and agricultural production gradually recovered. The cultivation of cash crop cotton has been continuously promoted, and the cultivation, transportation and marketing of cotton and cotton textiles in Jiangnan area have increased on the basis of the Southern Song Dynasty. With the development of commercial production of cash crops, the relationship between commodity currency and economy has developed greatly.

Because Mongolia relied heavily on commodity exchange and was less influenced by Confucianism, the Yuan Dynasty advocated commerce, which made the commodity economy very prosperous and became a very rich country in the world at that time. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty became a world-famous commercial center at that time.

In order to adapt to the commodity exchange, the Yuan Dynasty established the earliest complete paper currency circulation system in the world, which was the first dynasty in China history to use paper currency completely. However, due to the imperfection of the paper money system, the indiscriminate issuance of paper money caused inflation, and paper money eventually became a means for rulers to plunder the people.

However, compared with the Song Dynasty, due to the vast territory of the Yuan Dynasty, in addition to the developed maritime trade, the Silk Road on land was also unimpeded, and the exchange of goods also promoted the development of the transportation industry in the Yuan Dynasty. The Yuan Dynasty developed shipping, rebuilt the Grand Canal and improved land transportation, water transportation, inland river transportation and sea transportation.

2. Culture

Great achievements have been made in the culture and art of the Yuan Dynasty.

Among them, the art of traditional Chinese opera developed greatly in the Yuan Dynasty and became the representative art of the Yuan Dynasty. Yuan Qu includes zaju and Sanqu. Zaju is an outstanding achievement of Yuan literature, which reached its peak from 1950s in 13 to early Yuan Dynasty 14. Famous playwrights include Guan Hanqing, Wang Shifu, Bai Pu, Ma Zhiyuan, Kang and Gao Wenxiu. His famous works include The Grievance of Dou E, The Moon Pavilion, The West Chamber, Climbing the Wall Right away, Autumn in the Han Palace, The Shame of Li Kui jy, etc.

From the end of Yuan Dynasty (14th century) to the beginning of 1960s, the main writers were Zheng Guangzu, Qiao Ji, Gong Tianting, Qin, etc. The main works are Strange Tales from a Lonely Studio, among which Guan, Ma, Zheng and Bai are called the four masters of Yuan Zaju.

At the end of the Yuan Dynasty, zaju turned from prosperity to decline, and southern opera developed, with Gao Zecheng's Pipa as the highest achievement. Poetry in Yuan Dynasty was generally mediocre. Novels rose at the end of Yuan Dynasty, and Shi Naian and Luo Guanzhong wrote Water Margin and Romance of the Three Kingdoms at the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty. The appearance of these two novels marks the maturity of China's classical novels.

In addition, the Yuan Dynasty also actively promoted the cultural development of Buddhism, and Buddhism reached a new peak in the Yuan Dynasty.

3. Politics

The greatest political achievement of the Yuan Dynasty was the implementation of the provincial system.

As a minority regime, the territory of the Yuan Dynasty is unprecedented, with a territory area of over 6,543,800 square kilometers. How to rule this territory has become a huge problem.

Therefore, the Yuan Dynasty began to implement the provincial system.

Province? Originated in the Jin Dynasty. Due to the needs of the war, Xu Jinguo established Shangshu Province, which was divided into military and political affairs. This was not customized. Yuan Shizu began to set up a Chinese book province. During the period from the unification of China to the first year, Zhongshu Province was set up in different places. As an agency of Zhongshu Province, it gradually became a fixed local administrative agency responsible for military and political affairs within its jurisdiction.

The provincial system is to set up the national affairs of the prime minister in the central government, with the Privy Council in charge of military affairs and the Yushitai in charge of supervision; In the local area, there is a provincial secretariat, the prime minister is in charge of the province's military and political affairs, and the provincial government has a provincial government, government, state and county.

The Yuan Dynasty established 10 provinces in China, namely Lingbei, Liaoyang, Jiangbei, Shaanxi, Sichuan, Gansu, Yunnan, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Jiangxi and Huguang. And Shandong, Shanxi, Hebei and Inner Mongolia are called? In the abdomen? Zhongshu Province is directly under the central government.

The setting of Zhongshu province is no longer based on mountains and rivers, but on? Teeth staggered? According to the principle, the regions with great differences in local natural, cultural and social environment are arbitrarily combined into a provincial administrative region, which weakens the local political, economic and cultural identity and artificially creates a situation of jagged teeth and northern control over the south.

However, the Yuan Dynasty did not do enough to inherit the system of the Central Plains Dynasty. For example, the eldest son inheritance system was never established and the imperial examination system was not implemented, which led to the boiling of public grievances in the Yuan Dynasty. In terms of social class differentiation, the Yuan Dynasty practiced a hierarchical system, and the Mongols were above them.