Why do British prime ministers call dukes, such as Duke Churchill?

Churchill was born into an aristocratic family in England. His ancestor john churchill was awarded the title of Duke of Malborough by Queen Anne in 172 because he supported William III in the "Glorious Revolution" and won as the commander-in-chief of the army in the wars against Spain and France. The Marbarrow family ranked tenth among the 2 duke families outside the royal family in 19th century England. Churchill's father, Lord Randolph Churchill, was the third son of Dukedom of Marlborough VII, the founder of the Conservative Party Primrose Club (a faction of the Conservative Party, mainly working class), and once served as the finance minister in the cabinet after the Prime Minister. Churchill's mother Jenny Jerome is the daughter of Leonard Jerome, an American millionaire and one of The New York Times's shareholders.

In p>1881, at the age of seven, Churchill was sent to a school for children of nobles. Churchill was one of the most naughty and the worst students in the school, so he was often punished by his teacher and later had to transfer to another school. In 1888, Churchill entered Harrow College, which was second only to Eton College, but his grades were still poor. Lord Randolph decided to send his son to the Royal Military School in sandhurst after graduation. In August 1893, Churchill entered the cavalry major of the school. Two years later, his frustrated father died young in politics. In February of the same year, Churchill graduated from the military academy and was assigned to the fourth title of generals in ancient times as a lieutenant.

In October p>1895, Churchill, who had just become a lieutenant, took advantage of his vacation to go to Cuba with his friends to experience the uprising war between Spain and Cuba. Because of his father, Churchill was also taken a fancy to by the British intelligence service, and asked him to be responsible for collecting information about the bullets used by the Spanish army. In addition, the Daily Chronicle also hired him as an embedded reporter to contribute to the newspaper. A month later, after the war, Churchill returned to England with a Spanish Red Cross medal. The trip to Cuba made Churchill fall in love with writing and the life of a journalist.

In p>1896, Churchill was transferred to India with the army, where he had time to read a lot of historical and philosophical works. A year later, an armed uprising against the British army broke out in the tribes in northern India. After learning the news, Churchill immediately took a leave of absence and interviewed the British military action as a reporter for the Calcutta Herald and the Daily Telegraph. On the basis of the manuscripts he sent to the two newspapers, he added other materials he collected and wrote his first book, Documentary of Malaquin's Field Army, which was published in Britain in 1898. After that, he published his novel Savorola and the War on the River about the war between Britain and Sudan.

In September p>1899, Churchill, who had resigned from the army, went to South Africa as a reporter for the Morning Post to cover the Ying Bu war. While marching with British soldiers, he was captured by the Boers. Although Churchill was an army reporter, the Boers were unwilling to release him because of his special status as an aristocrat. In December 1899, Churchill escaped from prison alone and escaped to the British consulate in Lorenzo-Marquis (now Maputo, Mozambique) with the help of a local British expatriate. This incident made him famous in Britain; In March 19, Churchill finally returned to England after several battles. Churchill, who was famous all over the country through prison break, decided to seize the opportunity and step into politics.

postwar years

After Churchill's war in his later years, the wartime cabinet had to be dissolved. Churchill resigned on May 23rd, and the general election will be held on July 5th. The Conservative Party, which was full of confidence and believed that Churchill's contribution to the war would be successful, was defeated in the general election. Although Churchill himself was elected as a member of parliament, the Conservative Party only won 197 seats, while the Labour Party won 393 seats, and was able to form a cabinet. The leader of the Labour Party, Clement Attlee, was elected as prime minister. This is mainly because the goal of building a welfare state put forward by the Labor Party has great appeal to the impoverished British society after the war. Churchill, who led the British people to victory, was abandoned. He later quoted the ancient Greek writer Plutarch as saying: "Ungrateful to their great people is the symbol of a great nation." On July 26th, Churchill officially stepped down as prime minister.

After stepping down, Churchill began to plan to write a memoir of World War II, and repeatedly mentioned the idea of establishing a unified "European United States". Churchill visited the United States in 1946, during which he delivered a famous iron curtain speech: "From Szczecin on the Baltic Sea to Trieste on the Adriatic Sea, an iron curtain across the European continent has been pulled down." At that time, this speech was severely criticized by the media, because the relationship between the Soviet Union and western countries had not yet broken down, and many people regarded Churchill as a warmonger. But today Churchill's iron curtain speech is considered as a sign of the beginning of the Cold War. Churchill also proposed to restore the strength of Germany long ago, and to resist the spread of * * * capitalism in Europe.

In the general election in 1951, the Conservative Party regained power and Churchill became prime minister again. In 1953, Elizabeth II ascended the throne and awarded Churchill the Guardian Medal, the highest honor, in recognition of his contribution to Britain. On December 1th, Churchill won the Nobel Prize in Literature again, "because he is proficient in the art of history and biography and his brilliant speech defending lofty human values." November 3th, 1954 was Churchill's 8th birthday, and both houses of Parliament held a grand celebration for him in Westminster Abbey. On April 5, 1955, Churchill resigned for health reasons. When he walked out of the official residence of the Prime Minister's Office at No.1 Downing Street, he smoked a cigar, made a famous "V" gesture to greet the masses, then got on the bus and left amid cheers from people.