Li Bian (Bian Limin)

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Consequences of environmental changes in history

A summary of the research on the history of ecological environment change in recent ten years

In recent ten years, environmental problems have increasingly become the focus of social attention. Protecting the ecological environment on which human beings depend and promoting the sustainable development of social economy have become the consensus of scholars at home and abroad. It has become the trend and direction of international historiography to pay attention to the long-term factors in the natural environment and human historical process from the ecological background. The deterioration of the environment is the result of accumulation over time, as the biography of Han Jia Yi said: "Those who are safe, those who are in danger for a day, and those who are not in danger for a day, are gradually becoming natural. You can't ignore it. " [ 1]。 In this context, mainland academic circles have also significantly strengthened their research on the history of China's ecological environment, published a series of research results, and conducted extensive discussions from different disciplines and perspectives. This paper attempts to summarize these achievements and briefly summarize their shortcomings. If there are any mistakes, please criticize and correct them.

Study on the Relationship between Regional Economic Development and Environmental Change

Regional economic development and environmental change have always been highly valued by academic circles. The research methods can be summarized as follows: summarizing the general situation of regional physical geography, discussing the negative impact of economic development on the environment, analyzing the influence and restriction of environmental change on regional economic development, and summarizing the evolution characteristics of human-land relationship and related historical experiences and lessons.

Study on the Loess Plateau and its adjacent areas. Before the 1970s, a group of scholars, represented by Tan Qixiang and Shi Nianhai, focused on soil erosion and flood in the lower reaches of the Yellow River on the Loess Plateau. From the end of 1970s to 1980s, academic circles shifted their research focus to the environmental restoration of the Loess Plateau in historical period, such as vegetation types and vegetation coverage. In recent ten years, relevant research has focused on the discussion of human activities and the relationship between man and land, and published some weighty works, such as Shi Nianhai's Historical Geography of the Loess Plateau, Chang 'an and the Loess Plateau in Han and Tang Dynasties, Zhu's Environmental Change and Governance of the Loess Plateau, and Conference on Historical Environment and Governance Countermeasures of the Loess Plateau. A large number of articles pay attention to regional microenvironment from different angles. Liang He analyzed the reclamation of Jiubian in Ming Dynasty and its environmental problems, and pointed out that "the large-scale land degradation and succession caused by reclamation of Jiubian in Ming Dynasty not only caused great damage to the land resources in northwest Shanxi and Shaanxi-Gansu-Ningxia areas, but also aggravated the water erosion and wind erosion process in this area, which played an important role in the rapid increase of soil erosion in the Loess Plateau during this period" [2]. Wang, Chen Kewei and Zhu respectively inspected the environmental changes in the border areas of Shanxi, Shaanxi and Mongolia. Wang believes that the environmental deterioration in the Shanxi-Shaanxi-Mongolia border region was caused by several large-scale reclamation in Qin and Han Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties, the late Qing Dynasty and the founding of New China. [3] Chen Kewei further pointed out that "the soil erosion of the Loess Plateau, although it existed in distant ancient times, has become such a face today, with barren hills everywhere, which is mainly the result of unreasonable land use, blind large-scale deforestation and land reclamation since the Song Dynasty, especially since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and moving from hillsides to mountain plains, leading to serious soil erosion and rapid deterioration of the environment" [4]. While affirming the human-induced factors, Zhu brought the evolution of natural environment into his own field of vision, pointing out that human factors and natural factors are the two basic factors of vegetation change, desertification, water system change and environmental deterioration in this area; His articles "General Situation of Economic Development and Natural Environment in Several Regions of China Loess Plateau in Historical Period" and "On the Evolution Characteristics of Ecological Environment and Countermeasures for Sustainable Development in China Loess Plateau" continue to elaborate this proposition. [5] Shi Nianhai, Du Yu and Wang Naiang have reproduced the environmental evolution of the local historical period by investigating the evolution of the dividing line between agriculture and animal husbandry in Gansu, Ningxia and other loess plateau areas in historical periods. [6]

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This book is a collection of more than 20 papers on the history and geography of the Loess Plateau written by Mr. Shi Nianhai in recent twenty years.

(2) This is the result of joint research by Chinese and Japanese historical geographers on the topic "The Capital of China Loess Plateau and the Changes of Ecological Environment". Many scholars have comprehensively revealed the complex relationship between Chang 'an and the Loess Plateau from different angles.

(3) This book is a collection of 23 articles by the author, which comprehensively and deeply discusses the environmental changes of the Loess Plateau since the Neolithic Age. Wang Shouchun commented that this book is "a work connecting the past and the future in the study of historical geography of the Loess Plateau".

(4) The Proceedings of the Symposium on Historical Environment and Countermeasures in the Loess Plateau Region edited by Zhu was published on 200 1 as a supplement to China Historical Geography Theory Series.

Study on southwest and northwest regions. The environmental changes in the historical period of this area are obvious, which has attracted the attention of academic circles. Lan Yong made a series of studies on the economic development of Yunnan, Guizhou and Sichuan provinces in the historical period, as well as the changes in forest distribution, the decline and extinction of wild animals, the southward migration of tropical crops, climate change and the increase of natural disasters, which highlighted the relationship between land and the ground and had strong practical significance. [7] Xiao integrated the research methods of historical geography, agronomy, economics and other disciplines, and took the western region of Qing Dynasty as an example to deeply analyze the interactive relationship between agricultural technology selection and ecological environment change. [8] Zou Yike, Chao Xiaohong, Zhang Jianmin, Ge Qinghua and others have written about the environmental changes in Qinba Mountain area in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, pointing out that since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, due to the influx of immigrants and improper development, the local ecological imbalance and social economy have shrunk seriously, emphasizing the importance of protecting the ecological environment in the process of regional development. [9] Regarding the environmental changes in the Tarim Basin in the historical period, Wang Shouchun believes that the historical rise and fall of the Tarim Basin is closely related to environmental changes. "Environmental change is the root cause of the decline of the Silk Road, the only road connecting East and West [10]. On the other hand, Xiao pointed out that the ecological environment changes in Tarim Basin in the historical period showed the characteristics of desert oasis and oasis desertification through the investigation of ancient sites and documents. [ 1 1]

Learning in North China and Central China. The evolution of man-land relationship is the focus of research. Li Xinchun's Yellow River Basin and Green Civilization —— A Study on Agricultural Ecology in Shanxi, Hebei, Shandong and Henan in Ming Dynasty, Tang's Study on Environmental Changes in Beijing, Tianjin and Tangshan during Jin and Republic of China, and Yu Xixian's Study on Historical and Natural Environment Changes in Beijing are all representative works in this field, which provide us with powerful reference for scientific development and rational utilization of natural resources in these areas today. [12] Environmental changes in the Yangtze River basin and the relationship between people and land in the lake areas along the Yangtze River. Wu Di wrote that unreasonable plane reclamation was the most direct and important reason for the deterioration of the natural environment in the Yangtze River basin in Ming and Qing Dynasties. [13] Zhang Guoxiong thinks that the agricultural development of the two lakes in Ming and Qing Dynasties replaced the natural landscape with dense thorns with the humanistic landscape with fields and villages, and the agricultural ecological environment has undergone two prominent changes: the reduction of forest resources and the decline of water areas, while the development process in mountainous areas is accompanied by serious soil erosion [14]. Wang Runyuan and Gong Shengsheng's articles investigated the migration movement and ecological environment changes under population pressure. [15] Xu Huailin inspected the process of economic development and environmental evolution in different historical periods in Jiangxi, and thought that "the historical evolution of Jiangxi's ecological environment has the characteristics of Jiangxi's situation and its relevance in the national network" [16].

Wang Jiange's series of papers "Agricultural Ecology and Social Change in Modern North China and Inner Mongolia" analyzed the local socio-economic structure and nature with the energy input and output in ecological economics. The author thinks that "economic development is actually restricted by the ecosystem to a great extent, and the rapid population growth and ecological destruction in history have made China's development lag behind the West" [17] At the end of the traditional society, ecological pressure weakened the rural affinity and cohesion, increased the compulsory cohesion, and seriously restricted the development of new production relations in rural areas [18]; He also believes that the development of agriculture in North China is not "over-intensive", but a process of ecological change. [19] On the analysis path of Inner Mongolia authors' continuing to adopt the series of articles in North China. [20] In addition, Zheng Lei put forward different interpretations of Mr. Qin Gui's "Guanzhong Model" by using the ecological analysis method, arguing that the local land rights are scattered and the tenancy opposition is not serious, which is the result of the deterioration of the ecological environment. [2 1]

Study on the Relationship between Ancient Capital and Ecological Environment

The relationship between the ancient capital and the ecological environment mainly focuses on the study of Yin Ruins in Shangdu and the ancient capital Chang 'an. Using the methods of archaeology and literature to investigate the changes of ecological environment and the rise and fall of the capital is unique in the study of ancient city history. CoCo Lee studied the environmental changes of Yin Ruins from the aspects of geographical location, climate, hydrological conditions, soil landform, mineral deposits, etc., and thought that "the important reason why Pan Geng moved the capital was that human factors affected the ecological environment, and the destruction of the ecological environment in turn aggravated social factors, so a vicious circle forced Pan Geng to move the capital" [22]. Through the ecological restoration of Yanshi Shopping Mall, Zhengzhou Shopping Mall and Anyang Yinxu, Li Jiandang investigated the influence of ecological environment on the distribution, shape and layout of Shang capitals. [23] Guo Ruiji inspected the animal remains unearthed in Yin Ruins, and put forward that rich natural resources are the basis for the gestation, formation, development and prosperity of Yin Ruins culture. [24]

The research on the ancient capital Chang 'an City has always been a hot topic in academic circles. In recent years, scholars have tried to analyze and obtain a large number of profound works from the perspective of ecology. Chang 'an in Han and Tang Dynasties and Loess Plateau edited by Shi Nianhai is a representative work in this field. The book contains more than a dozen articles related to Chinese and Japanese scholars, including Shi Nianhai's Evolution of Loess Plateau and Its Influence on Chang 'an in Han and Tang Dynasties, Shi Nianhai and Ma Chi's Ecological Environment in Guanlong Area and the Establishment and Consolidation of Guanlong Group, Mei Yan's Ecological Environment Changes in Chang 'an and Guanzhong Plain in Tang Dynasty, and He Xing's Natural Landscape of Chang 'an in Han Dynasty. Li Xinchun's The Customs and Habits of Chang 'an in Han and Tang Dynasties and the Ecology of the Loess Plateau discusses the ecological environment relationship between Chang 'an in Han and Tang Dynasties and the Loess Plateau from a cultural perspective. Li Jianchao's "Groundwater Pollution in Chang 'an City in Han and Tang Dynasties and Ecological Environment in Loess Plateau" and Zhu's "Study on the Rise and Fall of Chang 'an City in Han and Tang Dynasties and Social, Economic and Ecological Environment Changes in Loess Plateau" discuss the environmental problems brought about by the rise and fall of Chang 'an City in Han and Tang Dynasties. Zhu pointed out in his article that "there is a positive correlation and positive restriction between the strength of national conditions, the rise and fall of national capital, the rise and fall of social economy and the quality of ecological environment". In addition, Shi Nianhai's "Chang 'an City and Ecological Environment in Han and Tang Dynasties" and Zhu's "Relationship between Ecological Environment Characteristics in Guanzhong Area of Western Han Dynasty and Capital Chang 'an" continue to demonstrate the mutual restriction and interdependence of ecological environment between Chang 'an City and Guanzhong area in Han and Tang Dynasties. [25] In addition, Cheng Suiying's book "Study on Kaifeng's Ecological Environment in Tang and Song Dynasties" takes 12 century as the boundary, and makes a special study on the social and economic development of Tang and Song cities and their different ecological environments before and after, pointing out that Kaifeng City used to have a superior ecological environment; Then the environment gradually deteriorated. It can be said that it is a masterpiece of related research. [26]

Study on Plant and Animal Changes and Regional Desertification

As a careful study of environmental changes, the study of animal and plant changes has achieved fruitful results. Through literature, archaeological data and field investigation, people restore the original ecological environment and remind us of the importance of maintaining ecological balance. Shi Nianhai studied the forest distribution from south to north in China for a long time, and pointed out that due to the constant changes of natural and human factors, "some densely forested areas have become grasslands and even deserts" [27]. Wen Huanran has published many articles to investigate the forest changes in Inner Mongolia, Qinghai, Xinjiang, Nanyue, Guangxi and Hainan in history. [28] Lan Yong inspected the forest evolution in the Three Gorges area during the historical period, and thought that the Three Gorges area maintained a high forest coverage rate before the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and it was lost on a large scale due to unreasonable human development after the Ming and Qing Dynasties, pointing out that "returning farmland to forests in the Three Gorges area and restoring the dense forests in the Three Gorges area during the historical period are irreplaceable" [29]. Through the study of vegetation replacement in North China Plain and Northeast China in historical period, Zhu emphasized the two-way restriction mechanism between vegetation change and human activities and climate change. [30] In addition, Li Bingcheng and Zhou Yunan also investigated human activities and vegetation changes in Qilian Mountain and Qinling Mountain respectively. [3 1] There are also many articles about the geographical investigation of making friends. Wang Shouchun, Lin Tingshui, Bao Hongchang and others respectively wrote articles to investigate the changes of forest vegetation in the Loess Plateau, Fujian and the Great Wall in the Ming Dynasty, calling for taking history as a mirror to protect the limited forest vegetation and fully understanding the negative impact of human activities on vegetation changes. [32] Lan Yong and Gong Shengsheng also discussed the environmental problems caused by the acquisition of imperial wood in Ming and Qing Dynasties and firewood harvesting in Chang 'an in Tang Dynasty and Beijing in Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties, respectively, and their viewpoints were novel, showing a good development trend in this field. [33]

With regard to animals, a group of scholars, mainly Wen Huanran and He Yeheng, published a series of articles, discussing the geographical changes of dozens of national first-and second-class protected animals, such as giant panda, golden monkey, Chinese alligator, tiger, bear and rhinoceros. The conclusion is that the general trend of the changes is that the distribution area is from large to small, and the northern boundary of the distribution area is shrinking day by day, and some species are even on the verge of extinction. Wen Huanran's Study on the Changes of Animals and Plants in the Historical Period of China [28] and He Yeheng's Series of Historical Changes of Rare Animals in China [34] are representative works in this respect. Lan Yong, Liu Zhenggang, etc. Writing articles to investigate the changes in the distribution areas of tigers, rhinoceroses, elephants and other animals provides us with experiences and lessons for rational utilization and protection of these animal resources today. [35]

The research on regional desertification, following Mr. Hou Renzhi's pioneering research, has achieved fruitful results in theoretical methods and empirical research in recent ten years. Ai Jing's assertion on "duality" of desertification and the cross-disciplinary and cross-disciplinary empirical analysis in "General Theory of Desert Archaeology" are the representatives in this respect. [36] Qing Dynasty Horqin sandy land reclamation, Shapotou area environmental changes, Mulan paddock destruction and desertification and other articles. Use archaeology, historical geography, meteorology, cultural anthropology and other methods. An in-depth analysis of the causes and mechanisms of desertification has strongly promoted the research in this field. [37] Li Bingcheng discussed the regularity of desertification in arid areas through a case study of Hexi Corridor, and pointed out that desertification in arid areas mainly occurred in the lower reaches of inland rivers. There are four main ways in the process of desertification: in-situ sand blowing, wind erosion oasis, quicksand invasion and flood burial oasis. He believes that desertified land can be reversed under certain conditions. [38] Chen Yuning discussed the desertification situation in Ningxia, and thought that drought, windy weather and dry climate in the past hundred years were important factors of land desertification. [39] In addition, Feng Jichang, On the Historical Changes of Horqin Sandy Land and Niu's Environmental Changes in the Northern Wulanbu Desert in Historical Period have pointed out the close relationship between desertification and nature by investigating the succession process of desertification in related areas. [40]

In recent years, due to the deepening of desertification research, oasis science has gradually emerged. Huang systematically discussed the research object, method, content and significance of oasis science, and demanded to strengthen the research of oasis science, which has strong theoretical guidance and methodological significance. [4 1] Based on the natural ecological environment in Loulan area, Xie Li analyzed the development of oasis agriculture in ancient Loulan country and the middle and upper reaches of Tarim River under the stress of war and its ecological environment impact, and established a theoretical model of "oasis abandonment cycle". [42] Li Bingcheng used the methods of archaeology and geography to investigate the ancient oasis 10 desertification area in Hexi Corridor during the Han and Tang Dynasties, and revealed some characteristics, formation process and mechanism of oasis desertification area. He believes that the desertification of ancient oases mainly occurred after the end of Han Dynasty, and the main cause of desertification is human factors. [43]

Research on disasters, diseases and epidemics

As a concrete embodiment of environmental change, disasters can be said to be full of relevant research results. In recent ten years, a large number of articles have extensively investigated the causes, laws, social harm and coping strategies of disasters in different time and space, and many comprehensive articles have discussed related issues. Therefore, we only analyze it from the perspective of environmental change, and detailed research can be found in relevant review articles. ①

Starting with the causes of disasters, this paper analyzes the internal relationship between disasters and ecological environment changes. Ruan Mingmai's Study on Flood in the Middle and Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River in Qing Dynasty, Historical Enlightenment of Flood and Ecological Environment in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River in Tang Dynasty, Liu's Historical Influence of Human Activities on Flood in the Yangtze River Basin, Lan Yong's Historical Soil Erosion and Its Harm, Ma Xueqin's Yellow River Flood and Ecological Environment Changes in the Lower Reaches in Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wu Tao's Preliminary Study on Ecological Environment Changes and Agricultural Disasters in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and Li Wenhai's Vicious Cycle of Ecological Destruction and Frequent Famine. These articles point out that the outbreak of disasters is closely related to the change of ecological environment, and there is often a vicious circle, that is, the imbalance of ecological environment-frequent disasters-deterioration of ecological environment-further aggravation of natural disasters. [44]

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(1) Wu Tao's Summary of Agricultural Natural Disasters in Ming and Qing Dynasties since the founding of the People's Republic of China, China Agricultural History No.4,1992; Yu Xinzhong's Summary of Domestic Social Relief History in Ming and Qing Dynasties since 1980, China Historical Research Trends No.4 +0996, Yan Shuizeng's Summary of Modern Famine History in China in Recent Ten Years, Journal of Tang Normal University No.200 1, and Bu Fengxian's Summary of Agricultural Disaster History Research in China. Zhu Hu: A Review of Studies on the Famine History of the Qing Dynasty in the 20th Century, Studies on the History of the Qing Dynasty, No.2, 2003.

Study on temporal and spatial laws of different disasters in a certain region. Yin's Study on Historical Natural Disasters in Beijing, History of Famine in Northwest China and Natural Disasters and Fuzhou Society in Recent 600 Years are representative works of disaster history research in relevant areas. [145] The history of famine in Yuan Dynasty has long been a weak link in academic research. In recent years, Wang Peihua has made a quantitative study on the temporal and spatial distribution of cold disasters, droughts, locust plagues and floods in the Northern Yuan Dynasty, filling the gaps in related fields. [146] Based on the notes of local officials, local chronicles, flood inscriptions and other historical materials in the Qing Dynasty, Hua investigated the occurrence of flood and drought disasters in the Three Gorges area of the Yangtze River. The flood is more serious and the most harmful. [147] Ma Xueqin analyzed the occurrence, main causes and countermeasures of natural disasters in Henan in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from the aspects of drought, waterlogging, locust, salinity, wind, sand, hail and earthquake, and pointed out that the destruction of forest vegetation and the decline of water conservancy were the main reasons for the frequent occurrence of natural disasters at that time. [148] Through the study of natural disasters in Guanzhong area in Tang Dynasty, Xue Pingshuan thinks that the stage characteristics of natural disasters in this area are extremely obvious, and the active and stable periods of seismic activity basically alternate, while the occurrence of wind disasters and floods and droughts has obvious seasonal characteristics. [49] In addition, Li Bian's research on the Huaihe River Basin in the early Qing Dynasty, Wang Jinchun's research on the three northern provinces in the early Guangxu period, Wang Shuanghuai's research on natural disasters in South China in the Ming Dynasty, and Zhang Jianmin's research on Jianghan area are all rare works in recent years, showing a good development trend in this field. [50]

Driven by Professor Li Wenhai's pioneering research, the study of modern famine history has achieved fruitful results and is in the ascendant. In recent ten years, more than 65,438+00 books and more than 50 papers on modern famine history have been published. For the specific research situation, please refer to the summary article of Yan Yongzeng and Chi's "A Summary of the Research on the History of Modern Famine in China in Recent Ten Years", so I won't repeat it here.

There must be a great epidemic after a great disaster. In the past ten years, the study of disease and epidemic history has broken the long-term dependence on the study of Chinese medical history, aroused widespread interest in historians and formed a research hotspot. ② Yu Xinzhong's series of studies centered on the plague in the south of the Yangtze River in Qing Dynasty have attracted the most attention from academic circles. The book Plague and Society in Jiangnan in Qing Dynasty embodies his research achievements in recent years. This book examines in detail the social and ecological background, temporal and spatial distribution law and coping strategies of all walks of life of the plague in Jiangnan in the Qing Dynasty, which is of pioneering significance. [5 1] In view of the historical changes of leprosy in China, Gong Shengsheng wrote that since 2000, due to human factors and climate change, its distribution range has gradually moved southward [52]; When specifically talking about the distribution and changes of malaria in Ming and Qing Dynasties, the author further pointed out that "the changes in malaria endemic areas are not only related to the changes in climate itself, but more importantly, they are more closely related to the environmental changes brought about by population growth, land reclamation and economic development", and "the narrowing of the distribution area of malignant malaria is a reflection of human utilization and transformation of nature, thus optimizing the natural environment". [53] Mei Li and Yan Changgui also investigated the infectious diseases in Ming Dynasty, and considered that geographical environment, climatic conditions, famine wars, mountain development and refugee movement were the basic factors affecting the geographical distribution of infectious diseases in Ming Dynasty. [54] Cao and Li Yushang have published several articles about plague. Through the analysis of two plague epidemics in Shanxi, Hebei and Henan provinces during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty and the Chongzhen period, Cao thought that "the reproduction and migration of population and the development and expansion of agricultural areas are a biological behavior and an instinct similar to animal gluttony for survival" [55]. Li Yushang and Cao's article "Plague Epidemic and Population Death in Yunnan in Xi 'an", taking Yunnan in Xi 'an as an example, estimated the number of plague deaths during the war and the proportion of these deaths to the total population loss during the war, and then proposed that the war was also an "ecological disaster". [56] In addition, they also studied the plague epidemic and the overall social changes in Yunnan from the perspective of ecological relations and folk customs, pointing out that "the social changes in Yunnan in the 18- 19 century are actually part of the biosphere changes in Yunnan and even in a wider range" and "social transformation is not only a social concept, but also an ecological concept. The long process of mutual influence and interaction between social changes and ecological changes in southwest China is still in progress. " [57] When talking about the influence of plague epidemic on modern China society, they think that "the change of modern China is essentially an ecological change" [58]. In addition, Fan Jiawei, Cao and Li Yushang respectively discussed the relationship between geographical environment and diseases and the spread of cholera in China, which was also very insightful. [59]

Research on Climate Change and Related Issues

Climate is the dominant factor of ecological environment change, and historical climate change is one of the traditional research fields of historical geography in China. Since the publication of Zhu Kezhen's Preliminary Study on Climate Change in China in Recent Five Thousand Years, gratifying progress has been made continuously. In recent ten years, the research has been further deepened, and methods such as historical documents, climate records, tree rings, lichen measurement, salt lake deposition, glacier and pollen analysis have been widely used, and research results have been published one after another. Zhang Piyuan's Historical Climate Change in China and Wen Huanran's Historical Climate Change in Winter and Half a Year in China were published one after another. [60] A large number of regional climate change studies have shown great pioneering. Man Zhimin has published many articles, investigated the climate change in the Huang-Huai-Hai Plain in different periods in history, and put forward his own climate change model. [6 1] Yu Xixian made use of the snow and ice accumulation in Cangshan, Yunnan Province in winter and summer, and referred to the phenological investigation in each period, pointing out that the climate change reflected by the snow in Cangshan in Yunnan's historical period was generally similar to the results obtained from domestic and foreign studies, but showed regional differences in the specific time of cold and warm. [62] Deng Hui restored the historical records of Yanbei area from 928 to 1 109 by using the records of drought, flood and freezing disasters recorded in Liao history, such as Diji, Food Records and Quotations of Song People's Missions to Liao, and pointed out that the dry and wet changes in Yanbei area in Liao Dynasty were mainly in the early period of drought. [63] Zhu et al. established a complete sequence of climate change in Guanzhong area through archaeological excavation, sporopollen analysis and rich historical documents collection, sorting and utilization, and divided it into early Holocene cold, mid-Holocene warm, western Zhou cold and dry, spring and autumn to early Western Han warm and humid, late Western Han cold and dry, Sui and early Tang warm and humid, late Tang to northern Song cold and early Jin warm. [64] Li Pingtian and he used historical materials and the temperature records of Hong Kong in the past hundred years to investigate the climate changes in the Pearl River Delta during the 1488- 1893 Little Ice Age and when the climate entered the modern warm period. [65] He Yeheng analyzed the distribution and rise and fall of 20 tropical and subtropical plants and animals, and discussed the climate change and environmental change in South China in the past five thousand years. [66]

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(1) Professor's academic contribution, please refer to Huang's Academic Pursuit and Professor's Historical Research.

(2) Yu Xinzhong once wrote an article to review relevant research from the perspective of social history. For details, please refer to Pay Attention to Life —— A Study on the Social History of Diseases Occurred on Both Sides of the Taiwan Straits and A Review of the Study on the Epidemic History of Diseases in Ming and Qing Dynasties since the 20th Century. This paper discusses it from the perspective of environmental change, and it is limited to mainland scholars. Please forgive me if there is anything wrong.

Climate change and its influence in farming-pastoral ecotone. Zou Yilin thought that the climate in northern China turned cold at the beginning of the15th century, and farming could not maintain the survival of health centers and their families, so he moved to the Great Wall. By the beginning of18th century, the climate in northern China was warming, and the transition zone of agriculture and animal husbandry moved northward, which led to the prosperity of agricultural economy in Kanggan era. 1At the end of the 9th century and the beginning of the 20th century, the climate in China had a short warming period. [67] Wang Huichang made a long-term investigation on the relationship between the northern nomadic people's southward migration and climate change, and pointed out that climate change was a direct inducing factor for the rise and fall of dynasties and the northern nomadic people's southward migration and northward withdrawal. [68] Man Zhimin, Ge Quansheng and Zhang Piyuan, starting from four specific historical examples, namely, the relocation of Pingcheng in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the migration of Lingbei area in the mid-Yuan Dynasty, the evolution of Horqin sandy land in the early12nd century, and the unscrupulous migration of Hasanwei to the south in the early Ming Dynasty, discussed the changes and corresponding social changes in the transitional zone between agriculture and animal husbandry when the climate became cold and dry, and pointed out that the impact of climate change on the transitional zone between agriculture and animal husbandry was exerted through human social subsystems, with different social states. [69]

Study the relationship between climate change and socio-economic and demographic changes. Wang Zijin emphatically analyzed the significance of climate change to the economic and cultural development in the south of the Yangtze River during the Qin and Han Dynasties, and pointed out that the economic and cultural progress in the south of the Yangtze River during the Qin and Han Dynasties was closely related to the change of climate conditions. [70] Ma Xin expounded the historical climate and agricultural development of the Han Dynasty from the changes in crop layout, the improvement of agricultural output and the formation of agricultural management methods. [7 1] There are also many articles on the dialectical relationship between climate change and agricultural economy in the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Chen Jiaqi believes that this period, as the most drastic climate change in China in the past thousand years, has brought great influence on agriculture in Taihu Lake Basin: the climate has become cold, the area of double-cropping rice has decreased, and the multiple cropping index of grain has decreased; Natural disasters occur frequently, and grain output declines; Subtropical cash crops are seriously threatened. [72] Huaize, a new Merlot joint-stock company, specially studied the influence of climate change in Ming Dynasty on agriculture in South China, pointing out that on the one hand, due to climate vibration, meteorological disasters often occur, hurting labor resources, destroying agricultural facilities such as cultivated land, and disrupting agricultural production order. On the other hand, due to the cold climate, the geographical distribution of food crops and cash crops has changed. [72] Shen Xiaoying, Wang Yejian and Zhou Xianghe further analyzed the close relationship between climate change and food production. [74] Shen Xiaoying believes that with the change of climate, the double-cropping rice in Taihu Lake Basin has changed greatly around the end of Ming Dynasty, and each ups and downs process roughly represents the temperature change for decades. Before the end of the Ming Dynasty, due to sufficient heat conditions, the development of double-cropping rice was relatively stable and the grain output was relatively high. Since the late Ming dynasty, the heat condition has become a critical state from two to three crops a year, and double-cropping rice has flourished and declined. [75] On the other hand, Wang Yejian and Huang Yingjue analyzed human resources from natural disasters and thought that climate change, food production and food prices were closely related in Qing Dynasty. Climate and Grain Production in China in Ming and Qing Dynasties by Zhou Xianghe and Mi Hong brought population factors into the field of investigation, and studied the curve of climate change, grain production and population. [76] In addition, Li Bozhong analyzed the overall impact of climate change on population change in history, pointing out that "in the two thousand years before the 20th century, climate change was one of the decisive factors that caused population change in China" [77].

Which universities have folk customs?

Tonghua normal University Koguryo Institute

Yanbian University's ethnic studies focus on Korean history and culture.

The School of Sociology and Folklore of Inner Mongolia Normal University is based on the subject of folklore of Inner Mongolia Normal University.

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Tang Xiaopeng, the author of Starboard, founded Poyang Lake in World War I, and later Zheng He made seven voyages to the West.