How much do you know about Sanmenxia and Sanmenxia Reservoir? Come on, everybody, 3Q.

Sanmenxia City is located in the western border of Henan Province, at the junction of Henan, Shaanxi and Shaanxi provinces, with Luoyang in the east, Nanyang in the south, Shaanxi Province in the west and Shanxi Province across the Yellow River in the north. The total area is 10496 km2, and the landforms are mainly mountains, hills and loess tablelands, of which mountains account for 54.8%, hills for 36% and plains for 9.2%, which can be described as "five mountains, four tombs and one river". Most areas are between 300-1500m above sea level, located at Laoya Cha 'nao Peak in Xiaoqinling, lingbao city, with an altitude of 2413.8m. Sanmenxia City is located on the terrace on the south bank of the Yellow River, facing Sanmenxia Reservoir on three sides, shaped like a peninsula, and is known as "surrounded by mountains and water on three sides". The yellow water from Tongguan to Jin Meng, Henan Province, that is, Sanmenxia Reservoir in Shanxian County, was blocked by the Taihang Mountains and rushed out of the Sanlu Pass with great hydraulic power. Later generations called these three rapids from east to west "Man Gate", "Shen Gate" and "Ghost Gate" respectively, that is, three gates. The rocks that still stand in the middle of the river between Sanmen are called the three islands of man, god and ghost respectively. From the Western Han Dynasty to the Republic of China, the Yellow River has been a big shipping river. Boating on the Yellow River and fighting against the surging Yellow River have become a symbol of the Chinese nation's struggle against fate. Sanmenxia is regarded as a land of fear by boatmen in past dynasties, where the Yellow River roars. No one noticed the narrow riverbed and the solid granite under the riverbed, which may be the basis for damming the river before the 20th century. The 20th century is the beginning of human beings challenging nature with greed and boldness. The great potential energy of water aroused the reverie of people who thought they had some skills. Sanmenxia is so unique in the whole Yellow River that it not only has a solid riverbed, but also can control the flood and sediment of 92% of the basin area, so it cannot but be mentioned frequently. Finally, the beautiful and magical Sanmenxia, as the outlet of the Yellow River, finally fell into the hands of ignorant and reckless human beings after being guarded for millions of years. Sanmenxia Reservoir Start-up 1954 In April, the State Planning Commission decided to set up the Yellow River Planning Commission, and under the guidance of the Soviet expert group, the Yellow River basin planning was compiled; The central government decided to entrust the design of Sanmenxia hub dam and hydropower station to the Soviet Union. At the end of the year, it took only eight months for the Planning Report to be published. In this report, Sanmenxia water control project was selected as the key project of the first phase of comprehensive utilization of the Yellow River: the water level is 350 meters and the total storage capacity is 36 billion cubic meters; Main tasks: ① Reduce the Millennium flood in the upper reaches of the Yellow River from 37,000m3/s to 8,000m3/s; In this way, the flood disaster of the Yellow River can be completely avoided, and the flood threat in the lower reaches of the Yellow River will naturally be alleviated. (2) All the upstream sand is intercepted, and the clear water is discharged, so as to realize the "Huang Heqing" and prevent the downstream riverbed from silting. ③ Adjust the water quantity of the Yellow River, with an initial irrigation of 22.2 million mu and a long-term irrigation of 75 million mu. ④ The installed capacity is 900,000 kilowatts, and the annual power generation is 4.6 billion kWh. ⑤ Improve downstream shipping. Conclusion: The comprehensive benefit is great (the conclusion of the Three Gorges Dam demonstration is the same after more than 30 years). However, there are two serious problems that cannot be avoided in the planning report: ① The reservoir will flood 2.07 million mu of farmland and resettle 600,000 people. ② precipitation. Although the reserved sand storage capacity is 65.438+047 billion cubic meters (accounting for 2/5 of the total storage capacity), if the upstream sand reduction benefit is not included, the service life of the reservoir is only 25-30 years. This calculated figure is shocking. After 25-30 years, the Yellow River stopped flowing in Sanmenxia. How to solve this problem? Therefore, in order to solve this problem, the goal is to focus on "upstream sediment reduction". As long as there is no more sand in the upper reaches of the Yellow River, isn't the problem of reservoir siltation no longer a problem? But how to reduce sediment? The prescription prescribed by ambitious romantics is "soil and water conservation". If the soil and water in the upper reaches are preserved, sand will not flow into the Yellow River. Therefore, the effectiveness of soil and water conservation is directly related to whether the Sanmenxia project can be launched. However, romanticism's "soil and water conservation" is realized through words. In the "technical task book" submitted to the Soviet side, the data given by the Chinese side are: by 1967, the sediment volume can be reduced to 50%; It can be reduced by 100% after 50 years. Even the "big brother of the Soviet Union" who is famous for his heroism can't stand this kind of data. In this regard, Soviet experts put forward the revised opinion that "soil and water conservation measures are estimated to be lower and more cautious", and then changed the sand from 1967 to "reduce by 20% and reduce by 50% after 50 years" just like elementary school students do arithmetic problems. Today, that is, 40 years later, if you have the opportunity to visit the Loess Plateau in Shaanxi and Shanxi, you will see that soil erosion is increasing. And if you travel to Yulu, what you see is that during most of the year, Liu Huang, who is muddy between large dry floodplains, crawls slowly and becomes the Yellow River of seasonal rivers, and is cut off from 1975 to 1990, 19 times. In recent years, several times a year. 1955 In the summer, at the second meeting of the first National People's Congress, the Sanmenxia Project was unanimously approved by all the deputies to the National People's Congress. Just as the Three Gorges Project shocked the world today, in the words of Premier Zhou Enlai, "such a worldwide report is known to the whole world". In this excitement and turmoil, two scholars stand out. They have no party background and no political impulse. They are just scientists and engineers, honest, diligent and responsible for their own careers and countries. One of them is in the prime of life and is a professor at a famous university; The other just graduated from school and is only 25 years old. They don't agree to build a dam in Sanmenxia or a high dam. They calmly and confidently put their academic opinions in the hands of decision makers who control the people's destiny. Looking back today, their criticism of Sanmenxia project at that time was almost unpleasant, which became a prediction of this troublesome and embarrassing project in the future. Their opinions were not heard at that time; Their academic value and humanistic value were not valued by drillers who later held important positions. When I met them at 199 1, not only were their positions not much different from those of more than 30 years ago; Their new demands based on deeper education are still ignored. One is Professor Huang Wanli, and the other is a literary engineer. The "Good News" of Sanmenxia1958165438+1October 25th, Sanmenxia Project completed the closure of the Yellow River! 1June, 960, the dam was built 340 meters, which can stop the flood! In September of the same year, the sluice was closed to store water and stop sand!