What's with the "Prince Sweeping the North"

Among the people in Cangzhou, the legend of "Prince Sweeping the North" has been circulating for hundreds of years. In fact, "Rebecca swept the north" was related to the Jingnan War in the early Ming Dynasty, also known as the Jingnan Revolution, which was a coup that broke out shortly after the death of Zhu Yuanzhang, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty. Zhu Yuanzhang, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, sent his children and grandchildren to various places as prisoners, and the power of prisoners was expanding day by day. Because Prince Zhu Biao died young, Zhu Jun, the grandson of the emperor? Dan Tao scared? Is it beautiful? ㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎㄎ? Spectral reflection of acetylene fan ∫ stealing tanning? Is it purple and tough? He went to Kaifeng House, abolished him as Shu Ren, and detained Zhu Gui, the king of Qi, in Datong. _ In Beijing, King Bai Zhu of Xiang set himself on fire and died. At the same time, troops were deployed around Beiping and in the city, and the guards of Judy, the fourth son of Ming Taizu, were transferred to the Great Wall to get rid of the Prince. Wen Jian secretly ordered the capture of Judy, but it didn't work. In addition, the measures to reduce vassals seriously threatened the interests of vassals. 1399 (the first year of Wen Jian), Judy rebelled, and then sent troops to the south, which is known in history as "the Battle of Jingnan".

First, the "Prince Sweeping the North" mentioned by the people is actually the battle of Jingnan.

Comparing the official records with folklore, the so-called "Rebecca sweeping the north" is actually the battle of Jingnan in the official history. Because it is more colloquial and easier to be accepted by the people than the battle of Jingnan, it replaced the "battle of Jingnan" and spread widely. The war lasted for three years (1399.8- 1402.7). In the stalemate stage of the war, the government forces and the Yan army launched a bitter tug-of-war in Peiping and Jinan, which brought profound disasters to the aborigines in Hebei and Shandong. The two cruelest battles that affected Cangzhou were the Battle of Jinan and the Battle of Dongchang in A.D. 1400. In April of the same year, Yan Jun defeated the government forces in Baigou River and pursued south to Texas. In the battle against Jinan, they were hit hard by the government defenders. They besieged the city for three months, and Yan Jun soldiers were defeated in the battle of Jinan. The New Records of Yanshan published in the fifth year of the Republic of China recorded: "Yan Jun fought Texas and attacked Jinan, but the south of Tianjin and the north of Jinan suffered the most." In October of that year, the Yan army attacked Cangzhou (now the old state), and it took only two days to conquer it. After that, the Yan army went south to Dongchangfu, Shandong Province, and fought a decisive battle with the government forces, and suffered a crushing defeat. This is the worst failure since the rise of the Prince of Yan, which is called the Battle of Dongchang in history. Among them, the battle of Cangzhou brought disaster to Cangzhou area. "The New Story of Yanshan Mountain" records: "Wen Jian was stationed in Dezhou with Sheng Yong, Wu Jie and Ping An were stationed in Dingzhou, and Xu Kai and Dao Ming built Cangzhou, so they got a glimpse of each other. The two States are both cities, and the prince is hard to stop. Cangzhou Tucheng, alone, collapsed for a long time, cold and snowy. It's hard to build. Rush up and attack it while it is unprepared. The landslide and the city split, and Kai and others were captured alive and killed by Yan. Cangcheng was destroyed and then transferred to Luchang rule. He told Sheng Yong to keep Dezhou, Wu Jie and Ping An to keep Dingzhou, and Xu Kai and Dao Ming to build Cangzhou City. They fought with each other to spy on the prince's army. The Prince of Yan thinks that the walls of Dezhou and Dingzhou are strong and the defense is complete, so it is difficult to capture them quickly. Only the wall of Cangzhou is soil, which has been festering and dumping for a long time, so it is very difficult to build a wall. So I decided to take advantage of the garrison in Cangzhou unprepared and March to capture Cangzhou. This is really a big landslide. The army of the Prince of Yan conquered Cangzhou City and captured Xu Kai alive. The rest of the defenders surrendered, and Yuan Tan, the general of the Yan army, killed all the surrendered defenders. Cangzhou City was destroyed and later moved to Luchang, which is now Cangzhou City. The bloody slaughter of the local people by the army of the Prince of Yan in the battle of Cangzhou surpassed the battle of Jinan.

Second, there is no historical basis for Judy to "return the army to the north to retaliate against the villagers" after she ascended the throne.

It has been 600 years since Judy proclaimed herself emperor. Over the past 600 years, this sentence has been passed down from generation to generation from the mouth of ordinary people and written into many family genealogies and many local chronicles. Especially in the local chronicles compiled in various places a few years ago, many of them wrote about the disaster and pain caused by "Rebecca sweeping the north". 199 1 version of Yanshan county annals 14: in June of four years (1402), the prince of Yan ascended the throne and the army returned to the north to retaliate against the villagers. There are corpses everywhere and rubble everywhere in the county, which is called' Prince Sweeping the North' in history. The theory of "sending troops to the north to retaliate against the villagers" was not found in the county records of Yanshan, Cangxian, Qingxian, Nanpi and Qingyun compiled in the Qing Dynasty and the Republic of China. This statement first appeared in 1983 in Cangzhou Geographical Names Annals published by Cangzhou Geographical Names Office: "Judy, the prince of Yan, killed thousands of people in Cangzhou (now the old state of Cangxian County) because of his incorrect name, and the local people rebelled in stages, which made his army frustrated many times from Jinan to Cangzhou. Judy finally won, conquered Nanjing and became an emperor. His anger did not go away. He sent his troops back to the north and took his anger out on the rebellious land, which led to' white bones everywhere in the daytime and green phosphorus shining at night, and its horror was unbearable to witness'. The villagers called it Rebecca sweeping the north. " After consulting Cangzhou Zhi published in the eighth year of Qing Qianlong (AD 1743), Yanshan County Zhi published in the seventh year of Qing Tongzhi (AD 1868), and Yanshan New published in the fifth year of the Republic of China (AD 19 16) For example, the 19 16 version of Jia Enba's New Records of Yanshan Mountain also follows the folk saying that "the prince swept north", but there is no word "the army returned to the north to retaliate against the villagers". Its "Military Affairs" said: "Cangyan residents revolted against the Yan army, and the Yan army hated it. Therefore, the tragedy of the military disaster in southern Jilin has existed since ancient times. Yan Wangli moved people in Yongle two years. So far, the aborigines have led the cloud' Rebecca sweeps across the north'. " When it comes to New Records of Yanshan Mountain, we have to mention Mr. Jia Enba, whose name is Pei Qing (1865- 1948), and he is a famous educator and local chronicler in modern China. Jin Jia Village, Changjin Township, Yanshan County, Hebei Province. Together with Jiang Yaokui and Cui Lanxi, they are also called "the three outstanding people in Yannan"; Mr. Jia Peiqing is good at local chronicles. Most of his life's energy was devoted to this, and he compiled many high-quality local chronicles all his life. Most of his views on local chronicles are praised by later generations, and his rigorous attitude in compiling other local chronicles is also praised by the world. Some scholars say that "the prince swept the north" was concealed by historians in the Ming Dynasty, so there is no written record. In the New Edition of Yanshan in the Republic of China, there is indeed a record of Lu Yimin written by Li Liuxi during the Yongle period and its final loss. However, after the demise of the Ming Dynasty, there was no taboo about this matter. Why do local chronicles say anything? The Records of Cangzhou in the Eight Years of Qing Qianlong even recorded that Yan Jun had killed 3,000 people in Cangzhou. If there really is something about "returning troops to the north to retaliate against villagers", there is no reason not to record it. Secondly, in Cangzhou Tu Lu, "(Judy) is still angry and makes his army return to the north", which contradicts Qianlong's Cangzhou Zhi. Qianlong's "Cangzhou Zhi" contains: "(Yuan Tan killed 3,000 soldiers) Cheng Zu was angry. Yuan said: "Cao Cao is a strong man, so releasing him is a future trouble." Cheng Zu said,' As you said, when you kill the enemy, can the enemy be exhausted?' Retreat in shame. Yuan Tan killed all 3000 soldiers in Cangzhou, and Cheng Zu was very angry. Yuan Tan explained: "These people are brave and good at fighting. Letting them go will be a future trouble." Chengzu said; "If you really say that you want to kill all enemies, can you really kill all enemies?" Yuan Tan stepped down in shame. ) It can be seen that Judy, the prince of Yan, who was later Ming Taizu Chengzu, was furious with Yuan Tan for killing 3,000 soldiers after the war in Cangzhou. Judy, who later conquered Nanjing and ascended the throne two years later, was still "angry and sent the army back to the north" and retaliated against Cangzhou and the surrounding people. Is it too illogical? In addition, we infer from common sense that after Judy overthrew Emperor Wen Jian, his role changed, from the prince who led the way to the emperor who owned the world. What he needs is peace in the world, and the people in the world need to quickly restore the order of production and life, and provide a steady stream of material guarantee for the rule of the dynasty. Therefore, Judy became the emperor, and it is impossible to retaliate against the Luji people. If the prince really wants to sweep the north, then go to Jinan and kill him first. Because of Tie Xuan's fake surrender there, Judy was tricked into riding into the city alone and was almost killed by a weapon hidden at the door. Fortunately, he ran very fast and dodged a bullet. Later, when they went south, the Yanjun had to bypass Jinan. However, there is no record of Judy's revenge and massacre of Jinan in any history books. Besides, Judy has always opposed the killing of prisoners of war after the war. He severely admonished his men several times to trap and kill prisoners of war, and asked his generals, "What's the use of land without people?" Then, when you become an emperor, you will never kill people. It is definitely not the work of Emperor Chu, who once pushed the Ming Dynasty into a brilliant monarch and the master of England. Besides, Judy, who ascended the throne, has gained her own orthodox position, and she also needs the help of the people's orthodoxy to safeguard her imperial power, so she can't slaughter those who resisted her in the past because of orthodoxy.

From the Qing Dynasty to the Republic of China, there was no such thing as "sending troops north to retaliate against villagers", which was a new theory put forward by local chroniclers in the 1980s and 1990s. It may refer to some folklore and turn serious local chronicles into folk tales. Once published, it will spread like a fallacy and endanger future generations. This is really not the academic attitude that historians should hold.

Third, the saying that "the prince sweeps the monument" is a conjecture.

The edition of Mengcun County Chronicle 1992 records: "In June of the fourth year of Wenjian (1402), the prince of Yan ascended the throne and the army returned to the north to retaliate against the villagers. One hundred people are doomed, and bodies are everywhere. Commonly known as' Rebecca sweeping the monument' (also known as' sweeping the north'). " There is also such a record in "Hong Dong Gu Huai Zhi": It is widely rumored among the people that the Prince of Yan launched the division of "Jingnan" under the banner of going to Nanjing to wipe out the Nanjing Merit Monument, which is the ancestral monument of the royal family, so it is also called "the Battle of Jingnan". This is quite consistent with the fact that Yan Jun was the "tomb of the prince to worship his ancestors" when he fought in Sizhou, Fengyang Prefecture, and that the prince sacrificed Xiaoling first after being killed in Nanjing. The word "sweeping the grave" roughly means to sweep the grave and clean the tombstone. This word is far less inspiring and just than "the frontier of the Qing army" and "Jingnan", so it is difficult to become a slogan for army building and a summary of a war. This word did not appear in Ming history books and various local chronicles before the Republic of China. In Beijing Mandarin, the word "North" is pronounced once, while the word "North" is pronounced three times, so the pronunciation of these two words cannot be confused. Only in the eastern dialect of Cangzhou, these two words are all three tones, and there is no difference in pronunciation. The word "sweeping tombstone" is probably attached by contemporary local chroniclers because of the confusion of folk pronunciation, which is not credible.

Fourth, "the prince swept the north" has nothing to do with the battle of Mobei in the early Ming Dynasty.

Some scholars believe that Judy's war to seize the throne is called "Jingnan War" in history, while "Rebecca swept the north" refers to several wars in which Judy conquered the remnants of Mongolia, and he eventually died in the Northern Expedition. Folk Zhang Guan and Dai Li confuse the "sweeping the north" in the northern expedition of Mengyuan with the "Jingnan" in the southern expedition of Jianwen Emperor. The author believes that this statement is even more absurd. The battle of Jingnan took place before Judy ascended the throne 1399 to 1402, and the battle of Mobei took place after Judy ascended the throne, which took place in the seventh, twelfth, twentieth and twenty-first years of Yongle respectively. These two things happened at different times. Once before Judy ascended the throne and once after he became emperor, it is impossible to be called "Prince Sweeping the North". The duration of the war is different, and the time span of Mobei War is as long as 15 years. The former is suspected of being an unorthodox "usurper", while the latter is a just war to safeguard national unity. The two wars took place in different places. The plains around Hebei and Shandong were seriously affected, while the latter was thousands of miles away from the North China Plain. People who have been farmers for generations only care about their own land and their own food and clothing, and will never care about the Mobei war that has nothing to do with them. There is no reason for the people to pass on the Mobei War, which happened thousands of miles away, to future generations. "The prince swept north" means that Ming Taizu's northern expedition was the result of imagination. Judy, the prince of Yan, attacked Nanjing, the capital of the Ming Dynasty, from Beiping to the south, which was actually "sweeping the south". The author thinks that the word "sweeping the north" came into being because Shandong people in Hebei province took their own space as the main body, and compared with Nanjing, they called the disaster caused by the battle of Jingnan "the prince sweeping the north".

In recent decades, rural areas have been generally peaceful and stable. In the 1980s and 1990s, the place names and county records compiled by local governments were almost the summary of folk customs and the style of government agencies. The two influence each other, which is different from the New Records of Yanshan by Jia Enmao, a master of local chronicles. The relevant records of "Swallows Sweeping the North" have no factual basis, which makes people sigh!

5. The migration of Cangzhou Prefecture was caused by "the prince's expedition to the north"

There are two opinions about when Cangzhou Prefecture moved from Qingchi to Luchang. It is said that it was at the end of Hongwu and the beginning of Yongle in Ming Dynasty. This theory is based on Li Xian's "Building a City in Cangzhou" in the Ming Dynasty: "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, I moved to Luchang Town, which has been nearly a hundred years. In October of the sixth year of Tianshun (1462), Jia Zhong, the governor of Cangzhou, completed the construction of Cangzhou New Town. Wang Ao and Ma 'ang were both from Cangzhou in the early Ming Dynasty, who held the power of employing people and were trusted by the emperor. Ma Ang invited Li Xian, then the official minister, to write "Building a City in Cangzhou" to commemorate them; On the other hand, according to the geography of Ming Dynasty, Cangzhou moved to Luchang in May of the second year of Hongwu. According to the records in Tai Ancestral History of Ming Dynasty and Cheng Ancestral History of Ming Dynasty, Chang Yuchun was transferred back to Beiping (the capital of Yuan Dynasty) in the Ming Dynasty in September of the second year of Hongwu (AD 1369). That is to say, the Yuan Dynasty perished, and the north was initially settled. As for the state government, it is not so step by step. In the second year of Hongwu (A.D. 1369), will the imperial court take out human and financial resources to relocate a prefecture? Is this necessary? The only reason that conforms to the State Administration of Immigration is that Cangzhou City was forced to move because it was no longer the seat of the State Administration after being hit hard. Therefore, in the second year of Hongwu (A.D. 1369), the state government of Cangzhou did not exist. Why are there such different records before and after the migration of Cangzhou Prefecture? As recorded in the history books of past dynasties, there are inevitably fallacies and melodies because historians are restricted by various conditions. The migration of Cangzhou Prefecture is the melody of chroniclers. They write like this because there are important political secrets behind them, which are forbidden to say. This secret is the battle of Jingnan. After Judy ascended the throne, she must have kept this disgraceful history a secret. In addition, with the tragedy of Fang Xiaoru being implicated by ten schools, which literati dares to throw eggs at stones will hinder the political interests of its rulers when compiling relevant literature and history materials.

The History of Ming Dynasty was compiled in the 18th year of Kangxi (1679) and the 4th year of Qianlong (1739) according to the Draft of Ming Dynasty written by Zhang, a university student in Baohe Hall. It has been 95 years since the history museum was opened in the second year of Shunzhi (1645). This is the longest official history book in China. It has been more than 300 years since the Battle of Jingnan, during which the authenticity of historical materials, the replacement of editors and the record that Hongwu moved to Luchang in May of the second year are all questionable. Ming Huizong Zhu Yun? Shan, slow down? Brain? ?? =?? (1402), Ming Di Judy, who succeeded to the throne through the Jingnan War, abolished the title of Wen Jian, changed it to Hongwu for thirty-five years, and changed it to Yongle in the Yuan Dynasty a year later. In September 1400, Hui Zong ordered the general Sheng Yong to lead the northern expedition, and the lieutenant Wu Jie invaded Dingzhou, and the viceroy Xu Kai was stationed in Cangzhou. In June, 5438+00, the Yanjun attacked Cangzhou and captured Xu Kai. In the sixth year of Tianshun (1462), Cangzhou New Town was built, which was only a few decades away from the national government. Li Xian, the official department minister, should have heard of it. What he said "Ming Hongwu was moved to Luchang Town" should be more credible. In the four years of Jingnan War, the soldiers were in chaos, and the flag was changed to Chengtou, so the state government should cease to exist. 1402 After Judy ascended the throne in July, the world was settled, and it was logical to move to the state capital at this time. Therefore, Li Xian said that the end of Hongwu should be 35 years (1402).

For 600 years, the word "the prince swept north" has been circulating among the people in Cangzhou. It was this very tragic war that caused the death of more than 60 thousand soldiers and civilians in Cangzhou. The ancient city was completely destroyed, and the people around it fled, and there was no one there. Later, immigrants were not allowed here, and the state government moved to the bank of the canal. The word "Prince Sweeping the North" is hardly seen in official history, but it appears very frequently in unofficial history and folklore, and it is a legend that old people often recite. It is an attitude towards history to discard the false and retain the true. If it is specious and misinformed, it can only distort the facts and cannot restore the true colors of history.