What happened to Yangzhou No.10 slaughterhouse and Jiading No.3 slaughterhouse?

Political corruption at the end of the Ming Dynasty made people miserable. Li Zicheng, the king of exploration, rose up, captured Beijing in March of the lunar calendar in 1644, and the Ming Dynasty perished. Behold, at this time, Wu Sangui, a general of the Ming Dynasty who was guarding Shanhaiguan, opened Shanhaiguan and surrendered to the Qing army. Hundreds of thousands of Eight Banners fighters set foot on the Central Plains. When the Qing army enters the customs, it will "burn its house" and "kill its people, seize its things, and make its soldiers get what they want." Instead of burning, killing and plundering for 37 years, the population of China will be reduced from 5 1.650459 in the third year tomorrow (1.623) to Shunzhi 17 (1.660). The famous "Yangzhou Ten Days" and "Jiading Three Slaughters" were all ordered to "seal the knife" after they were almost killed. In Yangzhou alone, more than 800,000 people died.

1May 645 (April of the first year of Nanming), the main force of the Qing army, under the command of Prince Yu Duo Duo, besieged Yangzhou City guarded by Shi Kefa, the governor of Nanming. On April 15, the Qing army besieged Yangzhou. Shi Kefa in Yangzhou Du Shi, defend the isolated city, urgent to towns to aid, towns refused to send troops. The Qing army seized the opportunity to lure him into surrender, but Shi Kefa sternly refused. The commander-in-chief of the Qing army, Yu Duoduo Wang, sent five letters, but Shi Kefa didn't seal them. On the 24th, Duo Duo ordered the Qing army to capture the northwest corner of Yangzhou at all costs. The Qing army swarmed in with gongs and drums. Every time a A Qing soldier falls under an arrow, another soldier makes up for it. Soon, the bodies piled higher and higher, and some Qing soldiers could climb the city wall without a ladder. After the Qing army attacked the city, Shi Kefa led the soldiers and civilians to fight bloody battles. However, with the increasing number of Qing soldiers, Nanming soldiers guarding the city began to panic. They jumped off the wall and ran away. Some of these people died under the wall, and some died in the street fighting afterwards. After seven days and seven nights of fierce fighting, Yangzhou city was captured by the Qing army, and the soldiers and civilians fought in the streets, and most of them died heroically. Shi Kefa attempted suicide and was captured by the Qing army. Try to persuade him to surrender. Shi Kefa said, "I'm from China, and I want to live! If the city exists, I will exist, if the city dies, I will die! My head can be broken and my will can't be bent! " So he died heroically.

After the collapse of Yangzhou city defense, Yangzhou residents had to resign themselves to fate. Although it was raining cats and dogs, some residents were still busy burning incense, hoping to save their lives through this measure. At the same time, they began to hide a lot of gold and silver treasures. However, after the ancient Yangzhou city fell in the bloody rain, it faced a greater disaster. Shortly after the fall of the city, the commander-in-chief of the Qing army ordered a massacre in the name of not listening to surrender. For a time, Gu Xiang, the bustling fireworks of several generations, became a slaughterhouse with rivers of blood.

After the Qing army entered the city, the surrendered Han people led it from one rich household to another. The Qing soldiers robbed the money first, and then robbed everything. Until the 20th, there was no personal injury. But after nightfall, people heard the sound of knocking at the door, the sound of whipping people and the howl of the injured. The fire spread that night, but the fire in some places was put out by rain. On May 2 1, a notice promised that if the hidden people could come out and turn themselves in, they would be pardoned, so many people hiding at home came out. But when they came out, they were divided into fifty or sixty people and tied up with ropes under the supervision of three or four soldiers. Then he began to stab them with a spear, killing them on the spot, even those who fell to the ground. Contemporary Wang Xiuchu recorded the horror of that day in "Yangzhou Ten Days":

One full man led the way with a knife, one full man rushed out from behind, and the other full man was in the middle of the line to prevent escape. Three full soldiers drove dozens of people away like dogs and sheep. If they wavered a little, they would be beaten or killed soon. Women are still tied around their necks with long ropes. The ropes are heavy. They can't walk because of their small feet. They keep falling and fall all over. At this time, the streets were full of abandoned babies, trampled by horseshoes, or trampled by people's feet, and their livers and brains were all over the floor, crying wildly. Passing through a ditch and a pond, I saw bodies piled up inside, hands and feet touching, blood flowing into the water, and the pond was full of bodies ... The bodies on the street were lying around, and it was dark around, so it was impossible to tell who the deceased was. Bend down and call in the pile of corpses, and no one answers in the desert. Seeing several torches swarming in the south in the distance, I hurried away and walked along the city wall. At the foot of the city wall, the bodies piled up as dense as fish scales. I tripped over the bodies several times, fell on them and touched them. Because there are bodies everywhere, there is no place to put their feet, so they have to squat down and walk with their hands, and pretend to be zombies at the slightest sign of trouble. ...

Bloody stench, mutilated bodies everywhere. Those who jumped off the wall and tried to escape either broke their thighs or fell into the hands of hooligans and stragglers. They arrested and tortured these people and demanded that they hand over their treasures. In the city, some people hid in the garbage dump and covered themselves with dirt and dirt, hoping to avoid people's attention, but the Qing soldiers stabbed the garbage dump with spears from time to time until the people inside crawled like animals and blood flowed from the wound. The fire spread, and those who were still alive because they were hiding in the house or basement were either swallowed up by the ruthless fire, or ran trembling into the street and were killed by the Qing soldiers who were still slaughtering. Even those lonely and helpless citizens who were released by the regular Qing army and walked naked in the upper reaches of the street were stopped by scattered soldiers and killed with sticks.

It was not until May 25th, the sixth day of indiscriminate killing and looting, that the massacre ended. The Qing army received an order from Prince Yu to seal the knife. Monks were ordered to start collecting and burning corpses. By May 27th, relief rations began to be distributed. According to the records in the Book of Burning Bodies, more than 800,000 people died in this massacre, not including those who threw themselves into the river, set themselves on fire behind closed doors and hanged themselves in remote places.

The terrible massacre turned the bustling Yangzhou city into ruins in an instant, and the famous towns in the south of the Yangtze River became a hell on earth overnight, which was the later "Yangzhou Ten Days".

Jiading santu

Speaking of "Jiading Three Slaughters", we need to start with the "tonsure order". The Qing dynasty was very cautious about letting the Han people shave their heads from the full system. Hong Guang surrendered, and after Prince Yu entered Nanking, there was an announcement:

Shaving one's head is the custom of this dynasty. Today, when soldiers arrive, they will scrape off their weapons, not their words, or their soldiers, or their people. You will have to shave yourself without knowing the law. Before, a shameless official shaved his beard first, and this country has been reviled. Special program.

However, it didn't take long for this policy to change 180 degrees. There are two reasons: first, the political situation has progressed unexpectedly rapidly, and half of Jiangnan has surrendered. Except for the southeast and southwest, Manchu has basically controlled the whole central plains, and the appeasement strategy has achieved its goal; Second, Han officials added fuel to the fire. Although some surrendered officials have changed their masters, they are not willing to be lonely, or they shave their hair automatically to show their loyalty. Or write a letter suggesting that you seek appreciation through flattery. Manchu felt that the time was ripe for full implementation, and doubts were eliminated. In June, the Qing army once again issued a haircut order, ordering Jiangnan people to shave their heads within ten days, saying, "Keep hair, keep hair, keep hair."

Shaving hair was psychologically unbearable for the Han people at that time. "Parents whose bodies are affected by skin should not be harmed" is an ethical concept formed for thousands of years and a deep-rooted way of thinking. Shaving hair is not only against tradition, but also regarded as an insult. Therefore, this policy was not only resisted by traditional intellectuals, but also angered the lower class. As a result, Jiangnan, which gradually calmed down, was ready to move again. 19 1 1 On June 24th, 2008, riots broke out in various places, and local officials and people rose up in succession. Wu Zhikui, the commander-in-chief of Jiading, responded by driving away the county magistrate sent by the Qing government and occupying the city. At that time, Li Chengdong was pursuing the remnants of the Ming army that occupied Chongming and heard the news from Wusong retreat and the first massacre in Jiading.

On the first day of July, the two armies fought. Although the local "township army" has gathered hundreds of thousands of people, they are all civilians, bustling, crowded and closed, belonging to the mob, with no discipline, let alone organization and combat effectiveness. Although there are less than 5,000 troops in Li Chengdong, they are all well-equipped and well-trained soldiers. At the beginning of the war, Li Chengdong attacked with cavalry, and the rural soldiers scattered and trampled on each other, and were beaten out of the water and defeated. Li Chengdong attacked the city with artillery. "It shook all night, and crack day collapsed, and the lead scraps of artillery fell on the houses in the city, rustling like rain." On the fourth day in Jiading City, Li Chengdong ordered the slaughter and let his men plunder and slaughter. The massacre lasted for a day and about 30 thousand people were killed. "From Xiguan to Long Ge Town, there are floating objects everywhere in the river and there is no place to sail."

White terror did not frighten the people. When Li Chengdong left, the scattered people gathered again. An anti-Qing righteous man named Zhu Ying led 50 people into the city, gathered the people and took control of Jiading again. "Township soldiers reunited and killed people who shaved their hair. Due to burning and looting along the road, smoke and fire are everywhere, and hair care is strong. " Li Chengdong sent Xu Yuanji to suppress it, because Jiading residents fled on hearing the news. This time, the target is mainly the suburbs. "Fiona Fang dozens of miles, vegetation has been destroyed. When there is no owner in the city, the bodies pile up into hills ... the folk smoke is broken. " Waigang Town and Longge Town, in particular, were almost burned down because of the resistance of the town soldiers. This is the second massacre in Jiading.

The second massacre failed to weaken the people's will to resist, and the aftermath of the resistance continued. On August 26th, green camp, the former company commander of Nanming, rebelled against Feng Xianyou, the former garrison general of Wusong, and surrendered with Feng. Wu led the rest of the troops to counterattack Jiading City. The Qing soldiers in the city were caught off guard. City people rushed to the front of Wu Jun, "enthusiastically obey orders". However, Wu Jun is a mob. When the Qing soldiers fought back, they "dispersed for a while". Li Chengdong was angry when the Qing soldiers poured into the city. Jiading was devastated again, and more than 20 thousand people were killed inside and outside the city. This is the third massacre in Jiading.

Since leap June, Jiading people have spontaneously rebelled against the Qing Dynasty. In two months, there were more than ten battles, and the people sacrificed more than 20 thousand yuan, which was called "Jiading Three Slaughters". Three massacres, countless dead, bustling cities, reduced to ruins.

At that time, the Qing Dynasty was a regime established by Manchu, while the Central Plains was a country dominated by Han nationality. The Han regime in the Central Plains has always regarded ethnic minorities as "barbarians", and the entry of the Qing Dynasty into the Central Plains is equivalent to "national subjugation" in the eyes of some Han literati. At the beginning of the Qing army's entry into the customs, it implemented the policy of killing the city and encircling the land, and oppressed and discriminated against the Han people for a long time, which undoubtedly left a deep imprint on the hearts of the Han people. However, in history, both the Han regime and the minority regime have waged unjust wars against each other, which has brought profound disasters to the people of both sides. This historical lesson should make us cherish the status quo of national unity more. Manchu is not an alien, and Manchu's entry into the Central Plains is not aggression and colonization. The birthplace of Manchu was incorporated into the territory of the Central Plains regime as early as the Warring States Period, and it is a member of the Chinese nation. The 5,000-year history of civilization in China was jointly created by the Han nationality and various ethnic minorities (including those who were assimilated and disappeared). As a modern person, we should see the positive significance brought by the great ethnic integration to China, instead of indulging in historical grievances and pains for a long time, let alone treating history of qing dynasty with a narrow Han chauvinism concept.