What is the relationship between Quanzhou people's emigration and Quanzhou's geographical environment?

There is ample evidence that as early as the Song Dynasty, Quanzhou people had migrated to Indonesia, the Philippines, Vietnam and other places. When Yuan received Java, he set sail from Quanzhou and lost the battle. Hundreds of sick soldiers in the army stayed in the local area and became overseas Chinese. At that time, some Quanzhou people who were doing business in Southeast Asia also got married in Guo Fan.

In recent years, Woifang Franke, a German sinologist, explored the grand occasion of Quanzhou's overseas communication by using the ancient inscriptions in China in Southeast Asia. According to the information he described, there were tombstones, temple monuments and pavilion monuments of China people in Southeast Asia in the Yuan Dynasty, which fully proved that there were quite a few Quanzhou people living in Southeast Asia at that time. [Woifang Franke:1254 ——1800 China Inscriptions Reflected Overseas Exchanges between China and Southeast Asia "China and Maritime Silk Road", Fujian People's Publishing House, 199 1 year]

In the golden age of Quanzhou's overseas trade before the Ming Dynasty, Quanzhou people living abroad had their own characteristics:

First of all, during this period, most Quanzhou people living abroad were temporary. Except for special reasons (such as Yuan Bing's failure and serious illness), the main purpose of immigration was to seek development.

Secondly, the imperial court at that time did not prohibit overseas immigration, but also allowed businessmen to move freely, so it was more likely to return home from overseas.

In the middle and late Ming Dynasty, the number of Quanzhou people migrating to Southeast Asia was increasing.

Characteristics of population mobility

From the Ming Dynasty to the Qing Dynasty, the environment for people to move freely overseas in the Song and Yuan Dynasties no longer existed because of the policy of sea ban and business suppression. Quanzhou people's first reaction is the rise of large-scale maritime private businessmen and pirates (see Hester's Road. Private businessmen and pirates), the second reflection is that a large number of immigrants have emigrated overseas, forming the second major change in the process of Quanzhou's population flow.

In the history of immigration in China, large-scale immigration (usually outside the place of residence) is mostly caused by the pressure of survival. Five Dynasties ago, due to the frequent occurrence of war and turmoil in the Central Plains, natural disasters, land conflicts and population pressure, a large number of northerners moved into Quanzhou, a frontier area, forcing people to seek better living environment and development opportunities in underdeveloped areas. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, there was a trend of overseas immigration in Quanzhou, because Quanzhou was no longer a place that could provide a good living environment and development opportunities. During this period, Quanzhou was full of contradictions caused by various economic, political and social problems. Therefore, migrating outside the Chinese empire has become the basic means for many people to find living space.

The development of Taiwan Province Province and the growing overseas Chinese society are closely related to the marine cultural spirit of Minnan people who are brave in adventure and enterprising. Although Quanzhou people are adventurous as a whole, there are still some differences in folk customs between mountainous areas and coastal areas because the upper reaches of Jinjiang River are mostly closed mountainous areas.

Generally speaking, people close to the sea are more adventurous and enterprising, while mountain residents with inconvenient transportation are relatively conservative in social customs. For example, in Jinjiang, Tongan and other counties along the coast of Quanzhou, "Binhai is a trafficker of islanders, and Anping Town is the most popular", "Those who are on the seashore, picking pearls and traveling from the sea have experienced the danger of whale waves, but they are fearless." In some villages in the mainland, such as Yongchun County, "people can't understand the art outside the tree, but businessmen are good at it ... the book is thin at the end, and there are hidden phoenixes."

Early and middle Ming dynasty

Quanzhou people's tradition of being adventurous and enterprising was further carried forward in the Ming Dynasty. The rise of private maritime trade in the Ming Dynasty was characterized by illegal smuggling from the beginning, and it was obvious that merchants also committed theft. In addition, there were few coastal people at that time, and farming was not enough to support their families. Many Quanzhou people had to move to Taiwan Province Province and overseas with their wives and children to seek development.

As early as the early Ming Dynasty, Quanzhou people had settled abroad. Ma Huan, who accompanied Zheng He on his voyage to the West, recorded in Ying Ya Sheng Lan that many "Tang people" lived in Java Island in South Asia, "all from Guangdong, Zhangzhou and Quanzi" and "many people from the old port countries moved here". When Zheng He went to the West, many Minnan people followed him abroad.

Xie, a native of Changle in the Ming Dynasty, said in Five Magazines that the people of Zhang and Quan "have North Korea in the east, Ryukyu and Song in the southeast, Annan and Zhancheng in the south and Siam in the southwest, which is mutually beneficial. After a long time, I went to Japan. When I went to Qiu Lai in summer, I thought I was lucky, but my income was not good. I started in September. So I shot at the ignorant and grabbed the game, thinking that it was a strange commodity. " (Xie Zhao wrote "Five Miscellanies". The fourth volume. Dube II ").

In the first and middle period of Ming Dynasty, not only the sea ban was implemented, but also overseas immigration was prohibited. Therefore, the immigrants in this period were closely related to the development of private businessmen and pirates at sea, and also to the purpose of going abroad to seek development opportunities under domestic political pressure. The destinations of immigrants are mainly the Philippines and Japan, which used to be the main ones.

Before the Spanish occupation of the Philippine Islands in the late/kloc-6th century, China businessmen had already lived in the Philippines. These overseas Chinese mainly come from Quanzhou, Zhangzhou, Jiangsu and Zhejiang, and are scattered in the Philippine islands, mainly engaged in commercial trade. After Spain occupied the Philippine Islands, with the development of non-governmental maritime trade, the number of Minnan people who migrated to Southeast Asia, especially the Philippines, increased greatly, including businessmen, businessmen and fishermen.

At that time, Quanzhou expatriates had established their own communities in Manila and other places. On the one hand, this is to protect the interests of overseas Chinese businessmen in overseas trade, on the other hand, it is also to maintain the orthodox order of overseas Chinese. This is because Quanzhou people's adventurous and enterprising style is not only suppressed by the government, but also the competition for survival and development between different regions and ethnic groups is quite fierce, which leads to the arrogant and scheming character of Minnan people. The so-called "things are easy to be confused, and the extremes of things will be reversed, and the gap is very fierce." With the property of the shipowner in the upper middle class, I hope it will be a great success, and it is a huge number. Gu Wei will be overthrown, bankruptcy will follow, and this number will be repeated. ""competition is better than litigation, and it is open for profit. Rats are arrogant because of society. Tiger-crowned wings, violent and treacherous people regard poor voices as strange goods. ..... The city turned into a city, and the mother and son won, so the machinery changed, which was different from the Quartet. "Without an independent authority, it is not conducive to the survival and development of * *.

From 65438 to 2006, after the 1970s, the influence of overseas Chinese in the Philippines has developed to the extent of causing panic among the Spanish colonial authorities. In order to control overseas Chinese, they used missionaries to instill colonial culture in overseas Chinese, and at the same time prohibited Chinese from operating retail business.

At that time, the Spanish colonial authorities in the Philippines also had to face the challenge of China coastal businessmen with Minnan as the main body. After Jiajing (1522- 1566), although the Ming government strengthened its control over coastal defense, the influence of these pirate groups was still greatly expanded, and some groups even extended their influence to the whole Southeast Asia. In order to suppress China Merchants' overseas expansion, European colonial forces set up defenses everywhere and colluded with the Ming government to surround them.

It is also important for Quanzhou to immigrate to Japan in the same period. Most Quanzhou people who moved to Japan went through the turnover of Southeast Asian countries, that is, Xie's Five Miscellanies said, "Over time, they arrived in Japan." At that time, the Ming government banned businessmen from communicating with Japan in any form because of the Japanese invasion (see Quanzhou allusions. Japanese invasion). Therefore, Quanzhou people often use going to Nanyang as an excuse to get government permission to leave the country and then move to Japan. In Japan, many businessmen in Quanzhou have married local people, and many people have settled down and developed their careers. They use their kinship with their families and those living in Quanzhou to form relatively stable trade relations with the mainland.

Late Ming dynasty

At the end of Ming Dynasty, a maritime military hegemonic group headed by Zheng Zhilong gradually formed (see Quanzhou People's Directory). Zheng Zhilong), controlled the initiative of the eastern maritime trade.

In the early days, Zheng Group used sea power to promote some Quanzhou businessmen to emigrate overseas. In the next year (1621-1627), Zheng zhilong occupied the north port of Taiwan Province province. In the first year of Chongzhen (1628), Zheng Zhilong was surrendered by the Ming Dynasty, when there was a drought in southern Fujian and there were many hungry people. With the support of Xiong Wencan, the governor of Fujian Province, tens of thousands of victims were recruited in Zhang Quan and Quan Quan. "One person gave three taels of silver, and three people gave a cow." They were transported by sea to Taiwan Province Province to reclaim land and settle down, which set off the climax of Quanzhou's first immigration to Taiwan Province Province. Some Quanzhou immigrants who went to Taiwan Province took their families with them, some returned to their places of origin and left their families in Taiwan Province, and some went to live in Taiwan Province alone.

During this period, the number of Quanzhou businessmen migrating to Southeast Asia is also increasing. Historically, during the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty (1573- 1620), Zhangzhou and Quan Min sold Luzon (now the Philippines), or went bankrupt and broke the winter ban and could not return, and lived in their hometown, built houses and supported Jia Za for a living. "The history of the Ming dynasty. Volume 323 said that in the Philippines, "Fujian people are closely related to Cantonese people, and they are as rich as the enemy. There are more than 10,000 vendors, often staying for a long time and not returning to their children."

We can know that there are many overseas Chinese in Quanzhou only from several massacres of overseas Chinese by Spanish colonists in Luzon. In August of the thirty-first year of Wanli in the Ming Dynasty (1603), Spanish colonists carried out the first overseas Chinese massacre in Luzon, and 25,000 people were killed. There are a lot of dead people in Quanzhou, which makes Jinjiang Anhai and other places "wait until they get home, crying and hearing, and women and children are unknown." In the 12th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1639), the Spanish colonial authorities carried out the second overseas Chinese massacre in Luzon, and 12000 overseas Chinese were killed, most of whom were from Zhangquan, Fujian. From then on to the Qing Dynasty, Spanish colonists carried out five massacres, and tens of thousands of overseas Chinese in Fujian were killed, including Quanzhou people.

In Qing Dynasty, Quanzhou people emigrated overseas, which became a habit for people to make a living.

Moved to Taiwan Province Province.

In the early Qing dynasty, Zheng Chenggong, the son of Zheng Zhilong (see Quanzhou people's directory. Zheng Chenggong) expelled the Dutch colonists, and in the eighteenth year of Shunzhi (166 1), Taiwan Province Province was recovered in April. At this time, the Qing government started from Liaodong in the north and went to Guangdong in the south, and implemented a barbaric policy of "moving the border" to coastal residents (see The Road to Hester). Move to the border "), and all the coastal residents of the provinces were moved to the mainland, and ships were prohibited from going to sea and stationed troops along the coast, which caused unprecedented havoc to the coastal residents of Quanzhou and displaced many parents, brothers, wives and daughters.

On the one hand, Zheng Chenggong organized a military camp in Taiwan Province Province, on the other hand, he recruited Fujian coastal refugees, gave them economic rewards, and went to Taiwan Province Province to reclaim land, which triggered the second climax of Quanzhou's move to Taiwan.

In the same period, the immigrants to southeast Asian countries such as Luzon continued in Quanzhou, and the number was not small, but most of the immigrants in this period were people who suffered from "crossing the border" and had little to do with maritime piracy.

In the twentieth year of Kangxi (168 1), the San Francisco Rebellion was put down, and the defeat of Zheng Chenggong's sea power regime was decided. The Qing court began to redraw the boundaries in coastal areas and moved mainland people to coastal areas again. In the 24th year of Kangxi (1685), foreign trade ports were opened in Songjiang, Jiangsu, Ningbo, Zhejiang, Quanzhou, Fujian, Guangzhou, Guangdong and other places, reducing tariffs on overseas merchant ships. However, these policies only lasted for more than 30 years. After 55 years of Kangxi (17 16), they severely cracked down on maritime trade and imposed severe restrictions on overseas immigrants. During Kang Yong's reign, it was strictly prohibited three times in an attempt to prevent coastal people from "smuggling" into Taiwan Province. However, in fact, Quanzhou's migration to Taiwan Province is unstoppable. The Qing government had no choice but to open a ferry service between Quanzhou and Taiwan Province (see Quanzhou Monuments. Inscription by Jianghai Defense Agency). With the deregulation, Quanzhou's migration to Taiwan Province Province reached the third climax. The emergence of this immigration climax enabled Taiwan Province Province to develop. (Chen: A Study of Immigrant Society in Taiwan Province Province in Qing Dynasty. Xiamen University Press, 1990)

For example, in the sixth year of Jiaqing in Qing Dynasty (180 1), some Zhuang elites from Zhuoyuan Zhou in Anxi (now Huqiu Town) moved to Sanbanqiao, outside the east gate of Dameibao in Danshui, Taiwan Province, to cultivate vilen, and gradually became a famous family in Taipei.

At the same time, with the migration of Han Chinese to Taiwan Province, the Qing government extended the concept of coastal areas to Taiwan Province Province, established the policy of "governing Taiwan with Taiwan", moved Zheng Chenggong's legacy troops back to the mainland, sent Fujian soldiers to guard Taiwan Province, implemented special policies in the personnel system of Taiwan Province Province, and transferred them to Fujian, frequently mobilized personnel, widely implemented the Jiabao and Lishe systems in civil affairs, and vigorously built a military defense line in coastal defense. (Military Compilation Room of the Navy in Fujian: History of Coastal Defence in Fujian. Xiamen University Press, 1990)

During this period, some immigrants went to Taiwan alone, and some moved to Taiwan Province with their families. The social identity background of immigrants changed from refugees to gentry. With the establishment of local government in Taiwan Province Province and the entry of gentry, the orthodox system and culture of Qing Dynasty were gradually transplanted to Taiwan Province Province. The implementation of the imperial examination system in Taiwan Province Province attracted a large number of urban and rural residents to pursue fame, and promoted the national orthodox concept system symbolized by the "Four Books and Five Classics" to become a highly permeable culture.

As for the Han people in Taiwan Province Province, they are originally from Quanzhou and Zhangzhou in Fujian, accounting for more than 70% of the Taiwanese population.

migrate overseas

In Qing Dynasty, Quanzhou people emigrated overseas, which became a habit for people to make a living. "People from Fujian, Zhangzhou and Quanzhou especially went to the Philippines, Malaysia and other places." In the fifth year of Qing Qianlong (1740), Dutch colonists created the "Red Creek Massacre" in Batavia, killing more than 10,000 overseas Chinese, many of whom were from Jinjiang.

Until Guangxu period, there were still many overseas Chinese in Luzon. "The draft of the qing dynasty. Volume 1 19. "Official History" said: "Risbania is Spanish, that is, the Great Luzon. At the beginning of Jiajing in the Ming Dynasty, according to Li Man La (Manila) Nanyang, it was for the sake of Little Luzon ... Guangxu six years (1880), Little Luzon Huamin sought the consul, but failed. In the thirteenth year of Guangxu (1887), Consul General Truffle was appointed. "

According to some statistics in this century, some Minnan people have their own surnames, and the number of people who have emigrated overseas has exceeded the number who have stayed in their own country. For example, there are more than 800 households with 6,000 people in Dongshan Village, Dongping Township, Yongchun, while there are only 2,000 people in China. Taoxi Village, a suburb township, was surnamed Zhou 1950. At the time of compiling the spectrum, the registered overseas population was more than 4,000, more than double the domestic population. Another example is Zheng of Dongmenhou Village in Yongchun, with a population of more than 30,000 abroad, while the domestic population is only over 10,000. According to the survey of Zhang Pu Village in Chengxiao Township 1937, the domestic population is less than 300, while the foreign population exceeds 600.