During the Ming Dynasty, how was Nurgandus, which ruled most parts of northeast China, established?

Northeast China has been the territory of China since ancient times, and the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty are no exception. After Zhu Yuanzhang established the Ming Dynasty, he immediately sent officials to the northeast to recruit Liaoyang province established by the Yuan Dynasty. A.D. 137 1 year, that is, the fourth year of Hongwu in the Ming Dynasty, saw that the Yuan Dynasty had gone, and Dong Zun, yang xian and others, the secretariat of Liu School in Liaoyang, presented Zhu Yuanzhang with a map of counties in Liaodong and formally surrendered to the Ming Dynasty.

Ming Taizu Zhu Yuanzhang

Immediately, the Ming court set up Liaodong Wei in Desheng City, and appointed Liu Yi, the former Yuan Dynasty Liaoyang Province, as the viceroy and viceroy, which was also the beginning of the establishment of political power institutions and rule in Northeast China. In July of that year, Liaodong Wei was established, and the Ming Dynasty set up the command and envoy department of Dingliao Dewey in the northeast, "in charge of Liaodong Zhu Wei". The office of Commander Dingliao is located in Liaoyang City.

In the eighth year of Hongwu, the Ming army in southern Liaoning defeated Naha in Yuan Dynasty and further consolidated its rule in Northeast China. After that, the governor of Dingliao was renamed as the governor of Liaodong. At that time, Liaodong Dusi had jurisdiction over 25 health centers, including Liaohaiwei, Tieling Wei and Shenyang Zhongwei. The capital of Liaodong has also become the most stable foundation for the Ming Dynasty to unify the Northeast. It was based in Dusi, Liaodong, that the influence of the Ming Dynasty continued to expand northward, and finally extended its sphere of influence to Heilongjiang, Wusuli River and other basins.

The development of the northeast and northern frontiers in the Ming Dynasty began with the founding emperor Zhu Yuanzhang. After the establishment of the capital of Liaodong, Zhu Yuanzhang sent people to "accumulate orders" in the northeast, and the tribes such as Jurchen, Daur and Kuyi, which were originally ruled by the Yuan Dynasty, led the troops to surrender.

Fishing and hunting nation

After the Yongle Emperor Judy ascended the throne, she continued the policy of Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Taizu. With Judy's five-sign grassland, Tatar and Vala were beaten out of the water, and at the same time, the power of offering rivers in the Ming Dynasty also shocked the northeastern ministries. Therefore, when Ming Chengzu sent officials to all parts of Northeast China for help, "the ministers of Haixi, Jianzhou and Savage Women's Straight Department followed the trend".

The so-called Jurchen refers to the Jurchen in Northeast China. At that time, the Jurchen was divided into three parts: Hercynian Jurchen, Jianzhou Jurchen and Savage Jurchen. This also means that at that time, the largest fishing and hunting ethnic group in Northeast China, except for a few small tribes, most of them had surrendered to the Ming Dynasty.

In the second year of Yongle in the Ming Dynasty, after the leaders, including the leaders of Nuzhen ministries, entered Beijing, Emperor Yongle formally established the Handmaiden Guard. At the same time, obedient ministers were appointed as local officials. "A Lasun and other four people are both conductors" and "giving seals and crowns". This is also the earliest organization established in Heilongjiang River Basin in Ming Dynasty.

Nur Ganduz

After the establishment of Nur Gan Wei, on the one hand, the local rule was strengthened in the Ming Dynasty, and the history books recorded many times the process of Nur leader Gan Wei sending envoys to pay tribute. At the same time, on the basis of slave guards, the Ming Dynasty constantly strengthened the recruitment of local people and set up guards. In just six years, the Ming Dynasty set up more than 130 health centers in Heilongjiang, Jingliqi, Nenjiang, En 'en, Songhua River, Wusuli River and Gelin River.

So many hospitals naturally need higher-level institutions to manage them. Therefore, in the seventh year of Yongle, that is, A.D. 1409, after a sudden visit to the DPRK, the local tribal leader Nurgan was appointed as the commander of thousands of households by Emperor Li Yong. Subsequently, according to the scripts written by Hu Ladongnu and others, the Ming court set up a governor's office in Nuergan, with Kang Wang, a mainland official, as governor and co-knowledge. Jurchen Wang Zhaozhou was appointed as Commander-in-Chief, and Nurgan was formally established.

Nur Tuotu's office is located in Telin near the Henggen River on the east bank of the lower reaches of Heilongjiang. Tailin is about 250 miles from Temple Street. After the establishment of Nurgandus, a Yongning Temple dedicated to Guanyin was built on the river near Telin, where the institute is located. Next to Yongning Temple, there are two stone tablets. These two stone tablets erected in the Ming Dynasty have also become the most powerful evidence of China's rule in the Northeast Frontier.

Nur Ganduz

During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, there were 17 commanders and envoys in the whole country, and in Yongle period, the Nuer Mentor Division was established. In addition, unlike the commanders and special envoys in the mainland, because there are no counties in the territory under the jurisdiction of the Nur, the Nur have a military nature and also manage civil affairs. Nuer Tuosi became a local institution of military and political integration in Ming Dynasty. According to the actual jurisdiction area and the level of the command department, Nur Nai is roughly equivalent to today's provincial institutions.

Compared with other commanders and emissaries, Nur Padawan is special in that, because of its vast territory, vast territory and sparse population, there are a large number of nomadic and fishing and hunting nationalities in the territory, and these nationalities are often unruly and powerful. Therefore, when a large number of health centers were set up in Nuer Tuotu Department, the Ming Dynasty imposed a policy of imprisonment on these health centers.

According to Tong Mingzhi, the so-called detention: "Because of its tribe, the official to the chieftain is the governor, the governor, the governor, the thousand households, the town governor, etc., and the seal is given, so that all the customs are unified." In view of the various ethnic tribes in Nuergandus, the Ming Dynasty appointed the leaders of the tribes as governors and commanders, and gave them official seals, still allowing them to continue their customs and habits, take charge of their tribes, and pay tribute to the court on time.

vagrant

However, this restraint system does not mean complete laissez-faire, and the Ming court will not sit idly by and watch these tribes annex each other, posing a threat to the rule of the Ming dynasty. The Ming Dynasty had many clear requirements and policies for local governance. For example, although the leaders and officials of health centers are mostly hereditary, the so-called "father dies and son dies." However, the premise of hereditary inheritance is that it must be recognized by the Ming Dynasty before it can be recognized.

In addition, the promotion, demotion and appointment of health officials all need the approval of the Ming Dynasty. In addition to paying tribute, the health center also has the obligation to obey the Ming dynasty's levy and guard the border and pay taxes on time. At the same time, if there is a dispute between health centers, it is not allowed to be resolved privately, and it must be handled by the Ming Dynasty. As a fishing and hunting nation and a nomadic nation, the residence of each tribe is not completely fixed, but the relocation and relocation process of these health centers must be approved by the Ming Dynasty.

At the same time, in order to strengthen local rule, the Ming Dynasty always sent floating officials, that is, mainland officials, to take important positions in Nuer Nai, thus deepening the ties between Nuer Nai and the mainland. Therefore, before the Wanli period of the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty's rule over Nurgandus had been fruitful. This can also be seen from the number of health centers under the jurisdiction of Nuer Tuo Shi in Wanli period.

Nurgandusi waters

In Ming dynasty 12, the number of health centers under the jurisdiction of Nurgandus was 184. During the Wanli period, including the three health centers in Wuliangha, which belonged to Nurgandus, Nurgandus I had 384 health centers, 24 health centers, 7 ground stations and 1 village.

However, we should also see that the enslavement policy adopted by Nurgandus greatly reduced the cost of local rule in the Ming Dynasty. However, due to the existence of a large number of local "local emperors", they listened to the tone but did not listen to the propaganda. When the dynasty was strong, it was honest. However, with the decline of the dynasty and the abandonment of local rule, powerful and unwilling ministers are bound to rise up and make trouble.

In fact, during the whole Ming Dynasty, the Nuzhen ministries plundered the land of the Han people. By the end of the Ming Dynasty, with the decline of the dominance of the Ming Dynasty, the merger war of the three parts of Jurchen was more in full swing. In the end, in the chaos, Nuerhachi, who was born in the state, rose gradually, finally unified the Nuzhen ministries and the hometown of Nordhagen, and established the post-Jin Dynasty.