Briefly describe the development of communist parties in various countries in the world today````

At present, there are about 127 communist parties in about 100 countries in the world that still maintain their original names or political parties that adhere to Marxist nature (the total number of communist parties in the world before the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe was more than 80 At the beginning of the drastic change, the number dropped to more than 120. In addition, there are more than 20 parties that have changed their names or split from the former Communist Party), with a total number of party members of about 7 million (excluding the Communist Party of China). There are 30 Communist parties with more than 10,000 members, and about 25 Communist parties that are in power or participate in politics. Looking at the regional distribution of the Communist Party, there are 29 in Asia, 8 in Africa, 55 in Europe, 3 in Oceania, and 32 in the Americas. Judging from the current situation of communist party strength abroad, the performance of developed countries, developing countries, countries in the former Sole region and existing socialist countries in Vietnam and North Korea are different.

(1) Most communist parties in developed countries still maintain their original names, but their strength has declined, and some small parties and organizations are still working hard for their own survival.

The communist parties in developed countries were most severely affected by the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, and suffered great losses in strength. There are still 21 communist parties in Western Europe with nearly one million party members. The most powerful and influential ones are the French Communist Party (currently about 140,000 members) and the Portuguese Communist Party (currently 9 members). million), the Italian Reconstructed Communist Party (currently 96,000 members), the Italian Communist Party (currently 35,000 members), the Spanish Communist Party (currently 40,000 members) Many), the Communist Party of Greece (currently about 30,000 members). There is also the German Democratic Socialist Party (currently about 70,000 members), which is the successor of the original Socialist Party of United Democratic Germany. Although it is not called a communist party, it adheres to Marxism and socialist beliefs and has a certain influence in eastern Germany. . There are still many communist party organizations in Finland, Denmark, Sweden, Norway and other countries in the Nordic region. The number of members of these parties ranges from several thousand to several hundred. The Communist Party of the United States (currently about 8,000 members) is mainly composed of leftists and anti-government people, but it is a legal political party in the United States. The Communist Party of Japan (currently about 400,000 members) is currently the most well-organized political party among all political parties in Japan. It has basically formed an organizational network covering the entire country of Japan, and its party branches have grown to more than 25,000. The party has a certain influence in Japanese political life and plays an obvious role in some counties and towns.

Communism is still the goal that the Communist Party of most developed countries continues to adhere to, but it advocates that the way to achieve this goal is to transform capitalism through democracy and 'transcend Capitalism', which advocates the values ??of democracy, freedom and human rights. Centering on the party's principles and policies, within many communist parties in Western Europe, there is a struggle between the traditionalists and the realists. This difference has led to some splits, and some are in danger of splitting. In the new situation of the rapid development of modern science and technology and the ever-changing social class structure, especially when neoliberalism and the 'third way' prevail, the communist parties in Western European countries can rarely put forward attractive ideas. Policy advocacy, influence greatly weakened. Robert Yu, the former chairman of the French Communist Party, and others believe that in Europe, 'No matter what type of Communist Party, no matter what its name

is, no matter whether it participates in politics or not, there is no one Exceptionally caught in a serious existential crisis'. How to maintain survival has always been a severe challenge for small parties in countries such as Northern Europe and the United Kingdom.

(2) The strength of the Communist Party in the former Eastern Soviet Union continues to exist. Some parties have many internal factions and the situation is relatively complicated.

There are currently about 30 communist parties in the former Soviet and Eastern countries. The only ones that have a certain influence are the Russian Communist Party (about 500,000 members), the Czech and Moravian Communist Parties. The Communist Party of Ukraine (about 140,000 members), the Communist Party of Ukraine (about 110,000 members), the Communist Party of Azerbaijan (about 60,000 members), the Communist Party of Moldova (about 16,000 members) )wait.

The communist parties and organizations with certain influence in the region are mainly composed of factions within the original ruling Communist Party that did not agree to change the name and nature of the party and still adhered to Marxism and communism. However, Most Communist parties are no longer Communist parties in the original sense. Except for a few parties, the vast majority of political parties are legal parties, and some parties have entered the parliament. Among the Communist parties that have not changed their names, most have small numbers and relatively small influence. The communist parties in the former Eastern Soviet Union have generally passed the stage of struggle for survival. Some party members have slightly increased their membership, but the major parties are facing a profound crisis. For example, in recent years, the Russian Communist Party, under attack from center-right forces, has experienced repeated declines in social support, internal divisions, further shrinking of the organizational team, aging party members, and obviously less influence than before. In the State Duma election, it only received 12.9% of the votes. It is no longer the largest party in the Duma and is obviously marginalized.

(3) Communist parties in developing countries continue to explore amidst difficulties. Some political parties have achieved new development through adjustments, while some parties are still in trouble.

Asian developing countries have a larger number of communist parties, and the strength of the party varies from strong to weak. The most powerful one is the Communist Party of India (Marxist), which has 796,000 members and 40.59 million members of affiliated mass organizations. It is the largest left-wing political party in India. The Communist Party of India currently has more than 500,000 members and more than 6.8 million affiliated mass organizations. The Communist Party of Nepal (United Marxist-Leninist) has about 110,000 members. There are also the Syrian Communist Party (Faisalite) and the Lebanese Communist Party that have a certain influence in the country, but they only have a few thousand members. Due to subjective and objective reasons, the strength of the communist parties in some Southeast Asian countries has been declining and has gradually disappeared in recent years. The Communist Parties of some Latin American countries have always been an important force on the left. The main ones that have a certain influence in the domestic political arena are the Brazilian Communist Party (about 200,000 members) and the Chilean Communist Party ( There are approximately 47,000 party members), etc. The Brazilian Communist Party supports the current Lula government, mobilizes the entire party to actively participate in national reform, obtains political participation status, and the party's influence continues to expand. The number of communist parties in Venezuela, Uruguay and other countries is only a few thousand, and they basically have no influence domestically.

It is worth mentioning that the South African Communist Party (with about 23,000 members) has made two major leaps from an illegal political party to a legal political party, and from an opposition party to an important participating party. Later, in recent years, it has actively maintained the tripartite alliance, adjusted its struggle strategies, and made its policies more pragmatic. The party's team and influence have continued to expand, and it has played an important role in deracialization, peaceful democratic reform, and solving the impoverishment of the working class in South Africa.

Most communist parties in developing countries are re-understanding some basic issues of socialism, advocating starting from their own country’s reality, taking a development path with their own characteristics, adopting legal struggle methods, gradually accumulating strength, and dividing Achieve your goals in stages. Practice has proved that proceeding from reality, adjusting the party's line, principles and policies in a timely manner and following its own path is a wiser choice for communist parties in developing countries. If the party is conservative and rigid, it may cause divisions within the party, leading to internal and external difficulties and shrinking strength.

(4) The ruling parties of Vietnam, North Korea, Laos and Cuba continue to adjust their policies, strengthen their governing status and role, and maintain political and social stability, but they still face severe challenges from external hostile forces.

The Communist Party of Vietnam (currently 2.472 million members), the Workers’ Party of Korea (currently more than 4 million members), and the Lao People’s Revolutionary Party (currently 124,000 members) People) and the Communist Party of Cuba (currently 860,000 members) are the ruling parties of several existing socialist countries abroad. After withstanding the huge impact of the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, the four parties of Vietnam, North Korea, Laos, and Ku maintained the leadership of the party and the socialist system, maintained domestic political and social stability, and made varying degrees of economic policy adjustments. .

Relatively speaking, Vietnam and Laos have made greater economic adjustments and have taken some measures in political reform. However, the four countries still face severe challenges from differentiation and suppression by Western countries. The contradiction between economic development and national security is prominent, and they have to regard maintaining domestic political stability as a priority. The focus of the party's work, especially in North Korea and Cuba, is to maintain the status of the ruling party and political stability as the top priority, which to a large extent has delayed the country's policy adjustment and economic development process. As pressure for political reform from both home and abroad increases, the four countries will face more difficulties in maintaining economic development and maintaining social stability.

(5) In the context of the rapid development of economic globalization and capital internationalization, many foreign communist parties emphasize different forms of left-wing alliances and frequently participate in regional and international activities.

With the acceleration of economic globalization and regional integration, the internationalization of capital directed by neoliberalism has developed rapidly. In order to oppose capitalist globalization and adapt to the trend of political parties, especially mainstream political parties in Europe, to establish regional or international alliances, the communist parties in some countries attach importance to external contacts and exchanges, and hold meetings through mutual attendance at party congresses and party newspaper festivals. We can learn from each other, support each other and exchange information through multilateral meetings and international conferences, and jointly explore strategies for joint efforts to strengthen ourselves under the new situation.

In recent years, the European Communist Party has held many regional conferences and established a unified European left-wing party organization based on the left-wing forum. On May 8-9, 2004, 300 representatives of the Communist Party and other left-wing parties from 14 European countries attended the founding conference of the 'European Left Party' in Rome with the intention of rebuilding the Communist Party of France and France Sixteen political parties, including the Democratic Socialist Party of Germany, the Democratic Socialist Party of Spain, and the Greek Left Alliance Party, became members of the European Left Party. The Luxembourg Left Party, the Communist Party of Italy, and the Progressive Party of the Working People of Cyprus became observers. The party's manifesto and constitution were adopted, and the party's leadership body was elected. General Secretary Bertinotti was elected as the chairman of the new party, which is headquartered in Brussels. The meeting emphasized that the European Left Party is open and respects all members. A political organization established on the basis of the party's characteristics and the actual conditions of each country, its purpose is to promote left-wing unity and revitalization, defend democratic rights, and safeguard world peace.

The Communist parties in Latin American countries regularly hold regional international meetings. Conference, it has been holding the annual "Sao Paulo Forum" for more than ten years. The 10th conference held in Havana, Cuba, in December 2007 was the largest, with 3,000 representatives and observers from 86 countries, 138 political parties and organizations. Attend the meeting. The 'S?o Paulo Forum' has become a large-scale and important gathering of left-wing parties and progressive organizations in Latin America and left-wing parties in other countries around the world. These multilateral exchange activities have promoted information exchange and coordination among left-wing forces in Latin America and related regions.

The Communist Party and other left-wing parties in South Asia, the Middle East and the Mediterranean have also held regional international seminars from time to time to jointly discuss the prospects of socialism.

Communist parties in various countries exchange experiences and unite and cooperate on the basis of maintaining their autonomy, which reflects their objective needs to oppose capitalism through mutual coordination and cooperation and to oppose the internationalization of capital through international struggle. and subjective wishes, this situation of unity and alliance will further develop.

(6) It will take a long time for foreign communist parties to get out of the predicament as a whole, but this force to criticize and replace capitalism will not withdraw from the stage of history.

In the current situation where neoliberalism and social democracy are prevalent, the strength of the Communist Party abroad is still relatively weak. Although it has generally stabilized from the turmoil, chaos, and decline at the beginning of the dramatic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, We have established a foothold, but the space for development is still limited. The survival and development of the Communist Party in most countries are still very difficult. The strength of the Communist Party in a few countries can maintain its past level and gradually develop through exploration. Generally speaking, as a traditional political party with obvious ideological characteristics and a long history, the foreign Communist Party is increasingly marginalized. In reality, the internal and external environment is not optimistic, and world socialism is generally still at a low ebb.

It will still take a long historical period for foreign communist parties to get out of the predicament as a whole and achieve a greater degree of development, but this force to criticize and replace capitalism will not withdraw from the stage of history.

Communist parties abroad generally believe that the contemporary world is diverse and complex, full of vitality, confrontation and contradiction, and at the same time interdependent and connected. The contradictions between socialism and capitalism, and between capital and labor, remain the basic contradictions of our time. Some communist parties in developed countries explore the historical status of capitalism and socialism in a critical spirit, believing that socialism, as an important social movement in developed countries, will always exist along with the criticism of capitalism, and that socialist ideals will It will still become the goal of many aspiring people in Western countries. Various socialist forces will continue to take the mission of reforming and criticizing the capitalist system as their mission, deeply expose the various shortcomings of the capitalist system, and oppose all systems of exploitation and oppression in capitalist society. At present and for a long time to come, the serious drawbacks brought about by neoliberal globalization have intensified the basic contradictions of society, especially damaged the once relatively stable labor relations and intensified class contradictions. Developed countries have Many new contradictions and problems have emerged that were unprecedented during the Cold War. While these new contradictions and problems pose new challenges to the ruling class, they also bring certain new opportunities to the socialist movement, creating new impetus to oppose and criticize capitalism. At present, most socialist forces in various countries, including the Communist Party, have not only seen this new situation, but also tried to make full use of this new opportunity to achieve the historic task of revitalizing socialism in their countries. It is not difficult to see this development trend in the series of anti-globalization movements launched by left-wing forces in the West in recent years.

From the perspective of the development of the Communist Party’s own strength, there are also some favorable factors. First of all, whether it is a developed country or a developing country, the Communist Party must face the tide of economic globalization, world multipolarization and the democratic development of international relations. It must also face the aggressive trend of capitalism in the era of globalization and its own current situation. In difficult situations, we all realize the importance of strengthening unity and borrowing from each other. Some communist parties advocate strengthening regional and international alliances between communist parties, formulating 'feasible' and 'effective' alliance policies, and exploring ways and means to implement alliances. There are also some communist parties The party calls for strengthening bilateral and especially multilateral cooperation between the Communist Party and the Socialist Party to form a left-wing united front including the Socialist Party and the Green Party. Some Communist Party organizations have begun to merge after years of division. Secondly, with the continuous development of modern communication technology and media, the propaganda methods and activities of foreign communist parties are also constantly improving, which is conducive to accelerating the modernization of the party and expanding the party. Thirdly, the booming anti-globalization and anti-war movements have also become another type of political force that criticizes capitalism in addition to the Communist Party. The political practice field of the Communist Party provides opportunities for achieving self-breakthrough and expanding the space for survival and development.