The Frankish Kingdom was able to survive, develop and found a country.

After the crisis of the Roman Empire in the 3rd century, the Germans who originally lived in the coastal areas of the Baltic Sea and the North Sea accelerated their migration to the Roman Empire. In the 4th and 5th centuries, the visigoths, Burgundy, Franks and other tribes invaded and carved up Gaul.

The pioneers of armed colonization were Visigoths. They originally lived in the northeast of the Roman Empire. In the second half of the 4th century, threatened by Huns from Central Asia, they began to move westward. In the Battle of Fort Andrino in 378 AD, the visigoths defeated the Roman Empire. In 4 10, the visigoths looted the Roman city, then occupied the aquitaine area in the south of Gaul, and established the visigoth kingdom with Toulouse as its capital. Its territory includes Gaul south of the Loire River and a large area in the southwest of the Pyrenees Peninsula. In aquitaine under the rule of Visigoths, most of the property of Roman Gaul nobles was not damaged, and they still lived in the way of the Roman Empire, and Roman culture was not greatly affected. In 507, Toulouse was occupied by the Frankish kingdom in the north, most Visigoths moved to Spain, and aquitaine was transferred to the Frankish kingdom, but the Franks never established direct rule here, so the Roman tradition of aquitaine people never stopped. In the 6th-7th century, the Wakon people migrated to aquitaine and later concentrated in Gascon, where they kept their own traditions. Therefore, the southern Gaul gradually formed a unique culture different from the northern Gaul.

At the beginning of the 5th century, when the Visigoths sawed off the southwest of Gaul, the southeast of Gaul was occupied by Burgundy. Burgundy people established the Burgundy Kingdom with Lyon as its capital. At the beginning of the 6th century, the kingdom of Burgundy was annexed by the Frankish kingdom, but the culture and customs of Burgundy people have been preserved for a long time.

In the north, Franks are the most powerful tribe. Besides Franks and Roman Gauls, there are other tribes. From the 5th century to the 7th century, a group of Celtic bretons migrated from the British Isle to the Marics Peninsula in western Gaul, where they lived in groups and later became Brittany. Bretons has almost completely preserved its own culture and social customs. In eastern Gaul, aleman settled in Alsace. In the 9th-/kloc-0th century, Scandinavian normans invaded France and settled in Normandy and other places. At this point, the tribes that constitute the modern French nation are basically complete. After these different races and tribes entered Gaul, most of them kept their own laws, languages and customs, formed different cultural traditions and preserved them for a long time.

The migration of barbarians to Gaul is an important stage in the history of French national development. It laid the racial foundation of the French nation and had a far-reaching influence on the national composition, culture and political tradition of the French nation.

[Franks conquered the rule of Gauls and Clovis]

Franks are a Germanic people living on the right bank of the Rhine. In 24 1 and 242, there was a war with the Roman army. From the middle of the 3rd century to the 6th century, Franks invaded and immigrated to the Roman Empire across the Rhine River, and gradually occupied most of Gaul north of the Loire River. In the second half of the 5th century, among the Franks, Salian Franks and Librian Franks were the most powerful. In 48 1 year, a leader of the Franks in Salem died, and 15-year-old son Clovis became one of the military leaders of the Franks in Salem. At this time, the greatest threat to the Franks was Sigri Uzi, the "King of Rome" of Soyson. Sigrid's father, Egidio, was a Roman general in Gaul. In 462, he announced that he refused to recognize the power of the Roman emperor and established a de facto independent country centered on Soyson. Its territory includes ile-de-france and the area between the Seine and the Loire. In 486, Clovis joined forces with Franks in Polion and Franks living in Cambre to attack Soyson, defeated Sigri Uss, seized ile-de-france, moved from Dorne to Paris, and expanded southward.

In 496 AD, Clovis led 3000 soldiers to be baptized in Reims and converted to Catholicism. This move was warmly praised by the church and Gaul and Roman nobles. After the fall of the Roman Empire, the Roman Christian Church and Roman nobles lost their backers, and they were eager to find their new political pillars in the newly established barbarian kingdom. However, at that time, all the Germanic peoples in the empire believed in the Arioux Doctrine. Religious opposition made them hostile to these barbaric countries. Clovis led Frank's soldiers to convert to Catholicism, which naturally inspired the Christian church and Roman nobles. The Bishop of Vienna, Avites, wrote to Drew Clovis: "Your faith is our victory, and … the divine providence has given you the right to be the master of our times". Pope Anastasius II wrote to Clovis, hoping that he would become an "iron colonnade" to support the Christian church, for which the Christian church "will give you victory over all enemies". Clovis lost no time in turning the support of the church and Roman nobles into a tool for his conquest and expansion, pretending to be the protector of the Catholic Church and the heir of the Roman Empire. In 500 AD, Clovis conquered the kingdom of Burgundy, and in 507, he drove the Visigoths out of Gaul. In 508, the Eastern Roman Emperor conferred the title of consul on him. Before Clovis died, most parts of Gaul had been unified. Clovis became the supreme ruler of Gaul.

In addition to expanding territory and converting to Christianity, Clovis devoted his life to eliminating the competitive forces within the Franks and strengthening his authority. When Clovis became the military leader of the Franks, the Franks were not unified, but divided into several different tribes, each of which was independent and had its own king (leader). For decades, Clovis tried to cut off competitors and unify Frank's ministries. He designed and killed the Franks in Polion and other Frankish tribal leaders, and even killed his own relatives. In his later years, Clovis had to admit: "I now live among strangers like a lonely pilgrim. I have no relatives, and no one can help me when I am threatened by disaster. " It was on the blood pool of other tribal leaders and their relatives that Clovis completed the unification of the Frankish tribes and the transformation from military leaders to kingship.

[Morovian dynasty]

Clovis died in 5 1 1, and the Frankish kingdom was ruled by his descendants, known as the Morovian dynasty (1) (48 1-752). The Morovian dynasty lasted for 24 1 year, during which 28 kings were in power, with an average term of only 8 years and 7 months. According to the Frankish inheritance system, after the death of each king, the land was divided equally by his son. Therefore, among the 28 kings, only five kings have achieved the superficial unification of the country, and only Croste I (558-56 1), Croste II (6 15-629) and Dagobert (629-629) have real power. It can be seen that division is greater than unity Merovine dynasty was notorious for its dark politics, cruel means and indecency. After Clovis's death, his four sons Thierry, Clodomir, Hilde Burt and Croste carved up the land. Later, Clodomir died while attacking Burgundy, and his younger brother Crotel occupied his widow. Croste and Hilde Burt carved up the land and killed Clodomir's two sons in an extremely cruel way to avoid future trouble. In 558, Croste merged the territories of other brothers, realizing national reunification. However, in 56 1 year, his four sons redivided his territory. In 567, the eldest brother who occupied the Parisian region died childless, and other brothers divided his territory into three parts, gradually forming three kingdoms: Ostrasia in the east, New Strija and Burgundy in the west. There is also the Principality of Aquitaine, which is controlled by the three countries. In the second half of the 6th century, the real power of the Kingdom of New Strija and the Kingdom of Ostria was handed over to the Empresses Frey de Gonder and Brunao of the two countries respectively. The two countries struggle for power and profit, conspiracies are frequent, wars break out one after another, and politics is extremely dark. During the reign of Dagobert (629 ~ 639), the territory was once unified, the politics was slightly clear, and the situation was relatively stable. After him, 12 kings of Morovian dynasty were lazy and indifferent to political affairs, and were called "lazy kings" by historians.

[The Lazy King and Gong Xiang]

In order to gain the support of feudal nobles, the kings of Morovin dynasty distributed a lot of land to nobles, exhausted their own strength and cultivated aristocratic forces. The members of the royal family intrigued with each other, planted cronies, fought against each other and killed each other, which also made the king's authority decline and the aristocratic forces took the opportunity to develop. Some ruling kings are naive or incompetent, and it is difficult to manage state affairs, which often opens the door for feudal nobles to participate in politics and usurp power. After the death of King Daggett Bart in 639, most of the 10 kings who succeeded to the throne had no real power, and some only represented big noble as a puppet. They shuttled between territories every day, immersed in dogs and horses, and the state power completely fell into the hands of palace officials.

Gong Xiang used to be the housekeeper of the palace, but only the servant of the king. However, due to his prominent position, he gradually took charge of confidential information, not only controlling internal affairs, but also becoming the supreme leader of the army. Most palaces are personally appointed by kings, but some are elected by nobles. Gong Xiang plays a different role. Some palaces actively supported the king against the nobles, while others led the nobles against the king. New Strija was deeply influenced by Rome, and the principle of Roman imperial power was still popular. Most court officials here support the king. Exile is a place where Germans are concentrated, and its palace phase often becomes the representative of feudal nobles. In the late years of the Morovian dynasty, Ostria and Novostija were constantly fighting, which was actually a struggle between the palaces of the two countries. In the middle of the 7th century, Novostija Palace was ruled by Abu Bro, who made various efforts to oppose the nobility and consolidate the kingship. In 68 1 year, abbro was assassinated. In 687, his successor was defeated by Paiping of Ostrasia Palace, the Gestalt, and Paiping became the actual ruler of the Three Kingdoms.

Pippin family is one of the richest and most powerful big noble families in Ostrasia. Since his grandfather Pippin of Leiden (who died in 639), this family has been the court minister of Ostrasia. After the Gestalt wind instruments gained real power in the whole Frankish kingdom, they did three things: first, they conquered the Saxon, Thuringian, Bavarian and other Germanic tribes on the right bank of the Rhine; Secondly, the old traditions of Franks were restored in Ostrasia, such as the abandoned May school parade, in order to win the hearts and minds of Franks; Third, actively support Christian missionaries to preach among the Germanic peoples on the right bank of the Rhine River in order to gain the support of the church. These activities enhanced the prestige of the Piping family and consolidated its position.

[Charlie? Matt]

7 15, Charlie, the illegitimate child of Piping? Matt succeeded the court minister. He set up Croste IV of Mei Tam family as a puppet, and he held real power as a court minister and Duke of Ostrasia. After taking office, he led the army to defeat the invasion of Gaul Saxons from the north and Arabs from the south. From 765,438+05 to 765,438+08, he led troops to resist the attacks of Buddha Marie Laure Gigon and Saxons on the right bank of the Rhine, and went deep into the hinterland to conquer the Saxons and forced them to pay tribute. At this time, the Arabs who occupied Spain also invaded the north on a large scale, occupied languedoc, seized that side as the center and continued to invade the north. In 732, in Poitiers, Charlie? Matt's army defeated the Arabian cavalry. From 732 to 739, he not only continued to suppress the Saxon rebellion in the north, but also fought with Arabs many times in the south of Gaul, driving Arab invaders out of Gaul.

Charlie. Matt was also committed to unifying Gaul Franks. After gaining real power, he relied on the support of nobles to compete with his opponent, the palace of the Kingdom of New Strija. In 7 19, he defeated the army of New Strija and its ally, the Duke of Aquitaine, and later forced the Duke of Aquitaine to swear allegiance to him. In 734 and 736, he finally unified Burgundy by force. After defeating the Arab army, Charlie brought many areas in the south of Provence under his rule. When he died in 74 1 year, Charlie? Matt is actually the only ruler of Gaul.

Charlie. Matt actively carried out the fief system, which laid the foundation for the establishment of Caroline dynasty. In order to resist foreign invasion and realize the unification of Frankish countries, Charlie urgently needs to build a strong army loyal to himself. To this end, he gave his own land, land confiscated from his political opponents and a large amount of land seized from churches and monasteries in New Strija and Burgundy as fiefs to his subordinates, who occupied and used these lands on the condition of loyalty to Charles and military service. This is the so-called fief system. The fief system was recorded before Charles, but it was only implemented on a large scale during the reign of Charles. For the royal family and feudal lords, the system of fiefs was more advantageous than the unconditional granting of land. Many feudal big noble followed Charlie's example and granted fiefs to their subordinates. The implementation of the fief system once strengthened the Caroline family's control over the nobles.

In order to carry out the fief system, Charlie once violated the interests of some church nobles, but this did not fundamentally damage his relationship with the church. Charlie actively supported and sheltered St.? Christian missionaries led by Boniface and others won the praise of the church for their missionary activities in Saxony and other Germanic tribes. Charlie also tried his best to seek the favor of the Pope. In 74 1 year, Charlie promised to help the Pope remove Lombardy's threat, but he failed to keep his promise because of his early death.