Induction of geographical knowledge points in Grade One of Junior High School

Complete works of knowledge points in the next semester of geography in Grade One.

Chapter VI Asia

Section 1 Natural environment

1. Asia is the continent with the largest area, the widest latitude and the longest distance from east to west in the world. Most of Asia is in the Eastern Hemisphere and in the Northern Hemisphere.

2. The dividing line between Asia and Europe is the Ural Mountain, ural river, Caspian Sea, Great Caucasus Mountain, Black Sea and Turkish Strait;

The dividing line between Asia and Africa is Suez Canal; The dividing line between Asia and North America is the Bering Strait.

3. Asia is divided into six regions; East Asia, South Asia, West Asia, North Asia, Central Asia, Southeast Asia

4. The largest plain in Asia is the West Siberia Plain; The largest lake in the world, the Caspian Sea is a saltwater lake;

The deepest freshwater lake in the world with the largest storage capacity is Lake Baikal; The largest peninsula in the world is Arabian Peninsula;

The largest archipelago in the world is the Malay archipelago; The highest mountain range in the world is the Himalayas; The highest mountain in the world is Mount Everest;

The highest plateau in the world is the Qinghai-Tibet Plateau. The lowest land point in the world is the Dead Sea.

5. Features of Asian topography; High in the middle and low around; Rivers originate in the central mountainous areas and plateaus, and flow radially to four Zhou Haiyang.

6. The climate in Asia is characterized by complexity and diversity, remarkable monsoon climate and extensive continental climate.

Section 2 Human environment

7. The densely populated areas in Asia are East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia. There are about 65,438+0,000 ethnic groups in Asia, among which the Han nationality has the largest population.

The three cradles of human civilization in Asia are the middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River-the Yangtze River, the Indus Valley and the Mesopotamian Plain.

Chapter VII Our Neighboring Countries and Regions

Section 1 Japan

1. Japan is located in the east of Asia and the northwest of the Pacific Ocean. There are four large islands and nearby small islands near the land, the largest of which is Honshu Island. The famous fishing ground near Japan is Hokkaido Fishing Ground, Mount Fuji is a volcano, and the national flower of Japan is cherry blossoms.

2. Japan's national conditions are narrow and resources are scarce. It relies on imported raw materials and energy to form a developed economy with processing trade as the main trade target, mainly the United States, China and Europe.

3. Japan's topography is dominated by mountains and hills, and its climate is temperate maritime monsoon climate. Because it is at the junction of the Asia-Europe plate and the Pacific plate, there are many volcanoes and earthquakes. Yamato nationality is the main nationality, and Japanese culture is a typical cultural compatibility between East and West.

4.① Hokkaido Island, ② Shikoku Island, ③ Honshu Island,

④ Kyushu Island, ⑤ Tokyo City, ⑤ Yokohama City,

7 Nagoya City, 8 Pacific Ocean, 9 Sea of Japan.

Japan's industry is mainly concentrated in the Pacific coast and the inland sea coast of Seto.

The main industrial zones in Japan are Keihin Industrial Zone, Nagoya Industrial Zone, Hanshin Industrial Zone, Setouchi Industrial Zone and Kitakyushu Industrial Zone.

Section 2 Southeast Asia

1. Southeast Asia, including Indochina Peninsula and Malay Archipelago, is located at the intersection of Asia and Oceania, the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

2. The main food crop in Southeast Asia is rice. Southeast Asia is also the world's largest producer of rubber, oil palm, coconut and hemp, and is known as the' world oil king'.

3. The Malacca Strait in Southeast Asia is the only place for Europe and Africa to sail eastward to Southeast Asia and East Asia, and it is an important sea passage connecting the Pacific Ocean and the Indian Ocean.

4. The terrain distribution of Indochina Peninsula is characterized by alternating mountains and rivers. The big cities in Indo-China Peninsula are mainly distributed along the river and in the estuary delta. Most of Southeast Asia is located in the tropics. Among them, Indian zhina Peninsula has a tropical monsoon climate, and Malay Archipelago has a tropical rainforest climate.

5. Most residents in Southeast Asia are of yellow race, among which Chinese and overseas Chinese account for a certain proportion. China people who live abroad and obtain the nationality of the host country are called China people, while those who retain China nationality are called overseas Chinese. The provinces with the largest number of overseas Chinese in China are Guangdong and Fujian.

Section 3 India

1. India is located in the south of Asia and the southwest of China. It is an ancient civilization in the world. India is the largest country in South Asia and has the largest arable land in Asia. The Indian population is growing too fast, and now it ranks second in the world after China.

2. Topographic features of India: Himalayas in the north, Ganges Plain in the middle and Deccan Plateau in the south.

3. The climate in India is dominated by tropical monsoon, and the precipitation is unstable due to the influence of summer monsoon, with frequent floods and droughts.

Due to the implementation of "Green Revolution", India has become self-sufficient. The main food crops are wheat and rice. Rice is mainly distributed in coastal areas and Ganges Plain, and wheat is mainly distributed in Malva Plateau and Deccan Plateau.

In the past, India's textile industry and mining industry were developed, Kolkata was the largest center of hemp textile industry, Mumbai was the largest center of cotton textile industry, and Mumbai was also the largest port in India. Now India has developed high technology and has become the second largest software country in the world.

Cities: ① New Delhi, ② Mumbai, ③ Kolkata.

River: ⑤ Ganges River

Topographic area: ⑤ Deccan Plateau ⑾ Himalayas ⑿ Ganges Plain.

Neighboring countries: Pakistan.

Ocean: Bay of Bengal, Arabian Sea, Indian Ocean.

Island: [13] Sri Lanka Island

Names of food crops represented by letters A and B: A wheat, B rice.

Section 4 Russia

1, Russia is the largest country in the world, in the north of Eurasia. Russia has a temperate continental climate, with long cold winters and short warm summers.

2. Russia spans two continents, Asia and Europe, and the eastern and western hemispheres. It is a recognized European country, and Russian is widely used. The European part is the national political, economic and cultural center.

3. Lake Baikal in Russia is the deepest lake in the world, the capital and largest city of Russia is Moscow, the second largest city and important port is St. Petersburg, and Murmansk port along the Arctic Ocean is not frozen all year round.

The most developed area of Russian industry is Moscow, with developed heavy industry and backward light industry.

5. The trans-Siberian railway in the Asian part of Russia spans Eurasia and is called the Eurasian Bridge. The Volga River, the longest river in Europe, is connected with the Baltic Sea, the White Sea, the Black Sea, the Azov Sea and the Caspian Sea through canals, and is called the "Five Seas of Navigation".

Topography and mountains: ① Urals,

(2) the mountains of eastern Siberia,

③ Eastern Europe Plain,

④ Western Siberia Plain,

⑤ Central Siberian Plateau,

Rivers, lakes and oceans: ⑥ Volga River.

⑦ Black Sea ⑧ Caspian Sea

Pet-name ruby Lake Baikal Attending Arctic Ocean

City: a Moscow b St. Petersburg c Murmansk

Chapter VIII Other Countries and Regions in the Eastern Hemisphere

Section 1 Middle East

1. In southwest Asia and northeast Africa, there is a region called the Middle East. The Middle East is located in the land of "three continents and five seas", and the three continents refer to Asia, Europe and Africa. The Caspian Sea in the Five Seas is a lake. The Middle East includes West Asia (except Afghanistan) and Egypt in North Africa.

2. The Middle East is the region with the richest oil resources in the world at present. The oil in the Middle East is mainly distributed along the Persian Gulf and transported to western Europe, the United States, Japan and other developed countries.

3. The Middle East has a dry climate and few rivers and water resources. The Arabian Peninsula in the Middle East is the largest peninsula in the world. The Suez Canal is located in Egypt.

4. The race in the Middle East is mainly white, and the residents are mostly Arabs, and most of them believe in Islam. Mecca is revered as a holy city by Islam, and Jerusalem is revered as a holy city by Islam, Christianity and Judaism.

Country: Iraq, Iran, Egypt, Saudi Arabia

Located in Arabian Peninsula, it is the largest peninsula in the world.

In the picture, three cities are called holy cities by Islam:

Mecca, Jerusalem and Medina.

Ocean:

④ Persian Gulf, ⑤ Arabian Sea,

⑥ Red Sea, ⑥ Mediterranean Sea, ⑧ Black Sea and ⑨ Caspian Sea.

Straits and canals: ⑩ the Strait of Hormuz, ⑾ Suez Canal, ⑿ Turkish Strait, ⑿ Nile.

Section 2 Western Europe

1. Western Europe is densely populated and has many countries, most of which are developed countries. Its economy is diversified, mainly manufacturing, traditional animal husbandry and prosperous tourism.

2. The European Union is a regional international organization with close political and economic ties. At present, * * * has 25 member countries and uses the single currency euro.

3. London, England, Paris, Italy and Berlin, Germany.

4. Most of Western Europe is located in the north temperate zone, and the temperate maritime climate is widely distributed. The terrain is mainly plain and the animal husbandry is developed. People call pasture "green gold". British animal husbandry accounts for 70% of the total agricultural output value. Holland and Denmark are world-famous dairy countries.

There are many tourist destinations in western Europe, such as London Bridge in England, windmill in Holland, Eiffel Tower in Paris, France, bullfighting in Spain, and fjord scenery in Norway.

Country: Spain France Britain Germany Italy

Topography and Peninsula: Scandinavia ① Western Europe Plain

② Bode Plain ③ Alps ④ Apennine Peninsula

Oceans and straits:

⑤ Norwegian Sea ⑤ North Sea ⑤ Baltic Sea

⑧ English Channel ⑨ Mediterranean Sea ⑩ Gibraltar Strait.

Section III Sub-Saharan Africa

Sub-Saharan Africa is the largest desert in the world, mostly located in the tropics, and more than 90% are black, so it is called "black Africa". Residents are concentrated in the Gulf of Guinea and the Congo Basin.

2. Due to the long-term occupation and plunder by colonialism, most countries in this region have formed a "single commodity economy", exporting cheap primary products and importing expensive industrial products, which is at a disadvantage in international trade.

3. Africa has the highest natural growth rate of all continents and a large population. In addition, the climate is always hot, the precipitation is dry and wet, agricultural production is backward, and residents often go hungry.

4. Africa's climate is mainly tropical rain forest climate, tropical grassland climate and tropical desert climate, and its distribution characteristics are: centered on the equator, symmetrically distributed in the north and south.

5. Congo River B Congo Basin, Somali Peninsula

D. ethiopia highlands and madagascar

F gulf of guinea g Sahara desert h cape of good hope

I am close to the East African Plateau, where there is the Great Rift Valley and the South African Plateau.

Section 4 Australia

There are kangaroos and emus on the national emblem of Australia, and koalas and platypus are their unique animals.

2. Australia is the country with the largest number of sheep and the largest export volume of wool in the world, and is called "riding on the back of sheep". Sheep are concentrated in the mixed agricultural belt along the southeast and southwest coasts. Due to the vast territory and sparse population, the agricultural and animal husbandry production is highly mechanized, and most products are exported, including wool, wheat and beef.

3. Australia is rich in mineral resources, concentrated in coastal areas, with a large proportion of exports. It's called a country sitting on a mine car. At present, the service industry has become a pillar industry in Australia.

The population and cities of Australia are mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas, with Canberra as the capital, Sydney as the largest industrial center and port city, and Melbourne as the second largest city.

Cities: Sydney, Canberra, Melbourne,

Rivers and lakes: D murray river, Aier Lake in northern Hubei.

Topographic area: ① Great watershed,

(2) the central plain, great basin, also known as great artesian basin.

③ Western Plateau

Ocean: ④ Pacific Ocean ⑤ Indian Ocean

Chapter IX Countries in the Western Hemisphere

Section 1 America

1. The western hemisphere includes North America and South America, and the dividing line between the two continents is the Panama Canal. Generally speaking, Canada and the United States are called North America, and the area south of the United States is called Latin America.

2. Indians are native Americans, and immigrants from various countries have formed an American nation in the United States. The full name of the United States is America, and the national flag is the Stars and Stripes. The territory of the United States includes 48 native States, a special zone and overseas Alaska and Hawaii.

The main race in America is white, followed by black. There are "Chinatowns" in San Francisco, Los Angeles and new york, and racial discrimination exists in American society.

4. The topography of the United States is columnar from north to south. The plain area accounts for more than half of the country, and the cultivated land area accounts for 10% of the world cultivated land area. Cordillera is the largest mountain range in the world.

5. The rivers in the world are arranged in length: Nile, Amazon, Yangtze and Mississippi. The Great Lakes are the largest freshwater lakes in the world, which flow into the Atlantic Ocean through the St. Lawrence River. Lake Superior is the largest freshwater lake. Lake Michigan is in the United States.

6. Agricultural production in the United States has been specialized and mechanized, forming an agricultural belt, mainly including corn belt, wheat belt and dairy belt. Tropical agricultural products need to be imported.

7. Silicon Valley is the largest high-tech industrial center in the United States, located in the southeast of San Francisco, and is famous for producing silicon wafers. The American capital, new york, Houston, Houston and Detroit are motor cities. The United States is the largest resource consumer and waste emitter in the world.

Cities: San Francisco, Los Angeles, Houston, Washington, new york, Detroit.

Rivers, lakes and oceans: ① Mississippi River, ② Saint Lawrence River, ③ Lake Superior, ④ Lake Michigan, ⑥ Atlantic Ocean, ⑥ Gulf of Mexico and ⑥ Pacific Ocean.

Country, region:

G Canada h Mexico I Alaska

Mountains:

⑾ Cordillera Mountains ⑿ Rocky Mountains ⑿ Appalachian Mountains.

Terrain:

The east is mountainous, the middle is plain, and the west is plateau and mountain.

Brazil in the second quarter

1. Brazil is the largest and most populous country in Latin America, and the indigenous people in Latin America are Indians, who provided us with crops such as corn and potatoes and created Mayan civilization.

2. The Amazon River is the river with the largest water volume and the widest drainage area in the world, surrounded by the largest Amazon plain and covered with the largest primitive tropical rain forest. Brazil Plateau is the largest plateau in the world.

There are many mixed-race people in Latin America. In Brazil, white people make up half and mixed-race people make up 40%. Brazil has samba, carnival and first-class football team.

Itaipu Hydropower Station is the largest hydropower station in the world at present, which is jointly built by Brazil and Paraguay. Among the tropical cash crops in Brazil, the output of coffee, sugarcane and citrus ranks first in the world.

5. 1992 The United Nations Conference on Environment and Development was held in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The Congress adopted the 2 1 century agenda with sustainable development as the core, which indicated that the concept of sustainable development was accepted by the world.

6. Brazil's cities and population are mainly distributed in the eastern coastal areas. Sao Paulo is the largest city and industrial center in Brazil, and the capital of Brazil moved from Rio de Janeiro to Brasilia.

Pacific ocean b Atlantic ocean

D Panama canal f Gulf of Mexico

① Andes (② Brazil Plateau)

③ Amazon River ⑤ Caribbean Sea

City:

⑥ The capital Brasilia

⑦ Rio de Janeiro

Today's Sao Paulo

Chapter 10 Polar Regions

1. The Arctic region refers to the vast area north of the Arctic Circle, including the Arctic Ocean and coastal islands and lands in Asia, Europe and North America. The Antarctic region refers to the area south of the Antarctic circle, including the Antarctic continent and the surrounding oceans.

2. The Antarctic region is the coldest region in the world, which is called "snowy plateau", "white desert" and "wind bank". Glacier is the most striking natural landscape in Antarctic continent.

Penguin is the symbol of the South Pole and polar bear is the symbol of the North Pole.

The best time to visit Antarctica is the warm season. At present, 18 countries have established more than 140 research stations in Antarctica. China has Great Wall Station and Zhongshan Station.

A is China Great Wall Station, C is China Zhongshan Station, ① Atlantic Ocean ② Indian Ocean ③ Pacific Ocean.