Characteristics of Zhi Zhu's Ci

Zhi Zhu's Ci, which is characterized by chanting local customs, has important historical value for the study of social and cultural history, historical human geography and other disciplines.

Zhi Zhu's ci "Appreciating local conditions and customs" is characterized by chanting local conditions and customs, which has an indissoluble bond with regional culture. It is often used to describe the world and human feelings, full of distinctive cultural personality and strong local flavor, and has important historical value for the research of many disciplines, especially in the fields of social and cultural history, historical human geography and so on. In recent ten years, with the upsurge of regional culture, Zhi Zhu's Ci has attracted more and more attention from the world, and various data sets of Zhi Zhu's Ci have been compiled and published one after another, some of which are compiled by region and some by year. The former is represented by China Zhi Zhu Ci (edited by Lei Mengshui and others, Beijing Ancient Books Publishing House,1997,65438+February edition), while the latter is represented by Zhi Zhu Ci in previous dynasties (Shaanxi People's Publishing House, 2003,65438+February edition).

There are many historical materials in Zhi Zhu Ci for academic research. For example, "Henan, Chu, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Shaanxi, Sichuan, sleep in the mountains and stay in the water for years. It is always because the land is narrow and the people are poor, although the land does not move. " This means that Jiangxi is vast and sparsely populated, and people have left their homes and moved around. Jiangxi people are everywhere in Henan, Hubei, Yunnan, Guizhou, Guangdong, Shaanxi and Sichuan. "Man said there was no jade in Yushan, and I heard there was a plum agent in Meiling. The ship travels thousands of miles, northeast Zhejiang, west Guangdong and south Guangdong. " Yushan is a county in the northeast of Jiangxi province, and it is also because of livelihood problems. In the early Qing dynasty, a large number of people either went south to Guangdong or east to western Zhejiang. It can be seen that Jiangxi is indeed the main exporter of immigrants, which caused the immigration tide in the history of Ming and Qing Dynasties. In this regard, in Chengdu, the capital of Sichuan, there is a poem that reads: "My aunt married my second aunt Su in Shaanxi and my sister-in-law Ersao in Jiangxi. When I first asked you where you came from, there was no tenth old Chengdu. " This means that a woman in a family is married to a native of Shaanxi or Jiangsu, and her daughter-in-law is from Jiangxi or Huguang. Family members come from all corners of the country, and there is no "old Chengdu" beyond ten. This shows that Chengdu at that time was really a mixture of five parties, and people from all corners of the country married.

The migration of "Huguang filling Sichuan" has far-reaching influence not only in cities, but also in vast rural areas. "The local accent is unusual, and it is difficult for the five parties to answer separately. There are so many Chu Ci poems, half of which are Bao Laoguan in Hunan "-this is the description of Zhi Zhu's Ci in Jingyang, and Bao Laoguan in the poem refers to the people in Baoqing, Hunan. Thus, although Jingyang area is a place where five parties live together, Baoqing people have the largest number in Hunan. In the fifty-first year of Kangxi (17 12), Lu Jiyong, the magistrate of Mianzhu County, wrote Twelve Poems on Bamboo Branches in Mianzhou: "Villages and cities are scattered with old adherents, and rain accounts for half Chu people. Several green forests and grasses are used as houses, separated by a dam and adjacent to each other. " "Poetry Note: There are many Chu people in Sichuan, and there are the most Mianyi. There are few villages and cities, and each family is next to a forest plate, separated by half a mile or a mile, called a dam. " Literally, this poem says that the local villages in Mianzhu are very sparse and there are some people who survived the war. Half of the local farmers are from Hunan and Hubei. The local settlement landscape is usually thatched cottages and a forest behind them. Each thatched cottage is a neighbor with a distance of half a mile or a mile. It can be seen that/kloc-Mianzhou, Sichuan in the early 8th century was still a vast and sparsely populated landscape, attracting more immigrants. In Daxian County, Sichuan Province, Daoguang native Wang Zhengyi wrote: "There are many Hakkas in Huguang and Jiangxi, but it is not easy to record them. I can't hear the local accent, and the customs of a township are the most difficult. " Daxian county is in the east of Sichuan. This poem writes: There are people from Guangdong, Hunan, Hubei and Jiangxi. There are many Hakkas and immigrants from all over the world. This mixed situation makes the customs of this town uneven and different. It can be seen that Daxian County in eastern Sichuan at this time can be described as a mixture of five parties with different dialects.

With the large-scale migration of immigrants, Sichuan, which experienced the Dingge and Bingxu wars in Ming and Qing Dynasties, gradually recovered its economic vitality, and businessmen from all over the world came in droves. In Chengdu, the account holders are all from Shanxi and Shaanxi, and the locals call them "Old West" and "Old Shaanxi". The so-called "three points of interest in the account are forced to rush, and the old west and the old Shaanxi are angry. The font size in urban and rural areas is tens of millions, and silver goes back to the north every day. " As can be seen from this poem, Shanxi and Shaanxi businessmen are in full swing in Chengdu, and ordinary people can only watch helplessly as they transport their local wealth back to their hometown. As a symbol of the prosperity of business gangs, the guilds in all parts of Sichuan are quite developed. "The iron mast of the Qin People's Guild Hall is as rare as that of Fujian and Shanxi. Going to the hall is even more difficult, and you can watch more than a thousand games a year. " "Although most of the halls are in Shaanxi, the Shaanxi opera bangzi rings high and low. There are many people sitting on the bench, and the guns are scattered together. " These two Zhi Zhu words mean that there are local guilds in Chengdu, including Shaanxi, Fujian and Shanxi, among which Shaanxi has the largest number of guilds and the most prominent influence. Every year, people can see many plays in the guild hall, among which Shaanxi Opera Bangzi resounds through the Chengdu Plain. These vividly describe the specific details of the operation of Chengdu Guild Hall. Among many guilds, Shaanxi Guild Hall stands out from the crowd. Except for the big business gangs, the money houses are basically monopolized by Jiangxi people. "Jiangxi cousins are used to making money and looking everywhere. This is a peek at the account, this is a conspiracy. " Note to the poem: "Money and grain are all over Jiangxi, so it is called' Old Table'." It seems that the famous "Cousin Jiangxi" in modern times obviously refers to Qian Shang from Jiangxi.

With the migration of immigrants and the circulation of commodities, people's exchanges and contacts are unprecedented, which greatly highlights the personality characteristics of people everywhere. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, Shaoxing touts attracted great attention from Chengdu people: "Layout and decoration always need to work hard, and antiques are different. Beautiful clothes are even worse, and the owner's style is the same as that under the door. " This bamboo branch poem describes the differences between Shaoxing teachers in food, clothing, housing and transportation. It means that the daily furnishings of Shaoxing teachers in Sichuan are exquisite, such as antiques, which are quite exquisite, beautifully dressed and delicious. This is a style of touts. This is very interesting, reminiscent of Shaoxing touts in the north. Since the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Shaoxing people have been moving to Beijing, especially Shaoxing people who served as petty officials in the Sixth Central Committee. They are rich and have a very comfortable life, so their clothes are quite luxurious every day. In order to strengthen their appearance, these people always put a big fish tank at home and plant two pomegranate trees. In summer, they must set up a canopy at the door and squat down a big Liu Li. When you buy snacks, you must use girls. In addition, please invite a gentleman. Teaching is secondary, mainly for window dressing. Therefore, there is a proverb that "the pomegranate tree in the ceiling fish tank makes the teacher fat, the dog fat and the girl fat". This style is the same in Beijing and Baoding. Judging from the situation in the north and south, Shaoxing touts are an amazing and quite special group no matter where they are. Because all the teachers in Chengdu are from Zhejiang, there is a poem by Zhi Zhu that reads: "Curtains come from west to east in Zhejiang, boasting about laws and regulations." It is said that saving lives does not save lives, and so do the cases in the book. "The poem notes:" The curtain friend moves first, which is called' hat'. "According to literature, the case name and Qian Gu touts in Sichuan Province are from Zhejiang in nine cases out of ten, but among the ethnic groups in Zhejiang, they can be divided into Shaoxing Gang and Huzhou Gang, which form their own gangs and recommend each other. Because the master of criminal punishment mainly studies laws and cases, practitioners should learn the skills of handling cases from teachers, which was called "learning curtain" at that time. Folks call learners "braids" or "caps", that is, braids or caps on hats, which is a metaphor that they can't live without teachers. In the era of "no salt", Shaoxing wine, like Shaoxing touts and Shaoxing dialect, was popular all over the country, and was called "Shaoxing three customs" in the middle of Qing Dynasty. This situation has also been vividly reflected in Zhi Zhu's ci. In Chengdu, "Shaoxing wine is new from the river, and several officials and guests like each other", which means that Shaoxing wine is shipped from the Yangtze River, and some people in the yamen are happy to come out and carry it in. These Shaoxing wines are often promoted by Shaoxing touts and petty officials (or run by their relatives and friends), so there is a saying in Zhi Zhu's words: "It is profitable to crush the officialdom, and the southern goods are busy. Asked the master with a smile if the business was good, saying that the chess pieces were from Suzhou and Hangzhou. "That is to say, Shaoxing touts sell Shaoxing wine in yamen, which is a big business in officialdom. People smiled and asked touts how business was, and touts replied that all these things were shipped from Suzhou and Hangzhou. The annotation of this bamboo branch poem says: South goods are called "teachers". At that time, Shaoxing people made a living from the southern goods industry, so they directly called the southern goods "touts".

In the Qing dynasty, Fengyang beggars were as famous as Shaoxing masters. Judging from Zhi Zhu's Ci, their activities spread all over the country. In Beijing, "I remember living in Fengyang when I was hiking during the Olympic Games. Yangko strives for a good flower in winter and winter. " The poem notes: "Playing Flower Drum: Fengyang's multi-functional wife, also known as' Yangko', covers the drama of farmers' competition. His songs include "Many Flowers". Drum-shaped and thin waist, if the ancient battle is sudden. " In this regard, Kong's "Yan Jiuzhu Zhi Ci": "Yangko was suddenly banned, and there was no hand for spring outing. Unfortunately. Stay in Fengyang, old beggar, and stop tourists. "Not only in Beijing, but as far away as Shanxi", Fengyang girl set foot in Chunyang and went to Pingyang to win her hometown. "Don't forget to dance the sleeves and bow your waist, and the street west hooks people's intestines." In the south, "playing strings and singing" are all in Luling, and neighboring villages chase this state. There is also a good ability to escape. Fengyang Flower Drum has also become an important prop for people everywhere to escape and beg.

In addition, Zhi Zhu's Ci can also provide important evidence for the study of historical traffic geography. For example, from Yang Zaitong's "Dali Going to the Countryside to Test Zhi Zhu Ci", we can clearly outline the journey from Dali to Kunming, Yunnan, through Zhaozhou, Hongyan, Yunnan County, Pu Yin Fort, Shaqiaoyi, Liuhe, Lufeng, Laoyaguan and Bijiguan all the way to Kunming. Although there were "Yunnan secretariat to the government" and "Yunnan province from the government to Jinyawei" in the previous Notes on the Journey to Unity, the descriptions were far less vivid than those of this group of Zhi Zhu Ci. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the road maps compiled by some areas in the south of the Yangtze River often included Zhi Zhu's Ci, which often described the surrounding landscapes such as topography, landforms and places of interest, which were quite natural and humanistic. In fact, for example, in the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Dezhong, a native of Yinxian County, Ningbo, wrote a great book "Song of Gyeonggi Waterway", which is a seven-character poem. This song "Song of Beijing Waterway" recorded 36 places along the way, and the journey lasted for two months. * * * It passes through the sluice for 72, which is about 3700 miles. "This poem describes in detail the place names and places of interest along the way from Ningbo to Beijing. Similar travel songs can actually be called Zhi Zhu Ci. Why do you see it? The author collected a book "Hangzhou Water Travel Song Huizhou Water Travel Song" compiled by Huizhou merchants in Ming and Qing Dynasties, and then collected "Huizhou Nanpukou to Hangzhou Travel Zhi Zhu Ci", and found that its content was actually "Huizhou Water Travel Song". From this point of view, "Dali Going to the Countryside to Test Zhi Zhu Ci" can obviously be regarded as a journey song from Dali to Kunming.

Most of Zhi Zhu's ci writers are born and bred literati, who are familiar with rural stories and local customs. Other authors are foreign observers, and they are even more curious about the local customs. "According to what they saw along the way, they formed quatrains in dialects, and they followed the geographical scenery." Therefore, the study of Zhi Zhu's Ci has irreplaceable historical value for a place's history and culture. Especially for the study of small communities, it has extremely special academic value. Some Zhi Zhu words are equivalent to local customs. For example, The Series of China Local Customs published earlier than Zhi Zhu Ci (edited by Zhang Zhi, Guangling Bookstore, May 2003) contains a large number of Zhi Zhu Ci. Obviously, these Zhi Zhu words are almost directly regarded as local customs. In fact, some Zhi Zhu Ci also appeared in the name of local chronicles. For example, Xishan Fishing Singing (also known as Xishan Joe Singing), also known as Yangzhou Xishan Xiaozhi, is divided into scenes, evolution, historical sites, places of interest, people, anecdotes, anecdotes, farming, years old and shopping malls. In the 1980s and 1990s, while studying the historical and economic geography of northern Jiangsu, the author collected a number of Zhi Zhu Ci poems in Yangzhou and Huai 'an, such as Excerpts of Yangzhou Local Words, 300 Poems on the Han River, and Singing Firewood in Xishan, which contained a large number of historical materials reflecting the salt policy system and social customs. These materials provide important historical materials for us to study the salt policy system, Huizhou merchants' activities and Huaiyang social life in the Ming and Qing Dynasties from a unique perspective.