Can I still return to the United States if I am traveling to Canada and Cuba with a US F1 visa?

The United States does not allow citizens of other countries to go to Cuba. It is just that due to economic sanctions, its citizens are not allowed to spend money in Cuba. The United States doesn't care whether you go to Cuba or not with your F1 and Chinese passports.

When you go from Canada to Cuba, there will be no record in your entry and exit passport. The Cuban visa, entry stamp and departure stamp will remain in the passport - except for smuggling and other tricks. But anyway, it will be gone after you get a new passport next time.