Summary of geography knowledge points in senior one.

1. Total galaxy, the currently observable part of the universe.

2. Celestial system level: total galaxy-Milky Way galaxy (extragalactic galaxy)-solar system (other star systems)-earth-moon system.

3. The nearest star to the earth-the sun; The closest celestial body to the earth-the moon.

4. The external structure of the sun: photosphere, chromosphere and corona (from inside to outside).

5. Solar activity: sunspot (photosphere); Flare and prominence (chromosphere); Solar wind (corona)

6. Signs of solar activity: sunspots and flares. Activity cycle: 1 1 year

7. The influence of solar activity: radio interference, magnetic storm and aurora.

8. The central celestial body of the solar system-the sun (with great mass)

9. Eight planets: Mercury, Venus, Earth and Mars (Earth-like planets); Jupiter, Saturn (planet), Uranus, Neptune (distant planet)

10. The reason why there is life on the earth: the distance between the sun and the earth is moderate; The earth is of moderate size and mass.

1 1. Moon period: new moon (first day, spring tide, solar eclipse)-first quarter moon (seventh day, eighth day, ebb tide)-full moon (15th and 16th day, spring tide, eclipse)-second quarter moon (22nd and 23rd, ebb tide)-new moon. 1 month 29 53

12. The direction and period of the earth's rotation is from west to east, 23 hours, 56 minutes and 4 seconds.

13. Except for the poles, the angular velocity of the earth's rotation is different by 4 minutes for every difference of 1 15/ hour; The linear velocity of the earth's rotation decreases from the equator to the north and south poles except the two poles.

14. The horizontal motion of the earth objects is biased to the left in the southern hemisphere; Right deviation in the northern hemisphere; The equator has no geostrophic deflection.

15. Earth period of revolution 365: 48: 46.

16. Earth's rotation plane-equatorial plane; The plane of the earth's revolution-the ecliptic plane.

17. At present, the declination angle is 23 26', which is the same as the Tropic of Cancer. The included angle between the earth axis and the equator is 90, and the included angle between the earth axis and the ecliptic is 66 34', which is the same as the latitude of the polar circle.

18. Variation law of midday sun height: Due to the existence of ecliptic angle, during the revolution of the earth, the latitude of the direct point of the sun changes annually, and the midday sun height around the earth also changes accordingly. Direct sunlight: The height of the sun is 90 degrees at noon. So: *. Equinox (3.2 1) or autumnal equinox (9.23) in the northern hemisphere: The sun shines directly at the equator, and the height of the sun decreases from the equator to the north and south at noon. Summer solstice in the northern hemisphere (6.22): The sun shines directly on the Tropic of Cancer, and the height of the sun decreases from the Tropic of Cancer to the north and south at noon. *. Winter solstice in the northern hemisphere (12.22): The sun shines directly on the Tropic of Capricorn, and the height of the sun decreases from the Tropic of Capricorn to the north and south at noon. At noon, the altitude angle of the sun decreases from the latitude of direct sunlight to the north and south sides.

19. Latitude zone north of the Tropic of Cancer: the height of the sun reaches the maximum value of 6.22 and the minimum value of12.22 at noon in a year; Latitude zone south of Tropic of Capricorn: The height of the sun reaches the maximum at 12.22 and the minimum at 6.22 noon in a year. Latitude zone between the Tropic of Cancer and the Tropic of Capricorn: The sun's height can reach the maximum twice (90) at noon in a year, and there is only 1 direct light on the regression line, but there is no direct light outside the tropic of Cancer.

20. The variation of the length of day and night is due to the existence of the ecliptic angle: the equator is equally divided day and night throughout the year, and the world is equally divided day and night on 3.2 1 and 9.23. Equinox-Autumn Equinox in the Northern Hemisphere: The sun shines directly in the Northern Hemisphere, and the days in the Northern Hemisphere are long and the nights are short. The higher the latitude, the longer the day and the shorter the night, and the extreme daytime phenomenon appears in the Arctic Circle. The latitude circle in the southern hemisphere has shorter days and longer nights. The higher the latitude, the shorter the day and the longer the night. There is an extreme night phenomenon in the Antarctic circle. Among them, the northern hemisphere summer solstice: the northern hemisphere has the longest day and the shortest night, the Arctic Circle and its north (extreme day), and the southern hemisphere vice versa. Equinox in the northern hemisphere: the opposite. Among them, the winter solstice in the northern hemisphere: the shortest day and the longest night in the northern hemisphere, the Arctic Circle and its north (polar night); The southern hemisphere is the opposite.

2 1. Five-zone division: tropical zone between the Tropic of Cancer; The tropic of cancer to the polar circle is the south and north temperate zones; In the polar circle is the north-south cold zone.

22. The six spheres of the earth: atmosphere, hydrosphere, biosphere, crust, mantle and core.

23. There is asthenosphere in the upper mantle, which may be the main source of magmatic activity and earthquakes.

24. Lithosphere = crust+upper mantle asthenosphere.

25. Magmatic rock: intrusive rock-(granite): coarse grain; Seepage rock (basalt): the particles are small and porous.

26. Sedimentary rocks: bedding structure, including animal and plant fossils, mainly including conglomerate, sandstone, shale and limestone.

27. Metamorphic rocks: schistose structure, mainly marble, quartzite, schist, slate and gneiss.

28. Classification of earthquakes: 1. According to the causes, there are two main types of earthquakes: tectonic earthquakes and volcanic earthquakes. Second, according to the focal depth, it can be divided into shallow earthquakes, moderate earthquake and deep earthquake. Three kinds of earthquakes can be divided into microseisms and destructive earthquakes according to their magnitude.

29. When an earthquake happens, it bumps up and down first, and then shakes left and right, because the first longitudinal wave reaches the epicenter, and then the shear wave comes.

30. Relationship between magnitude and intensity: The greater the magnitude, the greater the intensity. An earthquake has only one magnitude, and the epicenter is the strongest. The smaller the epicentral distance, the greater the intensity.

3 1. The main earthquakes in the world are the circum-Pacific tectonic belt and the Mediterranean-Himalayan tectonic belt. The Pacific Rim seismic belt concentrates about 80% of shallow earthquakes and almost all moderate and deep earthquakes in the world. China is located at the junction of two major earthquake zones in the world, and it is a country with many earthquakes.

32. According to the theory of seafloor spreading, seamounts (mid-ocean ridges) are the cradles of marine crust. Trench is where the oceanic crust disappears.

33. The global lithosphere is divided into six major plates, namely Asia-Europe plate, Pacific plate, America plate (North and South America), Africa plate, Indian Ocean plate (Arabian Peninsula, Indian Peninsula and Australia) and Antarctica plate.

34. The magnitude difference of the earthquake is one level, the energy difference is more than 30 times, and the difference between the two levels is more than 900 times.

35. Ozone can absorb ultraviolet rays from the sun.

36. It is water vapor and carbon dioxide that can absorb and radiate long-wave radiation, which has a certain heat insulation effect on the ground.

37. Vertical stratification of the atmosphere: from bottom to top, it is divided into five layers: troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and escape layer.

38. The main features of the troposphere are: high content of water vapor and dust impurities; The temperature decreases with the increase of height, and the average temperature decreases by 0.6℃ per 100 meter. The atmospheric convection movement is remarkable; Weather and climate change are the most important.

39. The main characteristics of the stratosphere: the temperature rises with height; The atmosphere is dominated by horizontal movement; There is ozone layer, which is the best aviation layer.

40. Intermediate layer: There is almost no ozone, and the temperature decreases with the increase of height. Thermosphere: ionosphere, which can reflect radio waves and is of great significance to the construction of telecommunications and communication engineering.

4 1. The energy source of atmospheric motion-solar radiation

42. Wind-horizontal pressure difference, blowing from high pressure area to low pressure area.

43. The wind belt where the northeast wind prevails-the northeast trade wind belt in the northern hemisphere and polar easterlies; The wind belt prevailing in the southeast wind-the southeast trade wind belt in the southern hemisphere and polar easterlies.

44. Equatorial low-pressure area-rainy area; Polar high pressure area-no rain area; Subtropical high pressure area-the west coast of the mainland and the inland of the mainland, with warm, hot and dry climate, is a region with little rain; Affected by summer monsoon, tropical storm and typhoon, the east coast of the mainland is rich in precipitation. Sub-polar low pressure area-rainy area.

45. The position of the pressure belt and wind belt on the earth moves with the north-south movement of the seasonal change of the direct point of the sun. 65438+ 10 moved south in October and moved north in July.

46. Analysis of the causes of monsoon: thermal differences between land and sea (East Asian monsoon)? Seasonal movement of wind belt in pressure belt. (South Asia and Southwest China) Affected by monsoon, there are dry and wet weather, rain and heat in a year, which is prone to drought in winter and waterlogging in summer.

47. Air pressure distribution in Asia and the North Pacific in winter and summer: in winter: Asian continent-Asian high (Mongolian high); North Pacific-Aleutian Low Summer: Asian continent-Asian low (Indian low); North Pacific-Hawaii high

48. East Asian monsoon-southeast wind in summer; The weather is northerly in winter. South Asian monsoon-southwest wind in summer; Northeast wind in winter.

49. High pressure-anticyclone-descending airflow-north to south-dry and sunny weather (summer drought: subtropical high, cold wave: Mongolian high).

50. Low pressure-cyclone-updraft-north to south-rainy weather (typhoon)

5 1. Meiyu-quasi-static stops in June and July.

52. The main body of the hydrosphere-seawater; Glaciers, the main body of fresh water (Antarctica)

53. The power of water cycle-solar radiation

54. Types of water cycle: land-sea cycle, offshore cycle and land cycle. The most important water cycle-the cycle between land and sea (the Great Cycle).

55. The water cycle that human beings can influence-surface runoff in some areas exerts certain influence, such as changing the time distribution of water in some areas-building reservoirs; Change the spatial distribution of water in local areas, transfer water across basins-South-to-North Water Transfer, Diversion from Luanhe River to Tianjin, Diversion from Yellow River to Qingdao, etc. Diversion irrigation.

56. Classification of ocean current: * Classification by water temperature: Warm current: The water temperature is high, and it generally flows from low latitude to high latitude. Cold current: the water temperature is low, generally flowing from high latitude to low latitude. * According to the causes: wind current, density current (Gibraltar Strait) and compensation current (Peru cold current).

57. Distribution law of ocean currents: In tropical and subtropical waters (except the northern Indian Ocean), the ocean circulation centered on the subtropical waters is north to south. The eastern ocean circulation is a cold current (the west coast of the mainland) and the western ocean circulation is a warm current (the east coast of the mainland).

58. The influence of ocean current on climate: warm current-warming and humidifying; Cold flow-cooling and dehumidification.

59. Distribution of four major fishing grounds: three are at the intersection of warm current and cold current; Peruvian fishing ground-Surge current in the waters near Peru

60. The source of river water is called river recharge.

6 1. Rainwater is the most important river water supply for most rivers in the world, and the rainwater supply is consistent with the seasonal variation of precipitation.

62. There are spring floods in rivers in the mountainous areas of Northeast China, with precipitation as the main factor and snowmelt water as the supplement. The seasonal variation of snowmelt water recharge runoff is basically consistent with the seasonal variation of temperature.

63. In rivers replenished by glacial meltwater, the seasonal variation of runoff is basically consistent with the seasonal variation of temperature.

64. Types of climatic resources: light, heat, moisture and wind energy.

65. Light resources depend on the total amount of solar radiation; The length of sunshine.

66. Measurement standard of heat source: air temperature, accumulated temperature and frost-free period. Heat is an important factor to determine crop distribution and multiple cropping index.

67. Water resources in a narrow sense-river water, fresh lake water and shallow groundwater.

69. A quantitative index to measure water resources-average runoff for many years; Runoff = precipitation-evaporation

70. Characteristics of water resources: irreplaceability, renewability and dual interests.

7 1. Quantitative characteristics of water resources in China-there are many water resources, but not many per capita; Spatial distribution characteristics-more in the south and less in the north, less in the east and west. Characteristics of time allocation-more in summer and autumn, less in winter and spring, and great interannual changes.

72. The natural causes of water shortage in the world are uneven distribution of water resources in time and space and abnormal climate. Man-made reasons-sharp increase in water consumption; Water pollution.

73. Adjusting the time imbalance of water resources-establishing water storage projects; Regulating the imbalance of water resources between regions-building an inter-basin water transfer project

74. Shanghai is rich in seawater resources, but it is a water-deficient city with serious water pollution. Protect water resources and prevent water pollution; Use water scientifically and save water.

75. The land resources in China are characterized by large absolute quantity and small per capita quantity. The regional distribution is very uneven.

76. The environmental protection function of forest resources: water conservation and soil and water conservation. Wind and sand fixation, protect farmland. Regulate the climate and purify the atmosphere. Beautify the environment (the reason why trees are widely planted in cities) and accommodate animals.

77. According to whether it is renewable or not, energy can be divided into renewable energy and non-renewable energy.

78. The consumption of oil and natural gas has accounted for 70% of the world's total energy consumption.

79. The West-East Gas Transmission Project is a gas transmission project to transport natural gas from Tarim and Changqing gas fields in Xinjiang to Shanghai through pipelines.

80. Classification of industrial sectors: primary industry-agriculture; Secondary industry-industry and construction; The tertiary industry. Industrial sector structure is the proportion of the three major industries.

8 1. the foundation of the national economy-agriculture

82. Characteristics of agricultural production: ① seasonality and periodicity (don't miss the farming season, adapt to the time); ② Regionality (according to local conditions)

83. Light and heat conditions affect crop multiple cropping index.

84. The reclamation index is related to the terrain, and the reclamation index is high-the terrain is flat; Low reclamation index-rugged terrain.

85. Suburban meat, poultry and eggs non-staple food base-economic geographical location

The two main sectors of agriculture-planting and animal husbandry.

87. The country with the highest output value of animal husbandry-the United States; The country with the largest number of cattle and sheep per capita-New Zealand

88. Regional types of world agricultural production: paddy field agriculture, traditional dry farming, extensive animal husbandry, Mediterranean agriculture, developed commercial agriculture and animal husbandry, and tropical plantation agriculture.

89. The dividing line between paddy field agriculture and traditional dry farming in China-Qinling Huaihe River; Extensive animal husbandry-areas with annual precipitation less than 250mm, four major pastoral areas in China; Tropical Farming —— Hainan in China, Leizhou Peninsula in Guangdong and Southern Yunnan.

90. It is highly commercialized and basically distributed in tropical plantation agriculture, which is a regional agricultural production in developing countries.

9 1. Developed commercial agriculture and animal husbandry, regional agricultural production that provides food for the international market.

92. Paddy agriculture-subtropical, tropical monsoon climate and tropical rain forest climate belt-East Asia, South Asia and Southeast Asia-rain and heat at the same time.

93. The leading sector of the national economy-industry. Industrial location conditions: energy and mineral resources; Environmental conditions; Transportation; Market; Labor force; Science and technology; Polymerization; Land price

94. Close to the origin of raw materials-canned foods such as sugar cane, sugar beet, aquatic products and fruits.

95. Close to the energy supply place-aluminum smelting.

96. Close to the consumer market-cotton yarn weaving, petroleum processing and other industries; Bottled drinks and other food industries, furniture manufacturing and printing industries.

97. Factories with air pollution (such as chemical plants, steel mills and thermal power plants)-should be arranged in the downwind direction of prevailing wind (dominant wind); The monsoon prevailing area should be arranged in the suburbs perpendicular to the monsoon direction.

Factories with water pollution (such as fertilizer plants, paper mills, chemical plants, printing and dyeing plants)-should be located in the lower reaches of rivers.

99. Factories that need clean water (such as waterworks) should be located in the upper reaches of rivers.

100. Assembly plants (such as TV assembly plants)-should be located where there is enough labor.

10 1. The layout of iron and steel industry includes "coal-iron composite" and "coastal".

102. "coal-iron complex"-close to the raw material and fuel area-along the Great Lakes of the United States, Ruhr, Krivorog-Donbass, and Anshan-Benxi, China.

103. "Coastal type" is far away from raw materials and fuels and close to consumer markets, such as Baoshan in Shanghai and Pacific coast in Japan.

104. According to the forming conditions, the industrial zone is divided into ① mining type-Ruhr, California, central and southern Liaoning; ② Processing type-Jingbin, Shanghai-Nanjing-Hangzhou, Japan; ③ Mixed type-Beijing-Tianjin-Tangshan

105. the largest unit and type of industrial regional system-industrial zone

106. North America Industrial Zone, the largest and most developed industrial zone in the world.

107. Western Europe Industrial Zone, the earliest industrialized industrial zone with the second economy.

108. Resource-based heavy industrial zone-Eastern Europe industrial zone

109. The processing trade coastal industrial zone with the highest dependence on foreign countries-Japan Pacific Coastal Industrial Zone.

1 10: commercial location conditions: traffic, population, agglomeration and land price.

1 1 1: industrial structure upgrading and optimization.

1 12. Factors affecting population growth-birth rate, mortality rate and natural growth rate; Natural growth rate = birth rate-mortality rate

1 13. Population problems in developed countries-population aging is serious, population growth is extremely slow, and even continues to decline. The problem of aging has also brought a series of social problems, such as the shortage of labor force, the heavy burden of young and middle-aged people, and the support of many widowed and disabled elderly people. 1 14. Population measures in developed countries: encouraging fertility and accepting immigrants

1 15. Aging: 7% of the population over 65 years old is aging, 10% is seriously aging.

1 16. Sweden, the country with the highest proportion of elderly people; Bangladesh has the lowest proportion of elderly people.

1 17. Population problems in developing countries: high birth rate, rapid natural growth, and a large proportion of children in the population age composition.

1 18. Population measures in developing countries: implementing or endorsing family planning policies to reduce excessive birth rates. 1 19. Population problems and population policies in China: * The population base is large and the growth is fast. * The age composition of the population is relatively light. * The economic structure of the population has not improved for a long time. * The cultural and educational level of the population is low. Overpopulation and rapid growth have increased the pressure on resources and the environment. Population policy: resolutely implement the basic national policy of family planning, advocate late marriage and late childbearing, have fewer and healthier children, strictly control population growth, strive to improve population quality, gradually improve population structure and promote the sustainable development of population, economy, society, environment and resources.

120. The main form of population migration: labor migration; Migration of refugees; Intellectual transfer.

12 1. An indicator for measuring population distribution-population density (people/km). Factors affecting population capacity: natural resources and environment; Scientific and technological level; Regional openness; Per capita consumption level.

122. Four densely populated areas: East Asia; South Asia, southern Europe 60 N, eastern North America

123. The most densely populated area-South Asia

124. sparsely populated areas: ① cold zone (Siberia) ② tropical rain forest (Amazon and Congo) ③ desert (Sahara and Taklimakan) and arid grassland ④ plateau (Qinghai-Tibet Plateau) and high mountains.

125. Heihe-Tengchong line, an important dividing line of China's population geography.

126: Basic characteristics of the city: high concentration of population and economic activities; Industrial activities are mainly secondary and tertiary industries; Education, science and technology, and cultural undertakings are developed.

127. urban classification: according to the size of the city: the standards of various countries are different from those of China-non-agricultural population 1 10,000 or more; 500 ~ 1 10000 is a big city; 200,000 to 500,000 are medium-sized cities; Below 200,000 is a small city.

128: city scale: world cities (new york, Tokyo, London), regional central cities (Hong Kong), national central cities (Beijing, Shanghai), inter-provincial regional central cities (Wuhan, Chongqing, Tianjin, Shenyang, Dalian), provincial capital cities and major cities in provinces, regional central cities in provinces, county-level central cities and towns below the county level.

129. Urban function: the standard of China-comprehensiveness and professionalism. Comprehensive: the political, economic and cultural center of the whole country or a certain region. Such as megacities and major cities. ② Professionalism: industrial and mining cities, agricultural and forestry cities, transportation hubs, tourist cities, famous cultural cities and cities with political functions.

130. Functional zoning within the city-commercial area, industrial area and residential area.

13 1. Urbanization: refers to the process that a large number of rural people flood into cities and a large number of rural areas are transformed into cities.

132. An important symbol of urbanization-the increase in the proportion of urban population.

133. the essence of urbanization-the transformation of residents from the primary industry to the secondary industry and the tertiary industry and their concentration in cities is a process of fundamental changes in the whole social life.

134. Problems in urbanization-environmental problems, traffic problems, housing problems and social problems.

135. suburbanization: it is the process of population migration from the central city to the suburbs of the city.

136. Anti-urbanization: the process of population migration from top ten cities to surrounding small and medium-sized cities or rural areas.

137: cultural factors: environmental factors; Social factors; Population and ethnic migration factors; Cultural factors; Time factor.

138: world cultural circle: western European cultural circle; Eastern European cultural circle; East Asian cultural circle; South Asian cultural circle; Southeast Asian cultural circle; Islamic cultural circle; African cultural circle; Latin American cultural circle; Pacific cultural circle.

139: China regional culture: northeast black soil culture; North China Plain Culture; Loess plateau culture; Inner Mongolia grassland culture; Xinjiang desert oasis culture; Qinghai-Tibet plateau culture; Sichuan basin culture; Yunnan-Guizhou plateau culture; Jiangnan water town culture; Mazu culture in South China.

140: Shanghai culture.

14 1. RS- remote sensing; GPS- Global Positioning System (at least 3 satellites are used for positioning); GIS- geographic information system