What is the specific content of economic and cultural exchanges between the Han Dynasty and the Western Regions after the opening of the Silk Road?

During the Tang Dynasty, great changes took place in the social outlook of the northern and southern Tianshan Mountains. The degree of communication and integration between ethnic groups has been strengthened unprecedentedly, and agriculture began to appear in the traditional nomadic areas of northern Xinjiang. In the oasis agriculture in southern Xinjiang and Guo Cheng area, as well as Turpan and Jimsar in the northern Tianshan Mountains, agricultural production has been further developed due to the government's large-scale reclamation and resettlement measures, the appearance of the official water conservancy management institution "Taotuo Institute" and the supporting use of production tools. With the development of economy, certain changes have taken place in Xinjiang's production relations and social structure. Handicrafts include the mining, smelting and processing of metals such as iron, copper, steel, gold and silver, and the casting of silver and copper coins. Gaochang's cotton fabrics-white wool, woolen cloth and Qiuci woolen cloth-are all sold well inside and outside the region. Some progress has been made in paper industry, leather processing, gold, silver and jade carving products.

The commercial activities in the Western Regions were very active in the Tang Dynasty, and the Silk Road was further expanded, especially the smooth grassland road in the northern Tianshan Mountains, which made the commercial exchanges between the Western Regions and neighboring areas more convenient. The Tang Dynasty tried its best to maintain the safety of traffic and commercial roads, and set up a large number of post stations and other facilities along the way. Passers-by and businessmen must have a "crossing point" (passport or pass) issued by the government to pass through the land and water checkpoints. These facilities and regulations not only facilitate the traffic between military and political officials and the army, but also bring great convenience to business travel and material circulation in the past.

Zhang Ji, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, vividly reproduced the frequent and close trade exchanges between the mainland and the western regions in his poem "Countless bells pass through stains, and we will bring them to Anxi". The word "Anxi" in the poem refers to Qiuci, the metropolis of Anxi in the Tang Dynasty. Commodity exchange also promoted the issuance and circulation of money. At that time, in addition to the coins of the Tang Dynasty, there were also gold and silver coins of West Asian countries such as Qiuci coins, small copper coins used for sudden riding, Persian coins cast by local people.

Compared with the previous generation, the culture and art of the Western Regions in the Tang Dynasty made great achievements, and the popularity of many languages reflected the outstanding role of the Western Regions in international cultural exchanges at that time. Western music and dance even had a great influence on Chang 'an's fashion. Of the ten pieces of music in the Tang Dynasty, three are western music (Shule, Qiuci and Gaochang). Bai Mingda, Pei Shenfu, Wei Chiqing and other western actors' superb acting skills shocked the Central Plains, and Zhejiang Branch Dance, Hu Xuan Dance, Hu Teng Dance and Headline Dance were popular in the ruling and opposition parties. Western painter Wei Chiyi and his father Wei Chizhina's concave-convex painting skills have influenced the changes of painting style in the Central Plains. Buddhism and its culture from India, digested and blended by local Buddhists and monks in the western regions, formed a unique local style and spread eastward to the Central Plains, injecting new vitality into China's traditional culture. Xuanzang, a monk in the Central Plains, went to India to learn from the scriptures through the Western Regions, leaving behind an immortal masterpiece, The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang.

The eastern spread of costumes, diets, architectural styles and customs in the western regions greatly enriched the cultural connotation of the Tang Dynasty. Frontier poems, which appeared in the literary world of the Central Plains during this period, took the frontier military career as the theme and eulogized the strange customs of the western desert, which constituted a wonderful flower in Tang poetry. Similarly, Confucian culture and Taoist classics also spread from the mainland to the western regions. According to historical records, at that time, the study of Confucian classics of Han people in the western regions had been brought into the track of the imperial examination, and special schools were set up in areas where Han people lived in Gaochang and other places. Shi Mao, The Analects of Confucius, The Book of Filial Piety and other Confucian classic manuscripts, as well as relics of Taoist symbols and scrolls, have been unearthed in Turpan. Among them, Notes on the Analects of Confucius and Zheng Shi in Astana Cemetery in Turpan is a public school student who is only 12 years old.

Imitation of jinglong four years in Tang dynasty (ad 7 10). It is said that Zheng Zhu's Analects of Confucius also has high cultural value. The popularity of the above-mentioned Chinese classics in Gaochang has had a far-reaching impact on the development of local social production and cultural progress.