The historical evolution of Spain

Main entry: Spanish history main entry: Punic War

From about 3000 BC, foreign nationalities began to immigrate to Iberian Peninsula on a large scale.

In 1200 BC, Celts from Central Europe and Northern Europe entered the peninsula from the north and spread to the whole peninsula. The only area in the history of Iberian Peninsula that has not been invaded by any foreign forces is the northern mountainous area where Basques live.

In BC 1 100, Phoenicians established a colony on the peninsula and established Gadir (the city of Cadiz). Phoenicians established trade relations with Spain. In order to further develop the resources of the peninsula, the Phoenicians established a permanent residence along the Mediterranean coast.

In the 9th century BC, Celts moved in from Central Europe. Since the 8th century BC, Iberian Peninsula has been invaded by foreigners and ruled by Romans, Visigoths and Moors for a long time. The Spanish waged a long struggle against foreign aggression.

During the Punic War, the Carthaginians took the opportunity to occupy most of the land in Spain, and the famous cities they left behind included Cartagena ("New Carthage"). After the Romans defeated the Carthaginians in the Punic War, they soon occupied the whole peninsula.

In the 6th century BC, Celts and Iberians who came to Iberian Peninsula intermarried and merged with each other, resulting in the later Celtic beria. The Phoenicians joined forces with cartago to fight against Serti beria, and later cartago became the master of the peninsula.

In 2 18 BC, the Romans invaded Spain on a large scale.

In 206 BC, the Romans expelled cartago from the Iberian Peninsula. The Romans met with heroic resistance in the process of conquering Serti beria.

In 19 BC, the Romans completely conquered the whole Iberian peninsula.

Since then, Spain has been a province of the Roman Empire for 500 years.

In the 5th century, the Roman Empire began to collapse. In 409 AD, the Visigoths invaded Spain and established the Visigoth Kingdom, thus beginning their 300-year rule.

In 7 1 1 AD, the visigoths ended their rule over the Iberian Peninsula. Main entry: Battle of Guadalet

In 7 10, a visigoth competitor sought the help of Arabs (also known as Moors) because of the struggle for the throne, thus beginning the invasion history of Moors.

In 7 1 1 year, the moors invaded Spain and won the battle of Guadalet. It took only seven years to conquer the Iberian Peninsula, so that Spain began nearly 800 years of Islamic rule, which was called "Andalus country" and China called it "green food" in ancient times. There were several Emirates in early Spain, belonging to the caliph of Damascus.

In 722 AD, the first battle of the Guangfu Movement started in Covadonga Mountain in asturias. In this battle, the Christian army defeated the Arab army led by the leader pelayo. Christians from other European countries also responded to the Pope's call and went to Spain to participate in the anti-Arab jihad. While fighting the Arabs, Christianity formed two kingdoms, Castilla and Aragon.

In 756 AD, the first Moorish king, Af Delamain I, made Cordoba the capital and declared independence.

In the 10 century, Moorish rule reached its peak. Later, the caliph of Có rdoba was divided into several kingdoms. Faced with the Arab invasion and occupation of Spain, Christians began to resist.

1085, the Christian army recaptured Toledo, with Castilla as its capital.

12 12 years, under the leadership of Alfonso VII, the army of the kingdom of Castilla won a decisive victory over the Moors in Las Navas de Tolosa; Since then, cities such as Cordoba, Seville, Jerez and Cadiz have been recovered, leaving only the Kingdom of Granada.

1469, Isabel married Fernando, Prince of Aragon, and the two kingdoms of Castilla and Aragon were married, which laid the foundation for the final reunification of the two kingdoms.

1474, 23-year-old Isabel became Queen of Castilla, and she established a new court and town administrative system.

1479, Fernando ascended the throne and became the king of Aragon. The two countries formally merged into a unified kingdom of Spain, and the couple were called "Catholic kings". Main item: Spanish Renaissance Movement

1492 65438+ 10 On 2 October, Granada, the capital of the Moors, fell, Spain's recovery movement was declared complete, and Spain finally achieved reunification.

1492, Columbus led a fleet from Gaddis, Spain. 10, 12 years, he discovered the new American continent, landed on the island of San Salvador in the Bahamas, and then returned to Spain with several aborigines and some things. After Columbus discovered the West Indies, Spain gradually became a maritime power. Since then, Spanish colonists began to conquer and occupy Latin America, and extended their territory to the other side of the Atlantic and the Philippines.

15 16, the son of Juana and Philip I, Charles I, as the grandson of the family of Trastamala, inherited the throne of Castilla, Leon, Aragon and Navarra, and established the earliest confederate country in Europe for Carlos I. /kloc-was a maritime power in the 0 th and 6 th centuries, and then gradually declined.

15 19, Hernando Cortes and others arrived in Mexico from Cuba and conquered tenochtitlan, the capital of the Aztec tribe.

1530, Francisco Pizarro led his men to set out from Panama and arrived in the Inca Empire a few months later to conquer Cusco, the capital of the Inca Empire. Many tribes were wiped out and Indian civilization was destroyed.

1588, Philip II crusaded against Britain, but the Spanish navy was backward in equipment, and with the attack of storms, Spain's "Armada" was defeated by the British navy led by the pirate Drake, so Spain lost its position as a maritime power and began to decline.

1648, Spain defeated France, and its military superiority on land came to an end. Since then, in the war of succession to the Spanish throne, Gibraltar was ceded to Britain, Portugal, Italy and the Netherlands fell one after another, and Spain gradually declined.

/kloc-in 0/700, charles ii died, and his sister Maria Teresa and the grandson of French king Louis X succeeded him (Philip V). Since then, the Spanish throne has been transferred from the Habsburg family in Austria to the Bourbon family in France. Although Felipe became the king of Spain, in order to compete for the Spanish throne, Faxi went to war with Austria (supported by Britain and the Netherlands) and signed the Peace of Utrecht in 17 13. Austria got Flanders, Milan, Sardinia and Naples, Britain got Gibraltar, the Netherlands got many fortresses in Flanders, and Spain only got its own land in exchange for other countries.

/kloc-in the 9th century, Napoleon took aim at Spain after seizing the French power. Under the pretext of attacking Portugal by land, he sent troops to occupy Spain and arranged for his brother to be king of Spain. The Spanish people rose up against the law. 1On May 2, 808, the war of independence broke out, and Spain paid a heavy price for this war, and Spain lost most of its overseas colonies.

1837, Isabel Ii formally merged it into a country after passing the constitutional monarchy bill, and decided to use the Spanish word "Espa? The naming of "A" (from Phoenician, meaning "Hare") ended the mode of * * * main confederation after more than 300 years. Main item: Spanish-American War

1873, the bourgeois revolution broke out and the first Republic was established. 1874 65438+restoration of the dynasty on February 24th.

1898, the Spanish-American War ended in Spain's defeat, Cuba gained independence, Spain ceded Puerto Rico and Guam to the United States, and sold the Philippines at a low price ($20 million). Spain lost all its overseas colonies and its status as an international power ceased to exist. And remained neutral in the first world war.

193 1 12 in April, the Spanish dynasty was overthrown and the second Republic was established. In the municipal elections, the left-wing forces won; On June 4th, 65438, the Republic of China was established in Barcelona and San Sebastian. In Madrid, the Revolutionary Committee announced the establishment of an interim government; Alfonso XIII went into exile voluntarily. On June 28th of the same year, the * * * peace faction held a national election and declared religious freedom. In February of the same year, Spain adopted a new constitution, and the new government embarked on reforms and legislation in agriculture, education and regional autonomy. At the same time, some right-wing parties have been established.

1932 coup soldiers were pardoned, and the central government clashed with the Catalonia regional government.

In the general elections of 1933, 1 1, the right-wing party won and some new laws (such as the basic law of agricultural reform) were abolished.

1936 In February, with the participation of the Socialist Party and the Producer Party, a coalition government led by the People's Front was established. 1in July, 936, Franco launched a rebellion, which triggered a three-year Spanish civil war. 1in April, 939, he seized power and practiced dictatorship for 36 years.

1947 In July, Franco declared Spain a monarchy and became a lifelong head of state. 1in July, 966, Juan Carlos, grandson of the last king Alfonso XIII, was appointed as the heir.

1975165438+1October 20th, Franco died, Juan Carlos I ascended the throne, and the monarchy was restored. 1 July, 19761day, Adolfo Suarez Gonzalez, former secretary general of the National Movement, was appointed as Prime Minister, and the transition to western parliamentary democracy began. 1978 65438+the new constitution was formally promulgated in February.

1982 Spain joins NATO. 1986, Spain joined the European Union.

From 1996 to 2004, the People's Party was in power continuously.

From 2004 to 20 1 1, the Labour Party and the Socialist Party came to power again.

In 2065438+0116543810, the commune party lost in the general election and the People's Party returned to power.