This paper reviews the regional adjustment of Huangling anticline 1∶ 1 10,000 and its social benefits.

(China Geo University, Beijing)

The theme of this seminar is "Study on Social, Economic and Cultural Functions of the History of Regional Geological Survey in China". In view of this proposition, I can't help but recall the first round of regional adjustment work I did in 1958 ~ 196 1 myself. Although nearly half a century has passed, almost every detail is still vivid because of its deep impression. As for whether the work results have been tested in the later development of the discipline and what social benefits have been brought into play, there is also concern. The general feeling is: regional adjustment is the basis of developing geological science; Regional maps are also indispensable basic materials in various fields of national construction.

one

In 1958, China began to carry out a large-scale regional survey in a planned way according to the regional survey standard of the Soviet Union1∶ 200,000. Previously, pilot projects led by Soviet experts had begun in Tianshan, Daxing 'anling and Nanling. 1958 at the turn of spring and summer, I was teaching structural geology to Mr. Ma Xingyuan. Teacher Ma told me, "After the last course, you are going to study in Xinjiang Tianshan No.13 Brigade to see how they use aerial photos to survey." The party's educational policy of "education serves the proletariat, combining education with labor production" was promulgated after the course examination and before the start. In response to this spirit, the Party Committee of Beijing Institute of Geology quickly decided that all the teachers and students majoring in geology in the whole hospital would participate in the regional adjustment work during the summer internship. Time was short, so Mr. Ma informed me that I would not go to Xinjiang for the time being, and asked me to borrow information from the Information Bureau of the Ministry of Geology to hold a small exhibition to briefly introduce the interpretation method of aerial photos to the tour leader. Then everyone hurried out of the team and went to the provinces.

At that time, I was incorporated into the Hubei Brigade led by Mr. Ma Xingyuan. The Hubei team consists of teachers and students from the General Survey Department of Beijing Institute of Geology, the Petroleum Department of Peking University and the Geology Department. The census department is responsible for Zhushan, Gucheng, Nanzhang, Yichang and Suixian, the petroleum department is responsible for Badong, Changyang and Enshi, and the geological department of Peking University is responsible for Yicheng. Basically covering more than half of Hubei Province; I was assigned to take charge of Yichang. Considering the convenience of connecting maps, centralized exploration is adopted to unify stratigraphic understanding. Jingshan squadron in northwest Hubei was led by teacher Li Shuyu to explore Nanzhang. Just after the reconnaissance came back, when the teams were about to enter their own maps to carry out their work, a new political movement began, and the whole people forged steel. I was assigned to Zhongxiang, Yicheng and Jingmen counties outside the map to cooperate with the local search for iron ore. I didn't return to my map work until August. The following year, because the teachers and students of petroleum department in southwest Hubei switched to petroleum investigation, the three maps they were responsible for were accepted in advance, and the work of pre-Sinian magmatic rocks and metamorphic rocks in the eastern Badong sheet, including a narrow Huangling anticline core, could not pass. To this end, Xia, the chief engineer of Hubei Bureau, telegraphed to Beijing at that time and asked me to go to Wuhan for discussion immediately. If I agreed to complete a complete geological map of the core of Huangling anticline, I could let Badong teachers and students leave. Yichang can only make the western half of the geological map, and the eastern half will be handed over to the Fifth Petroleum Corps. Although the mapping area is reduced, the content is more complicated than other maps, including three types of rock areas: rock, subsidence and deformation, and the sedimentary strata span from Sinian to Tertiary. I am the only teacher in charge of this picture, with more than a dozen students, mainly assisted by several senior students. But in the second year, the former senior students graduated, and there was a lot of pressure to change a group of new students and retrain them. Now it seems that the students at that time were not really low-level or serious. Now Chen Xu, an academician of Chinese Academy of Sciences, is the student captain of 1958; Later, Liu Yufa, vice president of China Geo University, was then the party secretary. His strong organizational and management skills have played a great role in the smooth development of the work. Drawing and writing reports should be assisted by students; The final result is not bad. The expert group composed of the leaders of the regional survey bureau of the Ministry of Geology and the provincial geological bureau examined them one by one in strict accordance with the regional survey norms, and formally accepted them. At last, they got a high evaluation, and thought that the quality of this map was no less than that of Shaoguan map led by Soviet experts who had just accepted it. This is the highest score among several drawings accepted at the same time. Decades have passed, and it is still very hard to recall the work at that time. It was a difficult period of three years. I ate chaff and swallowed vegetables in the field, and I was starving. I went up the mountain with fried noodles and bean cakes for livestock. When climbing the mountain is not good, you can only eat one or two "refueling". There are no roads and means of transportation, but carrying luggage, materials, picture tubes, specimens, samples, lanterns and pottery sand tables, while climbing mountains, observing, mapping, recording and sampling. However, the results of regional adjustment have played a role in geological scientific research and economic construction. Deng and Jin Jingbo, two students who took part in this work, left before me. At that time, one tube was metamorphic rock and the other tube was magmatic rock. They worked very hard and made important contributions to the high-quality completion of this map. I want to take this article as a memorial and comfort. In a word, this regional adjustment work was spent in a very unusual period. Not only is the task arduous and the working conditions difficult, but also the political movements continue one after another, which left a deep impression on me.

two

Summarizing the social benefits of Yichang (or Huangling anticline)1∶ 200,000 regional comprehensive survey results can be summarized as the following four aspects.

1. fills the blank of geological map and provides basic data for engineering geology and regional stability evaluation for the design of Three Gorges Project.

As we all know, 1956, Chairman Mao crossed the Yangtze River and wrote in the first sentence of the water diversion song: "... a bridge flies north and south, and natural hazards become a thoroughfare. It is also to set up a stone wall of Xijiang River to block Wushan Yunyu, and the high gorge goes out of Pinghu. The goddess should be safe and sound, which will surprise the world. " This means that after the completion of Wuhan Yangtze River Bridge, the Three Gorges Dam will be built. Changban has begun to plan the Three Gorges Project of the Yangtze River, and the Three Gorges Hydrological Team directly under the Ministry of Geology has also begun to survey and select sites along the Yangtze River at 1958. At that time, the geological maps based on were those along the Yangtze River made by Li Siguang in 1924, Zhao Yazeng and Xie Yu in 1925. The northern part of Huangling anticline is still a large blank area. For the Three Gorges Project, there is an urgent need for a new and complete regional geological map including the periphery. At that time, Hu Haitao, chief engineer of the Three Gorges Hydrological Team, told me that he very much hoped to have a formal and complete geological map, because Sandouping dam site and Nanjinguan dam site were both in our map, and the Wudu River fault in the periphery was also in our map. In addition, the engineering geological survey of the middle route of "South-to-North Water Transfer Project" carried out in synchronization with our work also came to our team to collect data. In a word, this regional mapping not only fills a part of the blank of the national geological map, but also provides the first regular regional geological map for the Three Gorges Project.

2. A series of new discoveries have deepened the basic geological research.

(1) It is suggested to cancel Meirentuo gneiss horizon and establish Kongling Group.

Previously, the pre-Sinian strata in the Three Gorges area were divided into three layers: Huangling granite, Meirentuo gneiss and Kong Ling schist according to the Sandouping system established by Mr. Li Siguang (1924). Through our large-scale mapping, it is found that the original Meirentuo gneiss is essentially a kind of migmatite in the contact area between Kong Ling schist and Huangling granite, and the original rock of the matrix in the migmatite is consistent with Kong Ling schist, which is a set of aluminum-rich metamorphic rocks with graphite schist and marble. It was recently named the Kunzite Series. The name of Kong Ling schist is not worthy of the name, because most Kong Ling schists have different degrees of migmatization; Most of them became mixed gneiss and banded migmatite. Therefore, at the first stratigraphic meeting of 1959, I wrote an article suggesting deleting the word "Meirentuo gneiss" from the stratigraphic table and renaming "Kong Ling schist" as "Konglingqun" or "Kong Ling Series". Then, according to the different matrix components, Kong Ling Group was divided into four groups. After decades, I still have some feelings about the disappearance of the poetic stratum name "Meirentuo Gneiss".

Pinghu in Gaoxia flooded Huangling, which has a famous stratigraphic history.

In front of Kong Ling Beach, there are beautiful people, and ribbons are like goddesses.

Ask the beauty why, and answer that granite is doped with dye.

Geological age has no real significance, so it must give way to Kong Ling Formation.

The problem of the times tends to be from the new Archean to the ancient Proterozoic. At that time, systematic isotope samples were collected and sent to the Soviet Union for testing. Due to the deterioration of Sino-Soviet relations, no results were found. Judging from the later literature, this proposal was basically accepted by everyone. Only with the development of metamorphic petrology, geochemistry and isotopic chronology, the research is more in-depth and detailed.

(2) The Huangling granite disintegrated.

From 1924 to 1925, Li Siguang, Zhao Yaceng, Xie et al. The Huangling granite body, which has been neglected for a long time, is determined. Until 1957, Li erong studied it again. He believes that Huangling granite body is intermediate-acid bedrock, Huanglingmiao granite body and Sandouping biotite quartz diorite body are the result of an intrusion. Through our comprehensive mapping of the core of Huangling anticline, it is found that the magmatic rocks here are complex, including many kinds of intermediate-acid rocks and many small basic ultrabasic rocks, some of which may be mantle xenoliths. According to the geosyncline theory at that time, the magmatic activity here can be divided into two cycles of magmatic activity and five intrusions from basic to acidic. In the early orogenic stage of early tectonic magmatic cycle, basic ultrabasic rocks (Taipingxi and other rocks) were formed. Early white migmatization and mixed granite bodies (Fengxiangping and Zhoujiahe) were formed simultaneously during orogeny. Huangling plagiogranite base was formed in the late orogeny. After the second magmatic cycle, the early stage is small intermediate-basic rocks such as Cha 'ershan and Xujiahe diabase. In the late stage, with the second stage of syenite migmatization, Huanyitang, Fork Road and Fenghuoshan rock masses were formed. At present, mapping is based on unit and super-unit, and the study of petrology has also made great progress, and the naming of rocks has also changed greatly. The initial disintegration and mapping of Huangling granite foundation was completed through this regional mapping.

(3) The discovery of the "Changshou" fault in Wudu River.

Wuduhe fault is the largest fault in the survey area, which strikes northwest, obliquely cuts the core of Huangling anticline and extends to the Paleozoic to Mesozoic and Cenozoic sedimentary cover in the east wing. Judging from the development of red migmatization and the intrusion of small rocks along the core, it was formed as early as Proterozoic, but judging from the late Paleozoic sedimentary rocks, the two sides of the fault repeatedly rose and fell in Hercynian and middle-late Devonian strata (Yuntaiguan Formation, Huangjiadeng Formation and Xujingsi Formation). The fracture of derived structural scratches is directly observed from the outcrop, which also reflects the left-handed and right-handed translation characteristics of Yanshan period. The fault extends to the red bed of Donghu Group, and the lithologic granularity of the two plates changes completely. When reporting to Mr. Ma Xingyuan at that time, he said with great interest, "This is a long-standing problem". Generally speaking, although this fault has been active many times for a long time, it has not been active every time and it is not active now.

3. Discover new ore occurrences and point out the distribution law of minerals.

19581∶ 200,000 area adjustment is very comprehensive, which requires mine inspection, metal quantity measurement, heavy sand measurement and gamma measurement at the same time; Finally, 37 ore inspection cards, 4 heavy sand survey maps, 6 metal survey maps and ore distribution forecast maps were submitted. In a word, the workload is very heavy. Judging from the current technical requirements, the level is not necessarily high, but some prospecting clues put forward at that time are still very meaningful. For example, ultrabasic rocks are found in granite, skarn magnetite is found in the contact area between acid rocks and marble in Kongling Group, and the abnormal measurement of heavy sand metal content shows that there is a prospect of polymetallic ore in this area, and graphite interlayer in Kongling Group has potential. With regard to the distribution law of minerals, we found that Ningxiang-type iron deposits in the late Devonian were only distributed in the south of Wuduhe fault, while Liangshan coal measures in the early Permian were only distributed in the north of Wuduhe fault. Coal seam syncline from north to south, from narrow to wide, from deep to shallow. Because the general law of Jingshantai fold belt in the north of the survey area is that the fold strength decreases from north to south, that is, the amplitude ratio decreases. Zhou Shengsheng, chief engineer of Hubei Bureau, was very happy when the project was completed and accepted. He said, "I just hope you can provide this information for the regional survey, which will be useful for me to guide the prospecting."

4. Provide basic data for compiling small-scale geological map.

After two years' work from 1958 to 1959, the Ministry of Geology has instructed all provinces to compile the geological map, lithofacies palaeogeographic map, magmatic rock distribution map and geotectonic map of the whole province according to the new regional survey data. It should be said that this is also a social benefit of regional adjustment. Without the new information provided by the regional survey, the map cannot be compiled. At that time, I was responsible for compiling the geotectonic map of Hubei province 1 ∶ 1 10,000. A problem worth remembering is that the mapping at that time needed to divide and name the tectonic units according to the Soviet geosyncline platform theory. The definition of "fold belt" in this theory must be the expression of "geosyncline regression". In his representative work "Main Geological Structural Units in China" (1954), Mr. Huang called the Dabashan, Bamianshan and Lower Yangtze tectonic belts on the Yangtze platform as fold belts. If the naming of Mr. Huang is extended, it obviously contradicts the popular concept at that time. The two fold belts have different structures and deformation mechanisms. Confused, I wonder why I can't add an attribute to distinguish the two. So, I came up with a term "platform fold belt", which is to distinguish the platform fold belt from the geosyncline fold belt and hand in the papers before asking Teacher Ma. I didn't expect to be praised by Mr. Zhang Wenyou and Mr. Ma Xingyuan after returning to Beijing. It has been widely used since then.

The result of regional adjustment has wide application. From 65438 to 0970, I worked on a drilling rig in Dabie Mountain and was re-educated by the working class. I didn't expect to receive an urgent telegram from the school's military propaganda team, urging me to report to the revolutionary Committee of Hubei Geological Bureau. At that time, I didn't know what I was doing After I arrived in Wuhan, I realized that I was asked to participate in the compilation of the "Geological Map of Military Requirements" of the Hubei Military Region. This is the first time I know that geology and military are related.

Now it seems that the results of regional adjustment can not be separated from geological maps in many fields, such as environmental geology, disaster geology (including earthquakes), hydrology, engineering, energy (including geothermal), agriculture, tourism geology and so on. The benefits of geological maps to human society are immeasurable. However, behind the completion of a geological map, the hardships and sweat paid by regional investigators are little known. Especially in the difficult period of 1958 ~ 196 1, the first round of1:200,000 regional adjustment was unimaginable for modern young people. Therefore, I am very much in favor of summing up the academic significance and social and economic benefits of the results of geological survey in various stages, and suggest increasing the social background and working conditions during the work period.

Attachment: Twisted Structure Set —— A Review of Twisted Structure in Niukouyu.

Spin-torsion structure

-Remember the rotating and twisting structure of Niukouyu?

Zhoukoudian, a Peking man, is the cradle built by geological children.

1In the early summer of 957, the structural miracle was discovered.

The "small millstone" on the southern slope of Da 'nan was originally a dome rotation point.

In the dice ditch, the axis of the "petrol tank" is almost horizontal and very small.

The horn folds "windmills turn" and the tension-torsion fault radiates.

The arc strike-slip belongs to the outer ring, and the torsion sleeves are connected in series.

Beiling syncline is half-moon-shaped, and its power comes from granite.

The torsion at the turning end is strong, and it will come true on Phoenix Mountain.

Brush joints are multi-step, and the combination of rotation and torsion is even less common.

A complete collection of twisting types, it can be called a twisting museum.

1962, the results were reported, and Li Laowen was overjoyed.

Give a speech at the annual geological meeting, and all the teachers will visit after the meeting.

Li Lao went up the mountain to make suggestions and make up his works more perfect.

Go to see it after forty years, close the mountain to facilitate afforestation and fill the gully.

Many wonderful phenomena have not been seen, and students sigh with regret.

Niukouyu, Zhoukoudian, Xishan, Beijing, has concentrated a variety of rare and wonderful small-scale torsion structures, including vertical axis torsion structure, horizontal axis torsion structure, turbine-like fold, three-dimensional series torsion structure, multi-sequence torsion structure, cross-compound torsion structure and many other rare types, which can be described as a wonderful collection. At the turn of autumn and winter in 2008, at the age of 70, he taught geomechanics to graduate students and led them to observe on the spot after class. I didn't expect most of the phenomena to be destroyed or covered up, which is a great pity. Just received the notice of the commemorative meeting to commemorate Li Siguang's birthday120th anniversary. Thanks to Mr. Li Siguang's personal guidance, I wrote down the research process briefly as a souvenir. I also look forward to showing mercy to geological phenomena with important scientific significance when building large-scale projects in the future.