History compulsory unit 1 and unit 2

unit 2 political system of ancient Greece and Rome

I Aegean civilization and ancient Greek city-state system

(1) Aegean civilization refers to the civilizations distributed in the Aegean islands and their surrounding areas, including Crete civilization and Mycenae civilization.

1. Crete civilization

(1) Time: 2-17 years ago, and disappeared in the first 14 years

(2) Performance: ① A monarchy country appeared in Crete; ② Palace buildings and hieroglyphs appeared; 2. Mycenae civilization

(1) Time: 14 years ago.

(2) "Dark Age": In the 12th century, Mycenae civilization was completely destroyed. After more than 3 years, it was called the "dark age".

(3) the city-state era (ancient Greek city-state):

1. The concept of city-state: a state form from about the 8th century to the 6th century, with a city as the center and several surrounding villages.

2. Representatives: Athens and Sparta

3. City-state colonization:

(1) Original causes: mountains and islands, many harbors, surrounded by water on three sides, less arable land, and less people and land; The development of maritime industry

(2) Influence: promoting development, broadening horizons, and laying the foundation for creating its own unique civilization

(3) City-state characteristics: small country with few people, long-term autonomy of each state.

(4) political types: aristocratic system, democratic system (the most popular) monarchy, tyrant system and oligarchy system.

Supplement:

1. The influence of the geographical environment of ancient Greece on the overseas colonization of Greek city-states

(1) Reasons: ① Greece is mountainous, so it is not suitable for farming and food cannot be self-sufficient, so it must be colonized and expanded; (2) Greece has a long coastline, densely populated islands, numerous ports and convenient transportation, which is conducive to colonial expansion.

(2) Results: The expansion of the region promoted the commodity production and overseas trade in all parts of Greece, and also opened the eyes of the Greeks, and absorbed advanced cultural achievements such as alphabet, architecture, sculpture, metallurgy and coinage from the East, laying a solid foundation for creating their own unique civilization.

2. How does the Greek city-state characteristics promote the development of democracy?

(1) Small area gives citizens more opportunities to participate in politics

(2) Independence makes the development of city-state democracy continuous

(3) Developed commodity economy and frequent overseas activities make Greeks accept the concept of equality and democracy earlier

3. What were the forms of ancient Greek city-state government? What do they have in common and what is their essence?

(1) Ancient Greek city-state system

Types of government

Features

Monarchy

Monarchy is autocratic, with little or no civil rights

Aristocracy

Aristocracy is in power, and civil rights have increased

Democracy

Citizens are in power, and the assembly is the highest authority

Oligopoly

. Citizens have certain rights

(2)*** Similarities: civil politics

(3) Essence: a state organization in which citizens unite collectively to protect their own interests and oppress slaves and foreigners

4. (Reference) The manifestations and causes of the differences in political systems between ancient Greek city-states and China in the Spring and Autumn Period

(1) Differences: The main characteristics of ancient Greek city-states are: However, China's hegemony in the Spring and Autumn Period tends to establish a political system of absolute monarchy, and use this system to establish a centralized country that can unify the whole country.

(2) Reasons: ① Natural factors: The special geographical and natural environment of Greece has led to the coexistence of various economic forms, while China's civilization originated in the Central Plains, and its settlement and farming life has formed a collective and unified lifestyle, with a tendency of collectivization and centralization. (2) Historical factors: the Greek city-state system still retains the continuation of the primitive democracy of the clan tribe; However, since the Xia Dynasty, the political model of "home to the world" has appeared in China, and the democratic system of tribes has basically disappeared. ③ From the perspective of neighboring relations: all Greek states are relatively independent sovereign states, and the neighboring relations among them are generally equal; However, there is a dominant relationship between China's suzerainties, which is easy to produce contradictions, and annexed other countries by war, and finally established an autocratic monarchy.

second, the democratic politics of Athens

(1) the development process

1. Athens, the Greek city-state, is the birthplace of democracy.

2. Development course:

(1) Monarchy: At the beginning of ancient Greece's entry into civilized society, the monarchy (lifelong system and hereditary system) was implemented.

(2) monarchy: from 8th century BC to 7th century BC, aristocracy replaced monarchy (tenure system, election system).

(3) Democracy: ① In 594 BC, Solon's reform put the country on the track of democracy. (2) In 59 BC, Cristini reformed and finally established democracy in Athens. (establish the "exile law of pottery tablets")

(Solon's reform content: ① abolish all debts and debt slaves and establish the inviolable civil rights of individual freedom; (2) establish a new judicial organ, the people's court, and draw lots for judges from all citizens; (3) The establishment of a new electoral law, especially the lottery election and the differential election, embodies the democratic principle of equal opportunity, openness and fairness; (4) the classification of citizens according to the amount of property breaks the hereditary principle that the aristocratic system emphasizes birth. )

(2) The characteristics of democracy in Athens-people's sovereignty and taking turns to govern

(Through the establishment of institutions such as the citizens' assembly, the 5-member parliament and the people's court, its characteristics are embodied: people's sovereignty-the official positions of all administrative agencies are open to all citizens; Rule by turns-the generation of public officials is determined by the result of lottery, "the ruler will be ruled")

1. Citizens' assembly: the highest authority, responsible for deliberating and deciding all state affairs; Citizens have the right to participate, to know, to speak, to vote and to be elected; The most important procedure is to debate a motion.

2. 5-member Council: a subsidiary body of the citizens' assembly, which is responsible for preparing proposals for the assembly and presiding over the assembly.

3. Democratic courts: (1) The qualifications of senior public officials in daily judicial organs are final; (2) The principle of maintaining fairness to the maximum extent is adhered to, and the phenomenon of bribery and fraud is avoided; (p>4) The characteristics of Athenian people's sovereignty are also reflected in many small-scale administrative and military organs; (3) The evaluation of Athenian democracy (significance and limitations)

1. Essence:

2. Positive significance:

(1) Athens democracy has provided a new form of collective management for mankind, and created democratic operation modes such as differential election system, tenure system, parliamentary system and proportional representation system based on the legal system. This great pioneering work has accumulated valuable experience for the development of democratic politics in later generations.

(2) Political decision-making through serious discussion by most people will make the issue more comprehensive.

(3) Public officials are elected by the majority, which makes public officials responsible to the society and under the supervision of the masses, reducing the possibility of abusing power for personal gain.

(4) Promote the development of ideology and culture: democratic politics has brought prosperity to ideology and culture, and Athens has produced many great philosophers, thinkers, politicians, historians, artists, etc., making Greek civilization an important civilization center in the ancient West and even the whole world.

3. Limitations: (1) Different from modern democracy, only the democracy of citizens, not citizens, such as foreign immigrants, slaves and citizens of other countries, do not enjoy democratic rights; (2) Athens democracy is a male-centered democracy.

In a word, Athenian democracy is not only a catalyst of great civilization, but also a violent machine of social injustice, which is its greatest historical limitation.

Supplement: What enlightenment does Athenian democracy leave us?

(1) Athenian democracy is the product of long-term twists and turns with the support of civilians.

(2) It has a far-reaching impact on later western countries.

(3) It is different from modern democracy.

(4) Democracy in Athens is a "double-edged sword"

III. Politics and law in ancient Rome

(1) Evolution of Roman polity

1. At the beginning of Rome's founding, a monarchy was implemented.

2. From the 6th century BC, the aristocratic system of * * * was implemented. (expanding to the outside world and eventually becoming the overlord of the Mediterranean)

(1) Rome's * * * system is mainly composed of three levels of institutions: the consul, the Senate and the citizens' assembly.

(2) The consul is the highest office of the Republic of China; The Senate is the national decision-making body, all its members are composed of nobles, and the principle of * * * business in political affairs and the minority obeying the majority is implemented. The Assembly is responsible for electing public officials and passing bills of the Senate.

(3) In order to safeguard the interests of civilians, the tribune should be established.

3. At the end of * * * and the Republic of China, Rome moved from the aristocratic harmony system to the imperial system. (expanding into a super empire with three continents and four seas)

(1) In 27 BC, Octavian established personal dictatorship, which was called the head of state system.

(2) In essence, the head of state system is an absolute monarchy in the cloak of * * *.

(3) In the 3rd century A.D., the Roman emperor Diocletian completely abandoned * * * and his coat and practiced open monarchy.

(II) The legal system in Rome

1. The Law of Twelve Bronze Tables

(1) Background: * * * The strong proposal of the civil tribune in the Republic of China.

(2) Contents: ① Including civil law, criminal law and litigation procedure, basically a compilation of past customary laws ② Clearly safeguarding private property rights and vested interests of nobles

(3) Evaluation: ① The Law of Twelve Bronze Tables was the first written law in Rome, which did not bring much benefit to civilians, but the compilation of the code was still a victory for civilians, and nobles could not interpret customary laws as they used to. This law is the origin of Roman law and has always been the basic law of Roman law.

2. Justinian Code

(1) Composition: Justinian Code, A General Introduction to Justinian Law, A Collection of Justinian Theories, and A New Book of Justinian (collectively referred to as Justinian Civil Law)

(2)

Supplement:

1. Functions and limitations of Roman law

(1) Functions: ① Roman law, which started with the Law of Twelve Bronze Tables and concluded with The Complete Book of Justinian Civil Law, is the most abundant ancient law in the history of the world, with the most perfect system and the widest influence on later generations. ② It strictly defines the rights and obligations of legal subjects, clarifies relevant jurisprudence, and provides legal basis for people to exercise their rights and undertake their obligations. (3) Roman law has the ready-made legal form needed in the early stage of capitalist development, and it is the forerunner of modern capitalist legal system.

(2) Limitations: It is a law made by slave owners and nobles to safeguard their own interests, which stipulates that slavery and private property are sacred and inviolable. Therefore, Roman law has great hypocrisy and limitations.

2. What does the appearance of the twelve-copper table method indicate? What did you learn? Evaluation.

The appearance of the twelve tables method is the result of the victory of the struggle between * * * and the domestic civilians and nobles, and the result of the construction of democracy and the rule of law. Its essence is to ease class contradictions and consolidate the Roman Republic.

Enlightenment: (1) The determination of the civilian struggle; (2) the wisdom and openness of noble compromise; (3) the maturity of civilian politics; (4) Transcendental sober restraint and magnanimity in legal construction (these four elements are indispensable, thus ensuring the reason why the Romans eventually became a world empire).

3. Differences between ancient Greek civilization and ancient Roman civilization

(1) As far as the way of civilization expansion is concerned:

Greece: established a new city-state through colonization, absorbed external civilization and expanded Greek civilization.

Rome: Expand its territory through the war of annexation, and expand Roman civilization while inheriting Greek civilization and absorbing external civilization.

(2) As far as the form of state is concerned:

Greece: decentralized city-state; The main characteristics of each city-state are small countries with few people and long-term independence and autonomy.

Rome: a unified centralized system; Adopt the provincial system and implement the governor's rule.

(3) As far as the political system and ruling mode are concerned,

Greece has experienced the evolution of the system from the individual monarch rule to the collective aristocratic rule, and then to the collective rule of all citizens. In ancient times, a democratic system with universal participation of citizens and taking turns was realized for the first time.

Rome: After getting rid of the monarchy, * * * was established, but * * * was not further evolved into a democracy, but a noble * * and country. With the expansion of its territory, * * * and country was transformed into an empire, and a monarchy was implemented.

(4) As far as outstanding contributions in the field of political civilization are concerned:

Greece: democracy represented by Athens, whose basic characteristics are people's sovereignty and taking turns to govern.

Rome: Roman law, which started with the Law of Twelve Bronze Tables and concluded with The Complete Book of Justinian Civil Law, is the greatest achievement in Roman political civilization.