In modern world history, what role did religion play in promoting world integration?

Religion is a kind of culture, just like introducing religion into a country without religion is a kind of cultural erosion.

Compared with the scene where the integration of the modern world makes many religions face embarrassing encounters, we can mainly look at its role from the cultural point of view.

According to statistics, "by the end of 2000, the world's total population was about 6.055 billion, and the number of religious believers was about 565.438+37 billion, accounting for 84.8% of the world's total population." [1] There is no doubt that religion affects the world. In the course of human history, religion is not only an important moral force to oppose war and maintain peace, but also may induce conflicts and wars due to differences in religious beliefs and contradictions between sects.

Take the Crusades as an example. The following is a discussion of several aspects:

The East during the Crusade Invasion

Q: What was the situation in the Arab-Islamic world when the Crusades invaded eastern Arabia and captured the ancient city of Gus? What are the similarities between this history and the present Arab-Islamic situation?

A: The Crusaders invaded the Arab region, which is now called the Middle East-unfortunately, everyone who wants to express their knowledge now uses the word "Middle East"-the word "Middle East" itself has problems. When the so-called intellectuals use the word "Middle East", they obviously forget whose East the word "Middle East" belongs to. Whose relative is Zhong? This region is an Arab region, and it is a geographical war zone where the Crusader's war of aggression was staged. (Editor's Note: The word "Middle East" is a Europe-centered vocabulary, meaning the region east of Europe and between the Far East and the Near East. )

This geographical war zone starts from eastern Arabia in the east, reaches Tunisia and Andalusia in the west, reaches today's Turkey in the north and reaches the Red Sea in the south. This area is rich in all kinds of resources and is destined to be rich and prosperous. In fact, this area has contributed the most vitality and covered the widest area in the long history of mankind? It is also the most common human civilization. This civilization attaches great importance to the world, but at the same time it can help future generations, and through the well-known history of Islamic civilization, it shows the humanitarian strength and spirit of the region. However, in the 5th century (A.D. 1 1 century), we began to enter a period of political decline, although the period of our cultural decline has not yet arrived.

On the political level, there are two factions that act in their own way, claiming to be the defenders of truth-the Shia Fatima dynasty with Cairo as its capital and the Sunni Abbas dynasty with Baghdad as its capital. The place where the two factions compete is the Sharm area and its nearby islands. Sham area is divided into two factions: aborigines and foreign rulers. Almost every city is an independent country.

In contemporary times, what we see in cities such as Aleppo and Damascus is the city-state; In Tripoli, the Amanra family and Sila Mugoz family are tribal countries. What we see is just a grotesque organization similar to a country or a small country. Rulers are much the same. So the Crusaders came to this area, with few people and ordinary equipment. They were not the owners of great civilization and truth, but they defeated Muslims.

We must analyze and study these problems and understand the reasons. In general, these questions have nothing to do with the existence of truth; Whether we are orthodox or not has nothing to do with our defeat. The question is simple. We didn't do our best to prepare for the arrival of the crusaders. At that time, we were just scattered sand. The evidence is that the rulers of Cairo sent people to negotiate with the Crusaders to carve up the area, but they didn't know that the Crusaders had plans to further expand their achievements.

Small countries established by some political outsiders fawned on the Crusaders and offered them help. Therefore, after receiving the convenience provided by the Fatima people, the ancient capital Suzhou soon fell. Previously, the ancient capital was seized by Fatima people from Seljuk people, and the city wall was built to put the whole city in the deep wall of the high city. In this way, political blindness helped the Crusaders realize their wishes. As for the current politics in the Middle East, all Arab countries are defending Israel. Ironically, the Arab army is defending Israel's borders, not Israel's own. All Arab countries are preventing people from resisting in Israel, believing that these acts of resistance are shameful and should not be involved.

Similarly, politically, all Muslim rulers regard themselves as commanders-in-chief, but the prerequisite for them to become commanders-in-chief is that they cannot meet real enemies. When dealing with the people under his rule, he claimed to be consul, protector and father. But strangely, a father tortured his son cruelly, put him in prison, and even did something completely contrary to God's teaching: "I did give preferential treatment to the descendants of Adam" (Night Chapter: 70). What can you expect a man to do when he loses his dignity?

Therefore, if you want to live a quiet life, you must become strong, so as to avoid the harm of others. Strength is the guarantee of peace, and backwardness is bound to be beaten. What's more, you also have the property that the enemy dreams of. In fact, these possessions should have belonged to us. Personally, I think history will never repeat itself, because similar events will lead to similar results, but historical events are the common road created by God. As you know, it won't happen again.

People are the creators of their own history.

Q: What actions did the Arab-Islamic world take in the political, military and religious fields to fight back after Gudor fell into the hands of the Crusaders?

A: First of all, it must be clear that in any historical event, the representatives of real interests are the people. It was these ordinary people who gave the intruder a head-on blow. This is the most basic measure. As for those rulers, their actions are often taken when the people's pressure reaches a last resort. So sometimes rulers can represent the voice of the people, but most of the time in history, rulers and people are completely distinct and difficult to unify.

When the Crusaders entered the Arab region, Muslims in the East were busy killing each other. Political numbness makes them obsessed with what is happening around them. Sham's scholars sent messengers to the court of the caliph in Abasi, requesting troops to stop the fall of the ancient capital. The final result was that the special envoy failed, and Khalifa only said a few words about it and sent him away. As for the caliph of Fatima dynasty, power is entirely in the hands of those prime ministers and bureaucrats. By the then Prime Minister Afdler? Ben. Bedredin? Jamal is in charge. At that time, due to the frequency conversion of the court, corruption and misappropriation were serious, and every improvement in Egypt ended in failure. The reason is that the country is weak and it is difficult to return. The final result was that Egypt lacked a long-term stable political foundation, which helped the Crusaders to further expand in the Middle East. At that time, Fatima people naively thought that their danger had been eliminated.

This incident eventually led to the Crusaders' invasion of Egypt. During the 60 years of the Crusaders' existence, Egypt gave some support to the Crusaders, enabling them to travel south to the Red Sea or reach the so-called natural borders: from Palestine to the Golan Mountains, to the West Sea Mountains, to Aqaba, Gilat and Rafah (I hope you will consider this phenomenon carefully), and finally condoned the Crusaders' invasion of the Red Sea region.

As for the common people, ordinary Muslims feel that they are the real masters of this land. Where are they going? This is their land, and the bloody slaughter committed by the Crusaders in their homeland has aroused the same anger as the massacre of Israelis in the hearts of Arabs and Muslims today. Therefore, Arabia-Islamic Resistance Movement started from the first day of the Crusader invasion.

The crusade was not groundless.

Q: After that, how was the culture of resistance established? Why do you think that people's resistance is the only factor driving the Crusaders out of Palestine and Sharm? What are the historical experiences of revival?

A: When people see their brothers being displaced and homeless, even today we see Palestinians and Lebanese being expelled from their land, people will feel angry. Similarly, when all kinds of atrocities about the Crusaders came, people were shocked. These intruders came from 1200 kilometers away. No matter how sweet they talk, they have no right to let anyone abandon their home and country and give it to strangers far away. Moreover, Muslims are also defenders of orthodox religions.

Naturally, the resistance movement followed, and the idea of resistance was publicized through markets, mosques, halls and other public gathering places. As the pioneers of this nation-cultural figures, they also began to play their role. At that time, they were naturally religious people. Because the only culture at that time was religious culture. But this does not mean that there is a church-as some people try to lie-because Islam has no church, which is simple and easy, and is aimed at all people's religions. Those who lie that Islam has a church organization intend to create chaos, and its harm is immeasurable.

Intellectuals of Islamic nations-just like intellectuals of every nation-began to talk about jihad, the return of jihad and the superiority of jihadists; They began to clarify the important position of the ancient capital in our cultural and religious heritage and our consciousness. Plus we just, this is our land, our home. Under the pressure of public opinion, the resistance movement began, with some victories and some failures. But in the end, the thought of resistance became the only correct guiding ideology to destroy the invaders supported by the West.

At first, the resistance movement was initiated and led by some famous figures, such as Emil Maududi, then the Aitabek family in Iraq, and finally the Anyoub people in Saladin. The idea of resistance eventually evolved into an organized movement, and began to establish logistics support for the resistance movement to ensure its long-term development.

Here, I want to say that there have never been groundless ideas and plans in the world. Because the concept of resistance itself exists in every Arab who owns land and is ordered to jihad. When the idea finds the corresponding organization to implement it, it will further ensure victory. At first, the resistance was sporadic and few in number. Finally, the words and actions of resistance turned into a torrent. The resistance to the Crusaders was finally very clearly reflected in Amandin? Zanji, then his son Nuridin Ma Hamd. And finally Saladin? Anyoubu

Of course, this is not to attribute the whole resistance movement to these three people. Because, without the positive response and strong support of the masses, there would be no success for the three of them. The success of the three of them only complied with the voice of the people. Perhaps a ruler can maintain his rule by violence for a long time, but if he wants to lead the people to win the war, he will succeed only if it is in the interests of the people.

So, we find people like Saddam Hussein? It takes only a few hours for a government like Hussein, which relies on violence, to collapse. Because he didn't win the hearts of the people. But the Iraqi people will stand forever, and the United States can never easily stay in Iraq forever. This is because although the army of a brutal regime quickly disintegrated in front of the enemy, the resistance movement led by the truly elected leaders of the people will continue. Although it is not as good as the US military in weapons, equipment and logistics, they have already pushed back the enemy. This is the experience of the Crusade War, and it is also confirmed by all the resistance movements in the world from Vietnam to South America.

Division and unification

Q: Crusaders have been established in Palestine, Lebanon and Syria for nearly two centuries. What is the crusader's policy? How did it provoke sectarian strife (Christian minorities and Islamists)? How did the Arabs respond?

A: Crusaders are basically a group of believers in racial civilization.

The word "Catholicism" means belonging to the world or unity, that is to say, whoever opposes this belief is already a heretic. This idea is regarded as the core idea of the essence of European civilization. For example, the Greeks used the word "barbarian" to refer to all non-Greeks. The Romans also used the same contemptuous words to address people whose lifestyles were different from theirs. This is an integral part of the "white man" thought. The mission and all the problems of the white colonialists can be traced back to this idea until now. So far, this has been the task of Bush (or Bush) and his associates.

This racist and centrist thought makes the Crusaders treat Arab Christians and Jews no different from Muslims. The only Christian denominations they rely on are the indigenous Muwalanai from Sharm area and a Muslim denomination, Druze. This can also be used to explain some important events today.

In a word, people are divided into two camps under the cloak of religion, but in essence, the Crusades have nothing to do with religion. Because the property of Christians in Sharm and Egypt was plundered by the Crusaders. Even Houlle Su Cathedral and Resurrection Cathedral were occupied by Crusaders. When these crusaders provoked Christian sectarian disputes with racism and centralism in Europe, Sunnis and Shiites reached an understanding in the face of the crusaders' jihad. Because the differences between Muslims are detailed rules, not basic principles; This is not about the right or wrong of the Lord's life and obligations.

The Mongols' Western Expedition and Its Historical Lessons

Q: What was the situation in the Arab Islamic world before the Mongols marched westward and Baghdad, the capital of the Islamic caliphate, fell?

A: I think at first, I relied on foreign research results on Mongolians, so my views on Mongolians were biased. In a word, the Mongols had planned to build a world empire. Although they conquered the world in half a century, they became the backbone of Arab-Islamic civilization. This was after they converted to Islam. Especially after Mongolian "Tatarstan" and Mongolian "Daniel Feruga" converted to Islam and married the Egyptian Mamluk dynasty.

When Mongols appeared as military giants, it was the darkest period of Abbasid dynasty politics. The caliph of Abbasid dynasty once teamed up with Mongols to deal with Zhemaruddin? Huala Mozisha (Editor: the title of the highest official in this region). At that time, the Huala Zimo was the only military force in Afghanistan that could compete with Mongolia. But as a result, the Mongols captured the tower in Baghdad, and at the same time, the Anyubu dynasty princes in Sham area were suppressing opponents such as Mamluk. The Mongols not only indulged in the Western Expedition, but also made an alliance with the Mongols in order to make Anyoubu recover Egypt and Sham.

With the fall of Baghdad, the Mongols' hands became longer and longer. However, the military and political forces in the Arab world were losing ground in the Mongols' Western Expedition. So, Ian? The victory of the Battle of Zarut proved that Mamluk dynasty had its viability. Before this, in 10, that is, in 1250, Mamluk had successfully defeated the Crusaders' Seventh Crusade in Dimuat and captured French King Louis IX in Mansour. In Ain? Thirty years after the battle of Zarut, the Palestinian crusaders were also driven away. There is a very important question here. If the Mongols were as determined to colonize and emigrate to the East as the Crusade War, it would be impossible for Muslims to have a chance to destroy the remaining Crusaders. However, many western historians read this history with their own selfish interests, which led them to pursue perfection and vilify the Mongols when describing the Mongols who refused to unite with them.

Q: Both the Mongolian Western Expedition and the Crusade were aimed at the Islamic world. What is the difference? How should Muslims understand this problem?

A: The Mongols are an amazing destructive force, but they don't have the civilization like the Arab-Islamic region. The plan of the Crusade War is a dangerous long-term occupation. Because Mongolians have no civilization like Islam, they can easily convert to Islam and spread it abroad. They have made many contributions to Arab Islamic civilization.

Q: How did the country and people resist the Mongols' Western Expedition?

A: After Saladin, the rulers of Shaman Youbu dynasty continued to maintain the declining regime. Some people send their sons as hostages to Christian countries, while others cooperate with Mongols. The Mongols also joined forces with them to kill the prince of Anyoubu dynasty. Just as the proverb says: Anyone who can betray his family will be betrayed by the Mongols. Although these situations are somewhat similar to those now, they are not our concern. We care about people like Gotz. He appeared in history for eleven months, as if shouldering the heavy responsibility of history. He used his authority, talent and ability to actively serve the war in Islamic countries. Such a person deserves to go down in history. Although he has only been in office for a year, he has surpassed those mediocre people who have been in power for ten years but have achieved nothing. These people should be included in another history book.

In a short period of eleven months, "Gotez" prepared for the war of the Islamic nation. During the term of office, the government and the people are United. So when he decided to stop those barbaric Mongols, people supported his decision. There are many reliable historical data that show that many "volunteers" joined the "Gottz" army. The army set out to look for Mongols, most of whom were soldiers of the regular army. This historical fact is just the opposite of what some people say. Many of these soldiers are Egyptian volunteers.

In this way, when "Gottz" announced that he would stop the Mongols, the resistance forces gathered around him. When Baybars returned from Sharm, Gautez tried to merge Anyoubu's old headquarters in Sharm. However, due to the deterioration of the social and political situation in Sharm area, he ended in failure.

I want to be in Ain? In the Palestinian Battle of Chalut and the Battle of paccani, the resistance spirit of the volunteers enabled Muslims to successfully remove the threat from the Mongols. From then on, Mongols no longer pose a threat to Muslims.