Urgent. Promulgation time, main contents and significance of programmatic documents in Britain, the United States and France (I want the original sentence of the book)

The Bill of Rights, the full name of which is a bill that declares the rights and freedoms of subjects and successfully establishes kingship, contains only a short article 13: 1 Any unauthorized power to stop the law or stop the implementation of the law with the authority of the king is illegal. Recently, it is illegal to abolish the law or enforce the law with the authority of the king. The order to set up an imperial court to hear religious affairs, as well as all other similar orders and courts, are illegal and harmful. Without the permission of Congress, it is illegal to collect money for the king or use it for the king under the pretext of the king's privilege, which exceeds the time limit or method permitted by Congress. Petition to the king is the right of subjects, and all convictions or charges against this petition are illegal. Unless approved by the National Assembly, it is illegal to recruit or maintain a standing army in the Kingdom at ordinary times. All subjects who are Protestants, in order to defend themselves, can consider the situation and equip themselves with weapons within the scope permitted by law. Parliamentary elections should be free. Freedom of speech, debate or deliberation in the National Assembly should not be impeached or questioned in any court or anywhere outside the National Assembly. 10 should not demand too much bail, nor should it impose too high a fine, nor should it indiscriminately impose cruel and extraordinary penalties. 1 1 Jury officers should be officially registered and declared, and all jury officers trying treason cases should be free to inherit. Before 12 was convicted, all transfers made by a specific person and all commitments made to fines and confiscation of property were illegal and invalid. 13 In order to redress all grievances, amend, strengthen and safeguard laws, Congress should meet from time to time. People can see that the "Thirteen Articles" mainly have two aspects: one is to restrict the power of the king and the actual sovereignty of the British king, such as 1, 2, 4 and 6; Second, ensure the legislative power, financial power, judicial power and military power of the parliament, such as Articles 8, 9 and 13.

The significance of editing the British Bill of Rights:

It laid the theoretical and legal foundation of British constitutional monarchy, established the principle that parliament is higher than royal power, and has the nature of constitution, which marked the establishment of British constitutional monarchy and cleared the way for the rapid development of British capitalism.

Contents of the French Declaration of Human Rights: Article 1 As far as rights are concerned, everyone is born free and equal. Social differences are only shown when public * * * is used. Article 2 The purpose of any political combination is to safeguard the natural and unshakable rights of the people. These rights are freedom, property, security and resistance to oppression. Article 3 The whole source of sovereignty mainly lies in the people. No group or individual may exercise powers not explicitly granted by sovereignty. Article 4 Freedom refers to the right to engage in all acts that are harmless to others. Therefore, the exercise of everyone's natural rights can only be restricted by ensuring that other members of society can enjoy the same rights. Such restrictions can only be prescribed by law. Article 5 The law only has the right to prohibit acts that endanger society. Acts not prohibited by law shall not hinder or force anyone to engage in acts not stipulated by law. Article 6 Law and law are the expression of public will. All citizens of the country have the right to participate in the formulation of laws in person or through their representatives. The law is the same for all people, whether to protect or punish them. All citizens are equal before the law, so they can hold all official positions equally according to their abilities. There can be no difference between public office and position except virtue and talent. Article 7 No one shall be accused, arrested or detained except in cases and in accordance with procedures prescribed by law. Anyone who proposes, issues, executes or causes the execution of arbitrary orders will be punished; However, citizens who are summoned or detained according to law should obey immediately; Resistance constitutes a crime. Article 8 The law shall only stipulate the punishments that are really necessary and obviously indispensable, and no one shall be punished except in accordance with the laws that have been formulated, promulgated and implemented according to law before breaking the law. Article 9 Before anyone is declared guilty, he should be presumed innocent. Even if he thinks he must be arrested, all kinds of unnecessary cruel acts of detaining him should be severely punished by law. Article 10 As long as expressing opinions does not disturb the public order stipulated by law, no one shall be interfered with because of his opinions, even religious opinions. Article 11 Freedom to express thoughts and opinions is one of the most precious rights of human beings. Therefore, every citizen has the freedom of speech, writing and publication, but he is responsible for abusing this freedom under the circumstances stipulated by law. Article 12 The protection of human rights requires the armed forces; Therefore, this power is established for the benefit of all people, not for the personal benefit of the transferee of this power. Thirteenth, in order to maintain the armed forces and administrative expenses, public taxation has become essential; Taxes should be distributed equally according to the ability of all citizens. Article 14 All citizens have the right to determine the necessity of taxation in person or by their representatives, freely recognize and pay attention to its use, and decide the tax amount, tax rate, target, collection method and time limit. Fifteenth society has the right to ask government officials to report their work. Article 16 There is no constitution in a society where rights are not guaranteed and the separation of powers is not established. Article 17 property is a sacred and inviolable right, and no one may deprive it unless it is clearly needed by public needs recognized by law and under the conditions of fairness and prior compensation.

The Declaration of Human Rights reveals the principles of natural human rights, freedom and equality, denies the feudal hierarchy, embodies the requirement of destroying the feudal monarchy, and becomes an ideological weapon for the bourgeoisie to seize and consolidate political power. It actually declared the demise of the old feudal monarchy and the birth of the bourgeois political system. The publication of the Declaration of Human Rights shows that the French bourgeoisie replaced the feudal privilege marked by the monarch's personal will with bourgeois rights based on law. This is a fundamental change in the political and legal fields. As a programmatic document of the bourgeois revolution, it carried forward the enlightenment thought and fixed it in the form of law, which played a great role in connecting the past with the future and carrying forward the future, especially having a wide and far-reaching impact on the bourgeois revolution or reform in Europe and America. It also promoted the development of democratic ideas in many other countries and the process of bourgeois democratization in the world. French bourgeois revolutionary thoughts and theories have influenced the revolutions in Asia and China to varying degrees.

Contents of the American Declaration of Independence: He refused to approve the most beneficial and necessary laws for the public interest. He prohibited his governor from approving urgent and extremely necessary laws, or put them on hold for the time being, waiting for his consent; And once these laws were shelved, he completely ignored them. He refused to approve other laws that are convenient for people in vast areas unless those people are willing to give up their representation in the legislature; But this right is of inestimable value to them, and only tyrants fear this right. He called state legislatures to an unusual and inconvenient place far from their archives for the sole purpose of exhausting them and having to obey his will. He dissolved the state legislature many times because they opposed his violation of people's rights with fearless perseverance. After the dissolution of the state legislature, he refused to elect a new parliament for a long time; However, legislative power cannot be abolished, so this power is still exercised by ordinary people. In fact, these countries are still in a dangerous situation, suffering from foreign aggression and worrying about civil strife. He tried his best to curb the growth of American population; To this end, he blocked the adoption of the naturalization law for foreigners, refused to approve other laws encouraging foreigners to emigrate to the United States, and improved the conditions for allocating new land. He refused to approve the law establishing judicial power, which hindered the implementation of judicial work. He put the tenure, salary and remuneration of judges under his will. He set up a new government office, sent a large number of officials, harassed our people and exhausted the people's necessary living materials. He maintained a standing army among us in peacetime without the consent of our legislature. He tried to make the army independent of civil affairs. He colluded with some people and put us under a jurisdiction that is not suitable for our system and is not recognized by our laws; He also approved all kinds of fake bills concocted by those people to achieve the following purposes: stationing a large number of armed forces among us; Cover them up with false trials, so that they can kill the residents of our States and still get away with it; Cut off our trade with the rest of the world; Tax us without our consent; In many cases, we are deprived of the rights and interests of the jury system; Luo Zhi accused us of escorting us overseas for trial; Abolish the British liberal legal system in a neighboring province, establish an authoritarian government there, and expand the border of the province in an attempt to turn the province into both a model and a handy tool, thus further extending the same totalitarian rule to the colonies here; Cancel our charter, abolish our most precious laws, and fundamentally change the form of our state governments; Suspend our own legislature from exercising its power and claim that they have the right to make laws for us on all issues. He announced that we were no longer under his protection and fought with us, thus giving up the government affairs here. He plundered our waters, ravaged our coastal areas, burned down our towns and ruined the lives of our people. At this time, he was transporting a large number of foreign mercenaries to complete the slaughter, destruction and rampant activities. This kind of activity has already begun, and its cruelty and meanness are hard to find a precedent even in the most barbaric times. He is totally unworthy of being the head of a civilized country. He captured our compatriots on the high seas, forced them to take up arms against their country, became executioners to kill their relatives and friends, or died at their hands. He incited civil strife among us and tried his best to provoke those ruthless and uncivilized Indians to slaughter and plunder the residents of our frontier; As we all know, the Indian's fighting principle is that all men, women and children will be killed. At every stage of these oppression, we demand improvement with the most humble words; However, repeated requests get repeated injuries. A monarch, when his character has been branded as a tyrant, is a declaration of independence.

Should be the ruler of a free nation. It's not that we don't care about our brothers in England. We often remind them that their legislature is trying to impose unreasonable jurisdiction on us. We also told them that we immigrated and settled here. We appeal to them for their innate sense of justice, kindness and generosity, and we implore them to give up these predatory behaviors for the sake of the same clan and not to affect their relations and exchanges. But they also turned a deaf ear to this call for justice and blood. Therefore, we really want to break off relations with them and treat them like other nationalities in the world: fighting with us is the enemy; Make up with us and you will be friends. Therefore, we, the representatives of the United States of America, at the next continental congress, with the goodwill of the colonial people and in the name of the people and their authorization, appeal to the highest judge in the world to explain our solemn intentions and solemnly declare at the same time; These United colonies are free and independent countries from now on. According to their rights, they must be free and independent countries. They canceled all loyalty obligations to the British royal family, and all political relations between them and the British country were cut off from now on, and they must be cut off; As free and independent countries, they have every right to declare war, conclude peace, form alliances, trade and take all actions that independent countries have the right to take. In order to support this declaration, we firmly believe in God's blessing and swear to each other with our lives, our property and our sacred reputation.

First of all, the Declaration of Independence is a great political document. Although the Declaration of Independence was the result of discussion by the upper class of the North American colonies, it represented the wishes of the vast number of colonial people. For the first time in human history, it put forward the following principles in the form of a political program: all people are born equal, the people have inalienable rights to life, liberty and pursuit of happiness, the government must be formed with the consent of the people, the government should exist for the sake of people's happiness and protection of people's rights, and the people have the right to rise up and revolutionize and overthrow the government that fails to perform its duties. These principles have become the ideology of the United States in the future and laid the ideological foundation for the development of the United States in the next 200 years. It also directly influenced the French Revolution and promoted the national independence movements in Asia and Latin America.