What are Zhong Shuling's and Mute's official positions?

When Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty took eunuchs as official scripts, he called them official scripts, with official and servant scripts as the chief ones, and told them to proclaim the imperial edict. In the Western Han Dynasty, the imperial court order, the wife order and other eunuchs were all borne by scholars. The secretary-general is an official who helps the emperor handle government affairs in the court. The Secretary-General is responsible for directly sealing the "seal" to the emperor, which is of great responsibility (Biography of Huo Guang). During the Western Han Dynasty, Zhongshu was subordinate to the eunuch institution of the imperial court, and was responsible for sorting out the archives of the palace library in the emperor's study, and had frequent contacts with the emperor. Its main officials are called the Secretariat Order. After middle age, Sima Qian, who suffered from corruption and was knowledgeable, served as the official secretariat of Taishi, ranking above the prime minister, and was the first secretariat in the history of China.

In the middle and late Western Han Dynasty, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty changed the order of ministers to middle worship, and the book of the later Han Dynasty said, "One minister (book) ordered thousands of stones. This note says: Emperor Wu used officials (and some scholars, such as Zhang Anshi), and even more emperors used scholars to restore the ancients. " Shang Shuling, as an official of Zhongshuling, was in charge of fashion books during the reign of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Shangshuling is the disparaging name of Zhongshuling, so it is called Zhongshuling. When Yuan Di was in power, the power of the secretariat was even greater than that of the prime minister. The Biography of Han Kuang Heng said: "At the beginning, the secretariat of history made Shi Xian use things. Since his predecessors Wei Xuancheng and Heng, he was afraid to show his ambition." Later, Xiao Zhang took charge of history in order to learn from others' strengths, and opposed taking charge of history by the secretary of the Central Secretariat. He thought that "the foundation of the history of officials and the cardinal of the country should be clearly distinguished. Emperor Wu visited the backyard for a banquet, so it was not ancient to use officials. It is not appropriate to punish eunuchs in a short time. " This is the beginning of the power struggle between foreign officials and internal officials. Because Gong Hong, the official in charge of calligraphy, is a criminal, Xiao took this opportunity to change the official system in charge of calligraphy formulated by Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. During the Three Kingdoms period in Wei Wendi, the books in the palace were gradually sorted out not only by eunuchs, but also by scholars, thus evolving into a research institution that could discuss policies. And replace the secretary with a Chinese book, and set up a Chinese book supervisor and a Chinese book order respectively to master confidential information. Such as Xun Xu, Zhong Shuling, Jiao and so on. The Jin Dynasty was located in the border area. In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the officials in the secretariat were the most noble and luxurious, and those with literary talents were often employed. Xie An became the secretary of the Central Secretariat, and his position began to improve day by day. Sixteen countries ago, Wang Yu of Qin served as a secretary in the secretariat, and his position was very high and long. The official system of the Northern Zhou Dynasty is different from other generations, and the doctor is the official of its internal history. In the early Sui and Tang Dynasties, Ren Zhongshu was appointed as the governor of Zhongshu Province, which belonged to the post of prime minister. In the Sui Dynasty, Emperor Wen's father's name was Yang Zhong, so he avoided it for loyalty, and changed the order of Zhongshu to the order of internal history, and the province of Zhongshu was the province of internal history. For a period of time, Emperor Yang Di was changed into an internal minister's order, and he began to become the prime minister together with his attendants, surpassing the official secretary's order in specific governance. The official ministers only became an honorary title, and the three sons of Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty were added to the official ministers at the same time, while the ruling Su Yang was the official ministers (internal history order). The Tang Dynasty still followed the Sui Dynasty, and Emperor Taizong began to add titles to ministerial orders. In the third year of Tang Wude (620), he was restored as a secretariat order. Gaozong was changed to the right phase. Wu Zetian changed the order of Chinese books to "internal history" and the provinces of Chinese books to "Fengge". At the beginning of Xuanzong Kaiyuan, it was changed to Ziweiling, and at the beginning of Tianbao, it was changed to the right. After the restoration, Tang Zhongshu ordered three provinces to save me. True Prime Minister, the grade was originally the third grade, but in Dali it was upgraded to the second grade. Later, those who were not awarded the title of "Three Books in the Same School" or the title of "Flat Chapter in the Same School" were not real prime ministers and could not dominate the state affairs. As a result, the official positions in the three provinces of Zhongshuling, Shangshuling and Shangshu Servant Shooting were transformed into unrealistic imaginary posts of prime minister's government affairs, and their functions were widely used to increase the rank of important officials. After Su Zong was in power, he gradually took the secretariat order as the honorary title of general, and did not pre-govern. In the Song Dynasty, the secretariat class was above the Taishi, and only served as princes and envoys, with no position. Zhao Guangyi, King of Jin, was appointed as the official minister, ranking above the Prime Minister. Yuanfeng official system, with the right servant shooting and Chinese book assistant minister, without assistant minister. After ZTE, the prime minister left and right, and the provincial order did not stand. Liao, Jin and Xia Dynasties, the secretariat held real power, ranking first among ministers. Only Mao and Xi Zongchao of the Jin Dynasty had the order of writing in the book, and Yan Yanliang abolished the order of writing in the book and died a few years later. In the Yuan Dynasty, the power of ministers was particularly heavy. After Kublai Khan ruled China, Lu Ye Zhu became a minister and restored the power of prime minister, but his power was greatly extended to local provinces. Later, following Song Taizu's example, Zhao Guangyi was appointed as heir or concurrently crown prince. During the Hongwu period of the Ming Dynasty, Zhong Shuling was the prime minister of the dynasty. Later, due to the Hu case, the positions of Zhongshu Province and Zhongshu Order, which were originally responsible for drafting and issuing letters, were revoked and the rights belonged to the emperor. After the founding of the Ming Dynasty, although there were no positions in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the so-called "Huiji" or cabinet college students successively replaced the original secretariat role, and the word nave in the Qing Dynasty was derived from this. However, compared with the previous period, important positions such as cabinet university have lost the prestige of the prime minister. In Song Dynasty, Qu Tuiyuan's Brief Interpretation of Officials in Past Dynasties: "As far as the system is concerned, the secretariat is the decision-making body, so the secretariat is the source of government affairs." In feudal society, Zhongshu Province, Menxia Province and Shangshu Province were the ruling institutions, sometimes with different forms and similar substance.

Jing, the official name of China in ancient times, was one of the three assistants (namely Jing, Zuo Fengyi and You Fufeng). Equivalent to the mayor of the capital today.

In the first year of Taichu (BC 104), the history of Youwen was changed to Jing, and the eastern half of the original history of Youwen was included in its jurisdiction. Because the land belonged to Jifu, it was not called county. The official position is equivalent to the county magistrate, but he participates in the discussion. Governance in Chang 'an. The Wei jurisdiction of the Three Kingdoms was renamed Jingzhao County, and the official name was renamed Taishou. Western Wei, Zhou and Sui still called the county, and changed the satrap to Yin. At the beginning of Tang Kaiyuan, Yongzhou was changed to Jing Zhaoyin, and Shaoyin was added to manage government affairs. Later generations didn't say anything, but it was customary to call the chief executive of the capital Beijing. The official position is grade four. In the Qing Dynasty, Kyoto and more than 30 nearby counties were designated as special administrative regions, called Shuntian Prefecture, and the governor called Shuntian Prefecture. In the early years of the Republic of China, it was still under the jurisdiction of the Qing Dynasty, and its jurisdiction was reduced to more than 20 counties such as wanping county. 19 14 10 was renamed jingzhao, and its chief officer was named jingzhaoyin, who promulgated the official system of jingzhaoyin and established the jingzhaoyin mansion, with the status equivalent to that of a province. 1928, Jing official system was abolished. The so-called Beijing means big, and the omen means more. The name Jingzhao shows the style and scale of the capital of a big country. Jingzhao was described as a hub in the Han Dynasty, meaning under the wheel of the son of heaven. Being too close to the sky, all kinds of contradictions are complicated and interpersonal relationships are intertwined. Tang Du Mu wrote in his "Epang Palace Fu": "Each holds its own terrain and intrigues." Although it describes architecture, it is also vivid in personnel. It is quite difficult to manage this area.

There was no Jingzhao House in the early Tang Dynasty. The administrative organization where the capital is located is Yongzhou House, and a highly qualified prince serves as Yongzhou Pastoral. Emperor Taizong, Zhongzong and Zong Rui all held this position before they acceded to the throne. In fact, these governors mainly hang a name, just a rough outline, and it is the history of the governor who is really in charge of Yongzhou. In the first year of Tang Kaiyuan, Emperor Xuanzong of Tang Dynasty established Jingzhao House, and the first Jingzhaoyin was Meng. During the Tang Dynasty, the office of Jingzhao House was located in the southeast corner of Guangde Square in the west of Chang 'an. Generally speaking, Jing Zhaoyin is a subordinate official, with two Jing Zhaoshaoyin under his command, and now there are bureau-level officials, such as Gong Cao, Lu Si, Hu Si, Justice, Si C, Si Cang and Shi Si. Jingzhaofu has jurisdiction over 23 counties, namely Wannian, Chang 'an, Liquan, Huxian, Lantian, Xianyang, Sanyuan, Yunyang, Jingyang, Liyang, Gaoling, Weiyang, Zhao Ying (Lintong), Jincheng (Xingping), Fuping, Wugong, Yishou (Zhouzhi), Haoyuan and Meiyuan. Among them, Wannian County and Chang 'an County are Chixian County, and the other 2 1 county are several counties. The counties under the jurisdiction of Zhaofu in Beijing, like the administrative regions of the whole country, will have different changes in different periods. For example, during the Dali period in Tang Daizong, Qi Hao, Zhouzhi, Xingping and Wudu were divided respectively. Before the middle Tang Dynasty, Jing lived in his private house and went to work every day. In middle age, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty gave a special gift of 20,000 yuan for Jing Zhaoyin Weiao to build a house in Jing Zhaofu's office. Wei Ao appointed Li Xin, the commander of Chang 'an County, to preside over the construction project. After spending 20 thousand yuan to build a noble mansion, the balance was turned over. In two consecutive official performance evaluations, Wei Ao gave Xin Li high marks. Because the balance was deliberately recorded in historical materials, it can be seen that the project cost at that time also had considerable moisture. Being an official in Beijing in Tang Dynasty was as difficult as being an official in Han Dynasty. Regarding the replacement frequency of Jing in the Tang Dynasty, Bai Juyi wrote in "Five Poems for Friends": "The four directions of the capital are the rules. Wang Hua's roots. A long official is in charge, and then the wind teaches you to escape. How to be quiet and quiet, and sway at every turn. Please bend the index, fifteen people in ten years. " Ten years is not explicitly mentioned in the poem, but judging from the style of this poem, it should be Bai Juyi's early works. The turning point of Bai Juyi's poetic style was the fall of Sima in Jiangzhou in Yuanhe decade. According to the information on hand, from the first year of Yuanhe to the tenth year of Yuanhe in August, there were fourteen people who served as Jing, and "fifteen people in ten years" was not an empty meaning. As early as in the Year of the Loong, Lu Chenghuai Shen in Shangshu once spoke frankly about the disadvantages caused by frequent replacement of officials. He believes that "people who know officials will not follow soon, and they will not be far away from knowing officials, and they will live in peace." Zhiwei means smooth and flattering. In Bai Juyi's poem, "being an official for a long time and then being taught by the wind" also shows that officials should have a stable term of office.

In the second year of Tang Dynasty, with the insistence of Harmony, Pei Du, who was working in other places at that time, returned to Beijing. Seventeen-year-old Li Zhan loves to play, but judging from his handling of Shen Li and Pei Du, this gentleman has his own opinion. At a family dinner in Pei Du, Jing and Liu Qichu whispered in Pei Du's ear, and the suggestion punished Pei Du for drinking on the grounds that "the Prime Minister refused to whisper with his ministers". By officials generally refers to grass-roots officials and officials dealing with specific affairs, although Jing is an official? Service. In the Tang dynasty, there were successively, Li Yi, Wu Qi, Liu, and Shi Mei who inherited the mantle of Jing. Some fathers and sons have served as Jing Zhaoyin, such as Liu Gongzhuo and. Some brothers are Jing, such as Li Zhongtong (Qingxin Zhongtong) and Li Shuming (Qingxin Shuming). There are also uncles who have been appointed as Beijing, such as Han Jiong. There was also an imperial general named Wang Fu, who called himself Jing Zhaoyin and was finally killed by Guo Ziyi. Cui Guangyuan in Xuanzong and Suzong periods set another record. In less than three months, he served as Jing Zhaoyin for three times. In the first year of God bless (AD 904), Zhu Wen sent someone to kill Zheng Yuangui and Jing, ministers of punishments. Ten days later, he bullied Tang Zhaozong into moving to Luoyang. The people in Chang 'an City were also forced to emigrate according to the square, and the whole Chang 'an City became a barbaric demolition site. Chang 'an, once brilliant, suffered a devastating blow and lost its position as the capital of a big country.