What languages are there in America?

Because there is no official language with federal status, some States take English as the official language, and English is the official language of the United States. As far as the whole Federation is concerned, there is no unified official language. Due to the campaign to promote English as an official language for many years, 365,438+0 of the 50 states in the United States have adopted legislation to make English an official language, and some other states have also proposed relevant bills, but they are facing considerable resistance. Three states recognize other languages as parallel to English: French in Louisiana, Hawaiian in Hawaii and Spanish in New Mexico.

First of all, French:

French belongs to the Romance family of Indo-European language family, including Romance in Central China (French, Italian, Sardinian dialect, Catalan, etc. ), western China romance (Spanish, Portuguese, etc. ) and romance in eastern China (Romanian, etc. ). It is one of the Romanesque languages with the largest number of users after Spanish. At present, 87 million people in the world speak English as their mother tongue, and another 285 million people use English (including those who speak English as a second language). French is the official language of many regions or organizations, such as the United Nations and the European Union. French and Canadian French are two branches of French in the world, and there are great differences between them.

Second, Spanish:

Spanish belongs to the west branch of Romance family of Indo-European family. According to the number of speakers of the first language, about 406 million people use it as their mother tongue, making it the second largest language in the world, second only to Chinese. The total number of users is nearly 475 million, and the total number of language users is the fifth in the world (2065438+June 2004). Among the seven continents, mainly Latin American countries (except Brazil, Belize, French Guiana, Haiti and other places). Many Spanish speakers refer to their own language as Spanish (espa? Ol), English speakers call Spanish Spanish, which is espa? English translation of ol. Many Spaniards who speak other dialects refer to Spanish as castellano. Spanish is one of the six official languages of the United Nations.

Third, Hawaiian:

Hawaiian belongs to Malayo-Polynesian language family in Austronesian language family, which is close to Maori, Fijian, Samoan and Tahiti. 1978, Hawaiian and English were designated as the official languages of Hawaii.

Hawaiian differs from English, French and Spanish in pronunciation and grammar;

Hawaiian has 12 phonemes, 5 vowels and 7 consonants. The five vowels are different in length, and there is a horizontal line above the long vowel letter. For example, the singular of "priest" and "priest" is kakuna, and the plural is kākuna. There are iu, eu, ou, au, ei, oi, ai, ae and ao in diphthongs. All words are syllables except loanwords.

One of the most well-known words in Hawaiian is Aloha! It means "hello", "love" and "goodbye". Most nouns can be used as verbs without change. For example, Kai's "The Sea" (this is Chinese homology! ), noun, used as verbs "at sea" and "out to sea". Hula dance is a swing dance of Hawaiian aborigines. The form (verb) of this dance is the same as that of human (noun). Surrounding is "water" and "liquid", and so is "flow" (verb).

Hawaiian pronunciation standards have the following characteristics: First, every word ends in a vowel. Second, stress the penultimate syllable. Third, every letter should be pronounced. The consonant letter w is different from /w/ and /v/. W follows the heavy vowel, and the pronunciation is often close to /v/. For example, Ha-va-i-i should be pronounced ha-va-i-i. If W is at the beginning of a word or the vowel in front is not stressed, the pronunciation of W is similar to that of English, such as Waikiki.

Hawaiian grammar, like most Austronesian languages, has no inflections, but uses auxiliary words and affixes to express grammatical functions. Auxiliary words always come before nouns and personal pronouns. Personal pronouns are singular, even and plural, and they are inclusive (we) and exclusive (we). Verbs mainly embody grammatical functions (such as time, state, reason, way, etc.). ) through adverbs and prefixes, there are also a few suffixes (indicating transitivity, mood, nominalization, etc. The word order is "verb+subject+object". The possessive case is represented by the prefixes -k and-n. Qualifiers ke and ka are also placed before nouns. Generally, modifiers are postpositioned, such as ipu kulu (golden cup). Ipu is "cup" and kulu is "gold".