Han immigrants came to the west.

When it comes to places with open folk customs in ancient times, people will first think of the southern region, because the Qing Dynasty implemented a closed-door policy, leaving only Guangzhou as a foreign trade port and setting it up? Guangzhou thirteenth line? Deal with trade priorities. The opening of the economy has promoted the opening of ideas, so even now, because the southern region, as the forerunner of reform and opening up, has been in contact with the outside world early and is more likely to accept new things.

However, during the Han and Tang Dynasties, some parts of Gansu and Shaanxi were now called Guanlong area, which was the most open area during the Han and Tang Dynasties. The Kanto and southern areas were closed, far less than Guanlong area. Why? Then why was kanto region and the southern region more open than Guanlong in the Ming and Qing Dynasties?

1. Guanzhong, which was influenced by nearby ethnic minorities during the Han and Tang Dynasties, refers to the Guanzhong area in Shaanxi today, while Gansu and Ningxia are called dragons because they are close to Longshan. Guanlong area is mainly because of the political groups in its area? Guanlong Group? During the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, this political group played an important role in Guanlong area.

During the Han and Tang dynasties, there were many ethnic minorities in Guanlong area. In the Han Dynasty, there were thirty-six countries in the western regions, such as Wusun, Loulan, Qiuci and Ruoqiang, and the Xiongnu invaded the north. According to the distribution map of ethnic minorities in the Tang Dynasty, East and West Turks and Uighurs are also close to the territory of the Tang Dynasty. Guanlong area is located in the west of China, which was closely related to western countries in Han Dynasty, and was adjacent to Turkic and Uighur in Tang Dynasty.

During the Han dynasty, the Xiongnu was repeatedly crusaded to the east, and finally appeared? Border town closed, cattle and horses wild? Border peace has promoted ethnic integration and development.

During the Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties before the Tang Dynasty, many ethnic groups migrated to each other, such as the northern minorities migrating to the south and the southern Han people migrating to the west. In addition, the ruler system such as Emperor Xiaowen's reform in the Northern Wei Dynasty, the integration and development of all ethnic groups, and the development of Yanbei area are the best examples to prove the integration of ethnic groups, such as the historical book "Northern History? It is recorded in Biography of How Postscript refers to Pi Yue:? If the land in the north is barren, you can live in the south of the water, so that you can cultivate good fields and widely produce sweet crops. Should we encourage each other? From this, we can see the development of Yanbei area after national integration.

Ethnic minorities can learn the advanced farming techniques of the Han nationality, and the Han nationality indirectly absorbs the folk customs of the Hu people. Later, after Emperor Wendi of Sui Dynasty unified the Northern and Southern Dynasties, the phenomenon of national integration became more obvious. Compared with the Confucian thought that Dong Zhongshu began to pay attention to self-denial and desire in the Western Han Dynasty, the customs in Guanlong area were more open after experiencing the rule of minority regime and the influence of neighboring minorities. Therefore, during the Han and Tang dynasties, the folk customs opening in Guanlong area was greatly influenced by ethnic integration, but it was less affected than that in Kanto and southern areas far away from northwest ethnic minority areas.

2. Influenced by the degree of development and economic conditions, the northern region developed into a capital city during the Han and Tang Dynasties, and the economy of the central region centered on Chang 'an, the capital city, was more developed, and the Guanlong area near Chang 'an benefited a lot. During the Three Kingdoms, the Jin Dynasty and the Southern and Northern Dynasties, although there was a trend of economic migration to the south, the impact was almost negligible, and it still did not affect the economic areas in the north.

According to Sima Qian's historical records, there were 18 economic divisions at that time, among which Lingnan, Bashu and Dongchu were mostly located in the Yellow River basin, with as many as 13. There are only five economic zones in the Yangtze River, and there is also a key nomadic area in the north-Longmen Jieshi. Therefore, the Yellow River Basin is the national economic center of gravity. Although the development of the Yellow River basin declined after the Tang Dynasty, it did not change its position as the center of gravity.

The economic base determines the superstructure, and the development level of Guanlong area is relatively high, so the social and cultural development level including folk customs is higher than that of the southern area. Kanto region, headed by the Kanto gentry, attached great importance to ethics and morality, and the folk customs were reserved, which had nothing to do with the word "openness".

After years of development, the economic center of southern China, which was affected by water, soil and sticky traffic, finally moved to the south in the Song Dynasty, and then the political center began to tilt to the south. Is it recorded in the History of Song Dynasty? The country is fundamental, to the southeast? It can be seen that the main source of the national economy is the southern region, which is contrary to the dominant position of the northern region before the Song Dynasty.

Later, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, the economic development of the south was incomparable to that of the north, and it also showed profound performance in culture and education. For example, almost all the people admitted to the first examination of the founding of the Ming Dynasty were southerners, and later they could only appease the north by increasing the number of northern scholars. At the same time, the development of commerce in Ming and Qing dynasties, especially the development of foreign trade, opened the eyes of the southern region and the central and eastern coastal areas of Kanto, so the folk customs in Kanto and the southern region were much more open than those in Guanlong.

3. The decline of political groups and the change of social situation. Political development of the gentry in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties? Do you want to make nine products? Recruiting talented people greatly curbed the input of talents, and it was easy to form small groups within the court. During the Northern Wei Dynasty, Guanlong Group was formed on the basis of Guanzhong in Shaanxi and Longshan in Gansu. In the Northern Wei Dynasty, it was originally established to protect the safety of the capital city Pingcheng and guard against gentle invasion. Later, in the Western Wei Dynasty, due to the improvement of the government's military system, eight pillars and twelve generals were formed. Go in and come out, there is no separation of civil and military. The characteristics of.

Guanlong Group directly influenced the development of subsequent dynasties. Emperor Wen of Sui, Emperor Yangdi, is the son of Yang Zhong, the twelve generals. Emperor Wendi's father-in-law is an orphan in the Eight Columns, while Tang Taizu Li Yuan's grandfather is Li Hu, one of the Eight Columns, and his grandfather is an orphan in the Eight Columns. From this point of view, the relationship between Guanlong Group is intertwined, but its prosperity is due to politics, and its decline is naturally due to politics.

After Yang Di ascended the throne, Yang Guang perfected the imperial examination system and promoted talents from the south to enhance his competitive strength with Guanlong Group. Unfortunately, he finally failed and paid his own life. After the Tang Dynasty, the development of imperial examination system, on the one hand, also made Guanlong Group decline day by day. Later, with the development of martial arts, Guanlong Group lost control of the right to lead troops and gradually declined.

Besides the decline of Guanlong Group, another important reason is the change of the situation. The unification wars in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties mostly occurred in the northern region, while the southern region was relatively stable. Later, the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms Period and the Song and Jin Wars also left the north devastated. The instability of the situation restricts the development of the north, while the relative stability in the south leads to the gradual opening of the folk customs in the south.

Therefore, the opening of folk customs in Guanlong area was mainly influenced by the surrounding ethnic minorities and their own economic development at the beginning. The change in the field of folk custom opening is the shift of political, economic and cultural focus. Therefore, only development is the last word.

Text: Rachel

References:

History of Song Dynasty, Historical Records and Northern History

The text was created by the team of History University Hall, and the pictures originated from the Internet and belonged to the original author.