Where is Andorra? What kind of country is this?

① Country name: Principality of Andorra.

National flag: rectangular, with an aspect ratio of 3: 2. The flag surface consists of three parallel and equal vertical rectangles, blue, yellow and red from left to right, and the national emblem is painted in the center.

National emblem: It's a coat of arms. The pattern depicts the relationship between Andorra, France and Spain: Andorra became a principality in 1278. According to the peace treaty signed by France and Spain, both countries have suzerainty over Andorra, and the French President and the Bishop of Houguere, Spain, are the current heads of state of Andorra. There are four groups of patterns on the emblem and shield: the bishop's crown and bishop's scepter on the upper left, representing the local bishop of Houguere; On the upper right and the lower right are three red vertical bars and two cows on the yellow ground, representing Count Fejk and Count Belner respectively. They have appointed representatives of the French head of state to exercise suzerainty over the Principality of Andorra. On the lower left are four vertical stripes on the yellow ground, representing Catalonia, the historical region of Spain. There is a crown at the top of the coat of arms, and a motto is written on the ribbon at the bottom, which means "unity is strength"

Physical geography: a landlocked country in southern Europe, located at the junction of France and Spain. Located in the valley on the southern slope of the East Pyrenees, it covers an area of 468 square kilometers. Surrounded by mountains on all sides, the territory is rugged, with an altitude of more than 900 meters, and the highest point of Koma Petrosa is 2946 meters above sea level. The largest river, the Valila River, is 63 kilometers long. The Valila River and its two tributaries flow through the country from north to south. The grasslands in river valleys and lakesides are lush, and there are many forests in the high places. There is a highway connecting France and Spain. Andorra has a mountainous climate with an average annual temperature of 9. 1℃. In most areas, the winter is long and cold, with rain and snow, and the snow on the mountains lasts for 8 months. Summer is dry, cool and sunny.

Population: 66,000. The local people belong to Catalan nationality, and the immigrants are mostly Spanish, followed by Portuguese and French. The official languages are Catalan, French and Spanish are widely spoken. Most residents believe in Catholicism.

Capital: andorra la vella.

Brief History: Andorra is a small buffer state established by Charlemagne Empire on the Spanish border in the 9th century A.D. to prevent Moorish harassment. 13 century ago, France and Spain often clashed for Andorra. 1278, France and Spain concluded a peace treaty to take charge of Andorra's administrative sovereignty and religious sovereignty respectively. In the following hundreds of years, conflicts between France and Spain for Andorra continued to occur. Law 1789 once renounced the sovereignty over Angola. 1806, Napoleon issued a decree recognizing Ann's right to exist, and the relations between the two countries were restored. Andorra has not been involved in two world wars and its political situation has been relatively stable. 1982 65438+ 10 On October 4th, the system was reformed, and the executive power was changed from parliament to government. 1March 1993 14, Andorra adopted a new constitution by referendum and became a sovereign country. Diplomacy is represented by France.

Politics:1March 199314th, Andorra's first constitution was adopted by referendum. According to the Constitution, Andorra is a principality with parliamentary system, and the French President and the Bishop of the Spanish diocese of Teo de Uher are both heads of state, known as the two archduke. The two sides exchanged permanent representatives to handle Andorra affairs. 1after the system reform in June, 1982, the legislative power of the state was exercised by the Andorran General Assembly (Parliament), but it must be approved by the two archduke; The executive power was changed from parliament to a government appointed by parliament. There is no army in this country, only dozens of policemen.

Economy: Before the 1960s, Andorran residents were mainly engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture, mainly raising cattle and sheep and planting potatoes and tobacco. After that, it gradually turned to commerce and tourism, and the economic development was relatively stable. Andorra has no customs duties and national currency, and Spanish pesetas and French francs are common in the territory. At present, the economy is dominated by tourism, which has accounted for most of the income in recent years, and the number of foreign tourists reaches 1 0,000,000,000 (1 982) every year. The magnificent mountain scenery in summer and the huge skating rink in winter are very attractive. Agriculture is underdeveloped, and potatoes and tobacco are the main crops. Animal husbandry is mainly cattle and sheep. Only a small amount of iron, lead and alum ores. Rich in water resources, there is a hydropower station in Lake Ngoura, and the electricity is exported to Spain and France. There are industries such as tobacco, tweed textile and wood processing. Export wool, wood, furniture, etc. Imported food (mainly for a large number of tourists), fuel and clothing.

Foreign relations: 1993 Before Angola's political reform, foreign relations were managed by Spain and France, and then independent foreign relations were gradually established and developed.

Relations with China: 65438+1On June 29th, 1994, Andorra established diplomatic relations with China at the ambassadorial level. From 5 June to138 October 2005, Andorran Prime Minister Fine paid an informal visit to China.

(2) the capital of Andorra. Near the Valila River. The population is 16200 (1989). The climate is mild in summer. Because there is no tariff, many European and overseas goods flow in, forming a prosperous market here. Tourists keep coming all the year round, and there are many hotels, shops, restaurants and various tourist facilities in the city.

The Principality of Andorra is located between France and Spain in the southwest of Europe. It is a landlocked country with an area of 468 square kilometers and a mountainous climate. Population 65,900, mainly Catalan, but also Spanish, Portuguese and French. The official languages are Catalan, French and Spanish are widely spoken. Most residents believe in Catholicism. Andorra is a traditional agricultural country. Residents used to be mainly engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture, but later turned to commerce and tourism. Andorra la vella, the capital. The French President and the Spanish Bishop Theo de Uher are both heads of state, and they are called the two archduke. State affairs are managed by France and Spain.

Andorra is a small buffer state established between France and Spain in the 9th century. 1278, France and Spain concluded a peace treaty, enjoying administrative and religious sovereignty over Andorra respectively. In the following hundreds of years, conflicts between France and Spain for Andorra continued to occur. 1993, Andorra was declared a sovereign state by referendum. France and Spain announced their recognition and established diplomatic relations with them, and Andorra joined the United Nations in the same year.

Overview:

The full name of Andorra. A small landlocked country in the Pyrenees between France and Spain, with an area of 468 square kilometers and a population of 68,000. The official languages are Catalan, French and Spanish are widely spoken.

13 century ago, France and Spain competed with each other. 1278, France and Spain became independent principalities by contract. France has administrative power and Spain has religious power. Therefore, the President of France is also the head of State of Andorra. Andorra has no independent diplomacy. Generally speaking, the ambassador to Spain is also the ambassador of Andorra. There is no regular army, only the police.

The territory is rugged and mountainous, with seven peaks about 3000 meters above sea level. The economy is dominated by tourism and duty-free shopping, which receives more than 9 million tourists from all over the world every year, and tourism income accounts for about 80% of national income. Tourism projects include forest hunting and winter skiing. Shopping is one of Andorra's main tourist projects. There are more than 1000 duty-free shops and shopping centers in China.

There are no airports and trains in China, and highways are the only traffic arteries. Andorra is 200 kilometers away from Barcelona, Spain and Toulouse, France, and there are shuttle buses to Andorra at both airports.

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Andorra

Principality of Andorra.

It covers an area of 468 square kilometers.

The population is 65306 (1997). The local people are about 13650, belonging to the Catalan nation. Foreign immigrants account for 7 1.6%, most of them are Spanish, followed by Portuguese and French. The official languages are Catalan, French and Spanish are widely spoken. Most residents believe in Catholicism.

Andorra la vella, the capital, has a population of 265,438+0,984 (65,438+0,995).

Head of state, French President Jacques? Jacques Chirac and Spanish Theo? The local bishop Juan? Maldi? Alanis, both heads of state, is called the two Grand Duke.

Located at the junction of France and Spain in southwest Europe, it is a landlocked country. It has a mountainous climate with an annual average temperature of 9. 1℃.

Andorra is a small buffer state established by Charlemagne Empire on the Spanish border in the 9th century to prevent Moorish harassment. 1278, France and Spain concluded a peace treaty, enjoying administrative sovereignty and religious sovereignty over Andorra respectively. Both sides have the right to appoint their own representatives and accept symbolic contributions. In the following hundreds of years, Spain and France frequently clashed for Andorra. 1789 After the French Revolution broke out, Ann broke off relations with France. 1806, Napoleon issued a decree recognizing Ann's right to exist, and the relations between the two countries were restored. Since then, the security situation has been relatively stable. 1982 65438+ 10 On October 4th, the system was reformed, and the executive power was changed from parliament to government. 1March 1993 14, Andorra adopted a new constitution by referendum and became a sovereign country.

Politics1993 65438+February An held the first parliamentary election, which was held by Rivas? The National League for Democracy led by Reg won a relative majority in the election and formed a cabinet in early 1994. 1994 1 1 The government proposed to set up a tax increase plan, which was met by the leader of the Knesset-Israel Freedom League, Mark? Faurne was a majority member of the opposition and was impeached. In 65438+February, the main political parties in parliament agreed that Mark was elected? Fine became prime minister and formed a new government. The fine government, as a minority alliance, was blocked in parliament. 1at the end of 1996, the fine government was deadlocked with the opposition party because it proposed economic opening and banking reform, and the largest opposition party, the National League for Democracy, also proposed impeachment and demanded that the government step down. Under this circumstance, Premier Faurne decided to dissolve the parliament and hold parliamentary elections in advance on February 1997. In the election, the Freedom Alliance led by Faurne won a total victory, winning 16 of the 28 seats in Parliament, while the largest opposition party, the National League for Democracy, won only 6 seats. In early April, Fine formed a new government. After Fine took office, he actively promoted political stability and economic diversification, and the security situation became stable.

The new Constitution of Andorra stipulates that the French President and Spanish Bishop Teo de Uher are both heads of state, and national sovereignty belongs to the people. Separation of executive, legislative and judicial powers.

The unicameral parliament, known as the General Committee, exercises legislative power. The General Committee is elected by universal suffrage, with a total of 28 members, of which 14 members are elected by the whole country, and the rest are elected by each of the seven administrative regions of the country for a term of four years, with half being re-elected every two years. The current general meeting was established in March 1997+0 1. Speaker Francisco? Areni? Fran Cesk areni Casal, member of the Freedom Alliance Party. The allocation of seats is as follows:

Freedom Alliance 16

National League for Democracy 6

National Association for Promoting Democracy II

New Democracy Party 2

Auddino League 2

The current government is a one-party government of the Freedom Alliance. The main members of the government are: Prime Minister Mark? Fine, Foreign Minister Albert? Albert Panta, Chancellor of the Exchequer Susania? Alasanz (female), Minister of Economy Enrique? Enrique Casadevall, Interior Minister Luis? Lluis Montanya, Minister of Health and Welfare Josep? goicochea(Josep m . goicochea)。

Administrative Districts The country is divided into seven administrative districts: Andorra, Canilho, Makana, Santa Julia de Loria, Enkamp, Les Escard-Ngole and Ordino.

The leading body of the judiciary is the Supreme Judicial Council, which is composed of five members for a term of six years. The judicial system includes primary courts, intermediate courts and high courts. Establish a separate constitutional court.

The following five political parties have seats in Parliament:

Unio Liberal was founded in 1993 and is now the ruling party. Leader mark? Faurne (Mark Faurne).

The National League for Democracy was founded in 1979, formerly known as the Andorran Democratic Party. Now the largest opposition party, leader Radislav? Mrs. barrow.

Nova Democratic Party was founded in 1993. Leader Mei Hao? Yom Bartomeu.

The National Association for the Promotion of Democracy was established in 1993. Leader Bisenko? Vicenc Mateu.

Unio Parroquial of Ordino.

Economic security is a traditional agricultural country. Before the 1960s, residents mainly engaged in animal husbandry and agriculture, and later turned to commerce and tourism. The main agricultural products are potatoes and tobacco. Animal husbandry is dominated by cattle and sheep. The main mineral deposits are iron, alum and lead. Cigarette manufacturing is the main industry, followed by textile, leather, wood and food processing. Forest area 179 15 hectares, accounting for 37% of the national area, is owned by the state. Rich in hydraulic resources, many small hydropower stations are built by melting snow from high mountains, which can meet the national demand of14, and the rest are imported from France and Spain. Commerce and tourism are the main sources of national income. The development of the financial industry has injected new vitality into the economy. From 65438 to 0997, the population engaged in the primary industry accounted for 0.79% of the employed population, the population engaged in the secondary industry accounted for 22. 15%, and the population engaged in the tertiary industry accounted for 77.6%. The GDP of 1997 is11900,000 US dollars, and the per capita income is about 15000 US dollars.

There are no railways in Ann, only expressways. 195: 3594 registered cars1car, 40 commercial cars14 cars, and transport vehicles 159 cars. There are 1 private helicopter airports.

Andorra often uses Spanish pesetas and French francs. 1 991July1day, Andorra joined the European customs union. Ann has low taxes and no income tax, and is known as a "tax-free paradise". During the period of 1993, Anyuan had 7 banks and 53 branches all over the country.

The main partners of foreign trade are France and Spain, followed by Germany, Italy, Japan, the Netherlands and other countries. The import value is1570.5 billion pesetas, and the export value is 7.04 billion pesetas. The main imported products are building materials, cigarettes, electrical appliances, cosmetics, gasoline fuel, clothing, optical products, various processed foods and daily necessities, many of which are supplied to foreign tourists; The main export products are wool, livestock, leather, cigarettes, wood, butter and cheese.

The financial expenditure of 1996 is 25.795 billion pesetas, and the income is 25.449 billion pesetas. Ann has no defense budget. Government revenue mainly comes from import taxes and bank taxes, indirect taxes on petroleum and other products, and income from issuing stamps.

6- 16 years old implements free and compulsory education. There are 18 schools in China. There were 10229 students in the school year of196/97, of which 2 150 were in preschool education at the age of 3-6, 5,424 were in the age of 7-0/5, and 2,655 were over the age of 16. There are 1 radio stations, 1 TV stations and 1 newspapers in China.

Between 1966 and 1968, a social insurance system for people's lives was established to provide insurance money or pensions for patients, the elderly and workers. 1994, hospital 1, 2.2 beds per thousand people, doctors 132 people. 1995, there are 29795 telephones.

Foreign Relations 1993 Before Angola's political reform, foreign relations were managed by Spain and France, and then independent foreign relations were gradually established and developed. 1On June 3, 1993, Andorra signed cooperation agreements with France and Spain, and France and Spain announced that they recognized Andorra as a sovereign country and established diplomatic relations with it. On July 28th of the same year, Ann joined the United Nations, and then successively joined international and regional organizations such as the International Telecommunication Union, the International Labour Organization, the World Health Organization and Council of Europe. At present, Angola has signed diplomatic agreements with about 70 countries in the world and established embassies with Spain and France. Andorra attaches great importance to developing relations with Spain, France and the European Union.