When the Spanish colonies were in North America, how did they trade horses?

At the end of the 15th century, Columbus, who was funded by the Spanish royal family, discovered the New World of America, and the development of the New World was soon put on the agenda. In order to catch up in the development of the new continent, the British did not directly touch the Spanish and Portuguese, but turned their attention to Central and North America.

From 166 to 1776, through a series of game means, such as war and negotiation, Britain established 13 colonies in the narrow strip of North America from the Atlantic coast in the east to the Appalachian Mountains in the west. They are Virginia, Massachusetts, New Hampshire, Maryland, Rhode Island, Connecticut, North Carolina, South Carolina, new york, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Delaware and Georgia.

In southern North America, such as Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, Georgia and later merged East and West Florida, various plantations began to be established due to fertile land, humid climate and open terrain. With the development of tobacco trade, the cultivation of tobacco, rice and indigo has become the backbone of the local economy.

American slave plantations

In that era of low productivity, plantation agriculture needed a lot of workers to grow crops. In May 167, the Virginia Company of London sent the first batch of 15 immigrants to North America and established James City. From 1617 to 1623, an average of 14 ships sailed from England to Virginia, bringing more than 5, new immigrants. Until the end of the 17th century, these white new immigrants had been the main source of labor for the economic development of America.

These white immigrants are composed of two parts: freemen and indentured slaves.

Freemen are mainly European civilians. They make up the travel expenses from Europe to America by selling iron. married with children came to America to start a new life. They are the main force of land reclamation in America, especially in North America.

indentured slaves are mainly poor white people who can't afford to travel to America. They are forced to contract with ship owners or immigration brokers who transport them: the ship owners or immigration brokers will pay for them to travel to America, and after they arrive at their destination, they will pay for their travel expenses with 4-7 years' unpaid labor;

Some criminals, vagrants and people unable to pay off their debts who were deported by the court were also trafficked to the colonies by the court.

A ship owner or immigration agent transports the person who signed the contract to North America, and then resells the contract to the local colonists, and the person is sold. The white people whose contracts are resold are called contract slaves and white slaves, but they account for a relatively small proportion of the new immigrants.

New immigrants celebrate with Indians.

However, with the continuous land reclamation, there is a shortage of labor force. Contract slaves can get some landless farmers when they are free after the contract expires, and no one wants to stay in the plantation and suffer.

In order to avoid the exploitation of the landlord and bourgeoisie, many free people who came to America from Europe often took up land in places beyond the reach of colonial authorities and became self-reliant small landowners and yeomen, which greatly diluted the already insufficient new immigrant groups.

Marx once wrote about this situation: "Today's wage earners will become independent farmers or craftsmen tomorrow, and they will disappear from the labor market. . . . This constant transformation has caused extremely harmful reactions in the labor market. "

How to solve the problem of labor shortage in a short time is in front of the colonists.

Slave Trade

Seeing that Portugal and Spain established slavery in Latin America and made a fortune in triangle trade, the British who were so anxious to get rich and didn't want to spend more money finally couldn't sit still, and Christianity at that time was not against the slave trade, and the last fig leaf was completely torn up.

The colonists began to plunder and enslave the local Indians in the North American continent on a large scale and use them as slaves, which can be regarded as the beginning of colonial slavery in British North America.

Indian slaves were first used in New England. In 176, Indian children under the age of 12 were still sold as slaves in Massachusetts. In 178, there were 1,4 Indian slaves in South Carolina.

But the Indians didn't sit still and wait for death. They tried their best to escape, and when they ran back, they would break back and behead the white slave owners, and then bring them back to the tribe as trophies, gaining recognition and respect from the tribe.

In p>1622, Indian riots in Virginia killed a large number of white people.

In 1675-1677, the "King Philip's Battle" launched by Indians in New England was the largest and fiercest armed struggle. The Indians destroyed about 2 colonial towns and killed a large number of colonial soldiers in New England.

the war between the colonists and the Indians

Although the colonial authorities have successfully suppressed the resistance of the Indians for many times, the living environment of the Indians has been continuously compressed, but the resistance wars of the Indians have come and gone, and the colonists cannot put the Indians into the planting of the plantations.

Moreover, Indians were naturally free, unwilling to be bound, and were not good at farming. In addition, they had no resistance to diseases brought by Europeans, and the population and quality dropped sharply. The colonists soon found that they had no one to use.

The colonists wanted to use black people, but at this time, the slave trade was monopolized by the Netherlands, and the slaves were good but expensive. After many considerations, the colonists finally turned their attention to their compatriots.

In order to attract more people, especially the powerless poor, to participate in the development in North America, the North American colonists entrusted European agents to promote North America as a paradise on earth, where everyone has food, money and a leisurely and prosperous life.