Who were the presidents of the first and second industrial revolutions in the United States? thank you

1 President: George Washington,

Second President: john adams,

The third president: Thomas Jefferson,

The fourth president: james madison,

The fifth president: james monroe,

Sixth President: john quincy adams,

Seventh President: andrew jackson,

Eighth President: Martin Van Buren;

The second industrial revolution:

18th president: hiram grant,

19 th president: Rutherford Hayes,

20th President: james garfield,

2nd1President: Chester Arthur,

22nd President: Grover Cleveland,

23rd President: Benjamin Harris,

24th President: Grover Cleveland,

25th President: william mckinley.

The following are two industrial revolutions:

First industrial revolution

The establishment of British bourgeois rule laid the foundation for the rapid development of British capitalism.

On the one hand, British bourgeois rule actively developed overseas trade, colonized, accumulated rich capital, and expanded the vast overseas market and the cheapest raw material producing area. On the other hand, it further promoted the "enclosure movement", gained a large number of cheap labor, prospered the handicraft industry of the factory, accumulated rich production technology knowledge and increased output, but it still could not meet the needs of expanding the market. Therefore, a revolution in the mode of production is ready. [ 1]

From 65438 to 1960s, in British capitalist production, large-scale machine production began to replace factory handicrafts, and the productivity advanced by leaps and bounds, which was called the "industrial revolution" in history.

The industrial revolution first appeared in the cotton textile industry with the most developed handicraft industry in the factory.

1733, mechanic Kay invented the "flying shuttle", which greatly improved the speed of weaving, and the demand for spinning was in short supply.

1765, the weaver Hargreaves invented the "Jenny Loom", which triggered a chain reaction of the invention of machines and technical innovation in the cotton textile industry for the first time, and started the industrial revolution. Since then, advanced machines such as screw machine and hydraulic loom have appeared in cotton textile industry. Soon, in many industrial sectors, such as coal mining and metallurgy, there was also machine production. With the increasing output of machines, the original power such as electricity storage, water power and wind power can no longer meet the needs.

1785, Watt's improved steam engine was put into use, which provided more convenient power and quickly popularized, greatly promoting the popularization and development of the machine. Thus, human society entered the "age of steam".

With the machine production gradually replacing manual operation in industrial production, the traditional handicraft industry can no longer meet the needs of machine production. In order to better manage production and improve efficiency, capitalists began to build workshops and arrange machines to hire workers for centralized production. In this way, a new form of production organization-factory appeared. Factories have become the most important organizational form of industrial production, playing an increasingly important role. The development of machine production has promoted the innovation of transportation. In order to transport goods and raw materials quickly and conveniently, people try their best to design and transform transportation tools.

1807, a steamboat powered by steam made in Fulton, USA, was successfully put to trial.

18 14 years, the Englishman Stephen sun invented the "steam locomotive".

1825, Stephenson personally drove a 34-car train, and the test drive was successful. Since then, the human traffic page has entered an era driven by steam.

Around 1840, the production of large machinery in Britain basically replaced the traditional factory handicraft industry, and the industrial revolution was basically completed. Britain became the first industrial country in the world.

/kloc-At the end of 0/8, the industrial revolution gradually spread from Britain to Western Europe and North America. Later, it spread to other parts of the world.

France was one of the earliest countries affected by the industrial revolution.

From the end of 18 to the beginning of 19, some textile industries in France have started to use machines and steam as power, and other industrial sectors have gradually followed suit.

From 65438 to 1990s, the process of French industrial revolution was accelerated.

/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the French industrial revolution was basically completed. Became an industrial country second only to Britain at that time. However, due to the long-term existence of small and medium-sized enterprises and small-scale peasant economy, the development of usury capital and many other factors, French enterprises are scattered, new technologies and machines are difficult to invent and popularize, industrial labor and industrial capital are relatively scarce, and the commodity market is also sluggish, which has hindered the development process of the French industrial revolution to some extent.

About the same time as France, the industrial revolution began in the United States. The conditions for the development of American industrial revolution are unique. The domestic resources are abundant, the market is vast, the international environment is superior, and it is less affected by the war. The influx of foreign immigrants has provided cheap labor and advanced production technology and experience.

First industrial revolution

/kloc-after the 0/9th century, the American industrial revolution developed rapidly, and many inventions appeared, such as cotton scattering machines, sewing machines, tractors, ships, etc., especially the adoption and popularization of standardized production methods for machine parts, which greatly promoted the development of machine manufacturing and the popularization of machines.

/kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the United States completed the industrial revolution.

/kloc-In the early stage of the 0/9th century, industrial revolution began in some parts of Germany. Since then, Germany's textile industry, metallurgy, coal mining, agricultural chemistry and railway transportation have developed to some extent, but the fragmented political situation has seriously hindered the development process of Germany's industrial revolution.

/kloc-Around the middle of the 0/9th century, while the industrial revolution was vigorously carried out in Western Europe and North America, the page was constantly expanding to other parts of the world, and Russia, Japan and other countries started the industrial revolution one after another.

the second industrial revolution

Edison and durable carbon filament light bulbs

/kloc-in the 20th century, with the development of capitalist economy, great progress has been made in natural science research. After 1870, various new technologies and inventions emerged one after another, which were applied to various industrial production fields and promoted the further development of the economy. The second industrial revolution flourished and mankind entered the electrical age.

Major invention

The second industrial revolution was marked by the wide application of electrical appliances.

Since the sixties and seventies, a series of great inventions have appeared.

1866, Siemens of Germany manufactured the generator; In the 1970s, practical generators came out.

Electrical appliances began to be used to replace machines and become a new energy source to supplement and replace steam engines. Subsequently, electric lights, trams and film projectors came out one after another, and mankind entered the "electrical age".

Another great achievement of applying science and technology to industrial production is the innovation and use of internal combustion engines.

Morse telegraph

From 65438 to 1970s and 1980s, internal combustion engines fueled by gas and gasoline were born one after another, and diesel engines were built successfully in 1990s. The invention of the internal combustion engine solved the engine problem of the vehicle. In 1980s, German karl friedrich Benz and others successfully manufactured cars driven by internal combustion engines, and internal combustion engines, ocean-going ships and airplanes also developed rapidly. The invention of internal combustion engine promoted the development of petroleum exploitation industry and petrochemical industry.

1870, the global oil output was about 800,000 tons, while 1900, the annual output soared to 20 million tons.

The progress of science and technology has also promoted the development of telecommunications.

In 1970s, American Bell invented the telephone, and Italian Kony successfully experimented with wireless telegraph in 1990s, all of which promoted the rapid transmission of information. Economic, political and cultural ties between countries in the world have been further strengthened.