What is the main structure of apple?

Apple is the fruit of Rosaceous, with about 25 species. Apple tree is the most widely cultivated fruit tree. Apple is a kind of pear fruit, which is developed from ovary and tissues around it. Most apple trees are cross-pollinated, with 2? 6? 54% flowers have ideal fruit setting rate. Although the size, shape, color and acidity of mature apples vary greatly due to varieties and environmental conditions, they are generally round with a diameter of 50? 6? 5 100 mm (2? 6? 54 inches), with red or yellow. There are thousands of varieties of apples, which are divided into three categories: wine varieties, cooking varieties and tail foods. The three varieties are different in color, size, fragrance, smoothness (and possibly crispness and flavor). Many varieties have high sugar content, moderate acidity and low tannin content. Besides raw apples, there are many cooking methods, which are often used as snack fillings. Apple scones may be the earliest sweet-tailed food in America. Fried apples are often eaten with sausages, pork chops and other dishes, especially in Europe. The genus Malus is native to temperate regions in both hemispheres. The earliest Europeans ate apples and improved their choices. Some varieties were seen more than 2000 years ago. Before colonizing the United States, there were hundreds of known varieties in Europe. Later, with the wave of immigration sweeping across North America, the seedlings of apple varieties also spread everywhere, becoming itinerant messengers of local legends, which played an important role in the spread of apples. The most prominent one was john chapman (nicknamed "〔Johnny Appleseed"), who planted apples widely in Ohio and Indiana. Indians and hunters may also spread apples. Apple trees need a certain dormancy period, in areas where winter is obvious (generally at 30? 6? 560) is growing well. Further north, due to the cold winter and short growing season, planting is restricted. When planting apples, we should choose soil with good drainage and fertilize when the fertility is insufficient. The top of a rolling hill or hillside is best for growing apples. In this terrain, cold and heavy air will flow down into the valley on a cold spring night, otherwise the apple flowers and fresh fruits will be frozen. Taking the selected variety as scion, the rootstock is usually 1 August, and after grafting, it is1? 6? Transplanted orchard in 52 years. 6? 6? After 58 years, there will be considerable output; Prior to this, the management work was mostly limited to weeding and pest control, and pruning was needed (especially in the first five years) to make the distribution of main branches reasonable and the weaker branches would not break under the weight of fruits. Adult fruit trees should be sprayed with pesticides in strict accordance with regulations to prevent pests, which may also delay their vigorous growth in spring, sparse young fruits and reduce fruit drop in autumn. Varieties that mature in late summer are generally not suitable for storage. Varieties that mature in late autumn can be carefully stored for up to one year. It can be stored for a long time at a temperature slightly higher than the freezing point of apples. Apples can also be stored in inert gas or air with controllable composition. The annual output of apples in Apple World is about 32 million metric tons. Apples produced in the United States are usually eaten semi-fresh; About 1/5 is used to make vinegar, fruit juice, jelly, apple puree, etc. About 1/6 was made into canned applesauce, which was used as the raw material of pie. In Europe, most apples are used to make cider and brandy. Apples used to brew cider account for 1/4 of the world output. The United States, China, France, Italy and Turkey are the largest producers, while France, Italy, Hungary, Argentina, Chile, South Africa and the United States are the largest exporters. Apple is rich in carbohydrates, vitamins A and C, and contains a lot of fiber, which is also necessary for human body. ① Apple trees and deciduous trees with morphological habits. The height of the tree can reach 15 meters, and it is generally about 3 ~ 5 meters under cultivation conditions. The trunk is grayish brown, the old bark has irregular longitudinal cracks or flaking, and the branchlets are smooth. Simple leaves alternate, oval to ovoid, with serrated leaves. Corymb, white petals, pink buds, 20 stamens, 5 styles. Fruit is a kind of kernel, and its color and size vary with varieties. Like light, like slightly acidic to neutral soil. It is most suitable for sandy soil with deep soil layer, rich organic matter and good ventilation and drainage. Reproduction by grafting. There are two kinds of rootstocks: arbor rootstocks and dwarf rootstocks. Commonly used tree rootstocks are Juglans mandshurica, Haitang Xifu and Vitex negundo, and dwarf rootstocks are mainly imported from Britain. Wide rows and close planting are adopted, and the behavior is north-south. The soil in southern China is planted before freezing in autumn and winter, and in northern China it is planted during thawing in spring. Apple is weak in self-fruiting, so pollination trees must be arranged when planting. Flowers, fruits and tree shapes of apples ② Reproductive habits of apples 1. Flower bud and flower: The flower bud differentiation of apple began in early June and was completed before winter. The whole process is divided into three stages: physiological differentiation, morphological differentiation and sexual cell maturation. The flower buds are mixed buds and the inflorescences are corymbose cymes. Each inflorescence has 5-8 flowers, mostly 5. The central flower blooms first, and the marginal flower blooms later. The central flower has the best quality, stable fruit and large fruit. When thinning flowers and fruits, the central flowers and fruits should be kept, and the marginal flowers and fruits should be thinned more. The bud leaves first, then blooms, and shoots from the fruit table. The number and length of branches on the fruit table vary with varieties and nutritional conditions of fruiting mother branches. Varieties with strong secondary branches and long and strong branches, such as Zhuguang, have small fruits, low yield and loose fruiting branches. This variety uses thinning 1, leaving 1 and pinching new shoots to control the growth of secondary branches. Varieties with medium secondary branch growth (1 or 2), short branches (below 10 cm) and thick branches, such as Jin Shuai and Jonakin, have large fruits, high yield, compact fruiting branches, easy regeneration and strong continuous fruiting ability. Varieties with weak secondary shoot growth (1) and short branches (less than 3 cm), such as Yuan Shuai and Enpai, have large fruits, compact fruiting branches, easy to form chicken feet branches and easy to update. However, most fruit forests bear fruit every other year, so more reserve branches should be left to reduce the fruit bearing in different years. 2. Fruit: Apple's fruit is a fake fruit developed from ovary and receptacle, in which ovary develops into heart, receptacle develops into meat and embryo develops into seed. The volume expansion of fruit depends on the increase of the number of rapidly dividing cells in the early stage and the volume expansion of cells in the later stage. The volume expansion of fruit is faster in the middle period to before ripening, slower in the early and late period, and the fruit weight increases fastest in the month before ripening. The length of fruit development period is generally 65-87 days for early-maturing varieties, 90- 133 days for middle-maturing varieties and 137- 168 days for late-maturing varieties. Fruit color is an important indicator of commodities. The quality of apple coloring is closely related to the accumulation of sugar, the coordination of mineral elements, environmental conditions, and the types and contents of hormones. Controlling application of nitrogen fertilizer, increasing application of potassium fertilizer, reducing chlorophyll in peel, improving ventilation and light transmission conditions, improving sunshine, good drainage, reducing air humidity, spraying NAA and 2.4-D hormone can all promote apple coloring. From the appearance of buds to the harvest of fruits, apples usually have four flowers and fruits. The first time in the final flowering period, the pedicel falls off with withering, which is usually called falling flower. The second time, about a week after flower dropping, the ovary is slightly enlarged and lasts for 5-20 days, which is called early fruit dropping. 7- 14 days after the third fruit drop, the fruit has reached the size of thumb nail, which has a great influence on the yield, so it is called physiological fruit drop. Yunnan usually occurs in May, and the phenology in the north is later than that in Yunnan, and it occurs in June, so it is called "June fruit drop". The fourth time, before the fruit is harvested, the mature or nearly mature fruit is dropped, so it is called pre-harvest fruit drop. The first and second falling flowers and fruits are mainly caused by insufficient nutrition and poor pollination and fertilization. The third fruit drop is caused by the fierce competition for nutrients among fruits and the lack of auxin in embryos. Because the osmotic pressure of leaves is greater than that of young fruits, the power to compete for nutrients is stronger than that of young fruits. Therefore, in addition to pinching and pruning branches to inhibit the growth of new shoots, it is necessary to apply huafei to supplement nutrients in time. ③ Seeds: Developed from fertilized eggs in embryo sacs. The normal fruit of apple has five ventricles, and there are two seeds in each ventricle. In the process of fruit development, seeds secrete hormones to stimulate the growth of pulp, so those with good pollination and fertilization, full seeds, correct fruit shape and full pulp; On the other hand, on the side with poor seed development or no seed, the pulp becomes thin and deformed, so pollination trees must be arranged to improve the pollination effect. ④ Requirements for external environmental conditions: Temperature: Apple tree is a temperate fruit tree that likes low temperature and dryness, requiring no severe cold in winter and no intense heat in summer. The suitable temperature range is the annual average temperature of 9- 14℃, the extreme low temperature in winter is not lower than-12℃, the highest monthly average temperature in summer is not higher than 20℃, the annual accumulated temperature is about 5000℃ ≥ 10℃, and the average temperature in the growing season (April-10)/ Low temperature time is not enough, leaves and flowers are delayed irregularly, and some flower buds don't even germinate. In May, the scales became loose and fell off, which became a dead pile and seriously reduced production. When the absolute low temperature is lower than -30-32℃, freezing injury occurs again. According to the survey, the performance of apples at different altitudes and temperatures in Yunnan Province is as follows. The performance of apples at different altitudes and temperature zones in Yunnan: altitude (m), annual average temperature (℃), growth law of high-yield fruit quality, diseases and pests, suitable below 1800, abnormal differential weight above1800-200014-/kloc. 00 1 3-14 analysis of normal and suitable nutrition:1. The colloid and trace element chromium in apple can keep blood sugar stable and effectively reduce cholesterol; 2. In the air pollution environment, eating more apples can improve the respiratory system and lung function, and protect the lungs from pollution and smoke; 3. Polyphenols and flavonoids contained in apples are natural chemical antioxidants, which can reduce the risk of lung cancer and prevent lead poisoning; 4. Apple's unique fragrance can relieve the bad mood caused by excessive pressure, and also has a refreshing effect; 5. Apples are rich in crude fiber, which can promote gastrointestinal peristalsis, help the human body to discharge waste smoothly, and reduce the harm of harmful substances to the skin; 6. Apples contain a lot of trace elements such as magnesium, sulfur, iron, copper, iodine, manganese and zinc, which can make the skin delicate, smooth, ruddy and shiny. Related group: the general population can eat 1. Chronic gastritis, dyspepsia, qi stagnation, constipation, chronic diarrhea, neurocolitis, hypertension, hyperlipidemia and obesity, cancer patients, anemia and vitamin deficiency are particularly suitable. Expectant mothers eating an apple a day can reduce pregnancy reaction; 2. Patients with nephritis and diabetes should not eat more. Dietotherapy: apples are sweet and sour, cool in nature and belong to spleen and lung meridians; It has the effects of promoting fluid production, moistening lung, relieving summer heat, stimulating appetite, sobering up and stopping diarrhea, and is mainly used for treating qi deficiency, dyspepsia, qi stagnation, mild diarrhea, constipation, vexation with heat and thirst, excessive drinking and hypertension. Apple formula for treating infantile diarrhea. Methods The apples were washed with boiling water, peeled, steamed and mashed. Take it four times a day, each time100g, and for infants under one year old, about 50g each time, 3-4 times a day. At this time, you should not eat other food. After the symptoms get better, you can reduce the consumption of apple puree and increase cow cheese appropriately. Benefiting the spleen and stomach, thickening the intestine and stopping diarrhea. It also applies to frequent loose stool. Food Matching: Apples avoid eating products together, which will lead to constipation. Description: Soak peeled apples in cold boiling water to prevent oxidation and make apples brittle and sweet. Apple Cultivation History China apples are cotton apples, which were called money in ancient times. Since written records, it has a cultivation history of at least 2200 years. As a fruit tree, Shaguo has a history of about 2000 years. Begonia was cultivated later. The cultivation history of 1.Xi was first seen in Xi Houpu written by Shang (125- BC 1 18) in Sima Xiangru in the Western Han Dynasty. Among them, "Xi" is regarded by most scholars as the later cotton apple, which is the ancient name of China apple. According to Miscellanies of Xijing (3rd-4th century AD), all kinds of fruit trees in Shanglinyuan at that time were "when Shanglinyuan was first built, the ministers gave it different fruits from afar ..." Among them, "white, purple and green". Since we have contributed to the famous fruit, the cultivation of the origin is bound to be earlier. In the 1920s, Cao Zhi had a White Form, a Form of Thanks, and Biography of Historical Records in Huo Zhi described several kinds of fruit trees that had been mass-produced in mainland China at that time, but did not mention them. In a word, according to the change of the name and connotation of Nai since the Han Dynasty, it reflects that China Mian Apple also has a development process. Second, the history of western apple cultivation1After the middle of the 9th century, the sea was closed and opened, a large number of western cultures were imported, and the exchange of fruit tree resources became more frequent. Apple trees were also introduced. 1, Introduction of Early Apples There are many ways to introduce early apples. Shandong is the earliest. According to Yantai local chronicles, in 186 1 year, John L.Nevius, an American Presbyterian, was sent by the Presbyterian Church to Dengzhou, Shandong Province (now Penglai City) from Shanghai. He returned to America on 1864 because his wife was ill. When Mr. and Mrs. Ni returned to Yantai in 187 1, they brought western apples, pears, American grapes, European plums and sweet cherries and planted them in the southeast foothills of Yuhuangding, Yantai, and named them "Guangxing Orchard". 2. Introduction and production of apples in the first half of 20th century. At the beginning of the 20th century, apples in Liaoning and Shandong developed rapidly. 1909 The largest apple orchard in Lushun (later changed to Lushun Farm) includes 96 Guoguang and 550 Japanese tapestries. After the Russo-Japanese War, after the lease rights of Lushun and Dalian were transferred to Japan, 1909 established a nursery in Xiong Yue (19 13 was changed into an agricultural experimental field), and some main varieties were introduced from Japan. 19 10 introduced sunflower, Zhuguang and XuHe Guoguang. During the period of1914-1921year, three varieties such as Yuyue were introduced. 3. During the recovery period of 1950- 1952 apple production, the state adopted a series of recuperation policies, supported agricultural production, granted interest-free loans to fruit tree production, and reduced the fruit industry tax. At the same time, technical guidance institutions for fruit trees were established in key fruit areas, and fruit marketing was organized through supply and marketing cooperatives, which increased the income of fruit farmers and promoted the recovery of fruit industry. In the old apple producing areas, the remaining old apple trees were quickly restored, the main pests and diseases were effectively controlled, and the first batch of state-owned horticultural farms (mainly northern apples) began to be established, and the output rebounded rapidly. 4. The rise of apple industry in 1950s and 1960s. Since 1953, the movement of rural mutual aid and cooperation in China has risen, which has greatly stimulated the enthusiasm of farmers to develop production. 1955, the Ministry of Agriculture put forward the idea of "focusing on mutual assistance and cooperation, vigorously improving the yield and quality of existing fruit trees, and actively expanding new orchards to mountainous areas and barren hills in a planned way". All new orchards will be exempted from agricultural tax, and the purchase and sale work will be improved accordingly. 5. Establishment and development of commodity bases Since 1985, due to the quick return of apple investment and high efficiency, all other regions except Guangdong, Guangxi, Hunan, Hainan and Shanghai have taken the development of apple production as an important means to develop mountainous areas, get rid of poverty or accumulate funds to support agricultural production, especially Shaanxi Province, where 25 high-quality apple base counties have been established. From 1992, the annual output reached 8.429× 105t, second only to Shandong and Liaoning. 1993 surpassed Liaoning and ranked second in the country. Area and output of provinces in China from 65438 to 0995. Pests and diseases control apple water heart disease, also known as saccharification disease, is a physiological disease of fruit. Fuji, Gala and Marshal apples in Weibei dry plateau were seriously damaged, and the fruit quality deteriorated and could not be stored. Occurrence characteristics, mostly in the fruit core and its surface, sometimes the fruit surface is obvious, the diseased fruit peel is waterlogged, transparent as wax, the interstitial space of the diseased fruit is waterlogged, the diseased fruit is hard and translucent, or spotted, the diseased fruit has a special sweetness, and there are many spots near the top of the fruit or near the calyx depression. Water heart disease is due to the accumulation of sugar and the imbalance of calcium and nitrogen, which makes the normal life habits of fruits disordered and delays the harvest of fruits. The fruit farmers who hung fruit on trees at the earliest time had symptoms of sunburn when the crown was directly exposed to the sun. However, in areas with large temperature difference between day and night near maturity, fruits were prone to get sick, and large fruits were more sick than small ones. Fruit farmers usually make good use of high-nitrogen and low-calcium fertilizers, which will aggravate their illness. Different varieties have different disease resistance. Prevention and control techniques: strengthen cultivation management, increase the application of organic, inorganic and biological bacterial fertilizers (long Fei Da San Yuan), implement formula fertilization, avoid only applying ammonium nitrogen fertilizer, pay attention to farming to conserve moisture, prune diligently, leave fruits skillfully, and adjust the proportion of leaves and fruits. The method of supplementing nutrition in trees is: Stokop+ calcium lactate or calcium benefit. Practice has proved that this is an effective method to solve fruit tree diseases in Shui Xin.