Ask for Norwegian information, the more the better!

Information about Norway

===========

Information about Norway (history, politics, geography, administrative divisions, major towns, economy, culture, language, marriage, education, sports);

The Kingdom of Norway is located in the west of Scandinavia, bordering Sweden in the east and the Atlantic Ocean in the west. The coastline is extremely winding, which constitutes Norway's unique fjord scenery. In addition, Norway borders Finland and Russia. Norwegian territory also includes Svalbard and Jan Mayen, the capital of Oslo. Since 200 1, it has been rated as the most livable country by the United Nations for six consecutive years.

History ... Norway formed a unified kingdom around the 9th century. /kloc-entered its heyday in the 0/3rd century. /kloc-began to decline in the middle of the 0/4th century. 1397 formed the Kalmar Union with Denmark and Sweden and was ruled by Denmark. 18 14, Denmark ceded Norway to Sweden in exchange for Western Pomerania. 1905, he became an independent monarch and elected the Danish prince as king, known as haakon vii. Remain neutral in the first world war. Occupied by fascist Germany in World War II, Gysling established a dictatorship as a puppet of Germany, and King Haakon and his government went into exile in Britain. 1945 liberated. Haken VII died in 1957, and his son ascended the throne, named Olav V. 1949 joined the North Atlantic Treaty Organization and 1959 joined the European Free Trade Association.

Politics ... Norway is a constitutional monarchy, similar to Britain. 1972 and 1994 voted to join the EU twice, but both failed.

Geography ... covers an area of 38,565,438+055 square kilometers (including Svalbard and Jan Mayen). Located in the western part of Scandinavia in northern Europe, it borders Sweden in the east, Finland and Russia in the northeast, Denmark across the sea in the south and the Norwegian Sea in the west. With a coastline of 2 1 10,000 km (including fjords), it is a natural harbor. Scandinavian mountains run through the whole territory, and plateaus, mountains and glaciers account for more than two thirds of the whole territory. Hills, lakes and swamps are widely distributed in the south. Most areas have a temperate maritime climate.

Administrative divisions ... Norway is an administrative division with 19 counties (fylke) and 433 cities (kommune). The counties of 19 in Norway are: Oslo, Akesus, Akis and East Foer. Stafford), Hedmark, opland (opland), Buscrud, Siforr (Westford), Taylor Mark, Dongjidal (Oster-Agdell), Siagdel (West-Agdell), Rogalan, hordaland (). Re og Romsdal)、Nanterrendelag (S？ r-Tr？ Ndelag)、Nord-Tr？ Ndelag), Nordland, Troms and Finnmark.

Major towns ... Oslo, Bergen, Trondheim, Stavanger, kristiansand, Frederic Tower, Tromso, Sandnes.

Economy ... The Norwegian economy is an example of the successful combination of market liberalization and government macro-control. The government controls major economic fields, such as the oil industry. Norway is rich in natural resources, mainly in oil, water conservancy, fisheries, forests and minerals. Among them, Norway's economy depends largely on the oil industry and international oil prices. For example, in 1999, Norway's oil and natural gas accounted for 35% of its total exports. As a non-OPEC member, Norway's oil production is second only to Saudi Arabia and Russia.

Norway has voted twice to join the European Union, but it has not been passed in Parliament. The main reason is that Norway is worried that joining the EU will have a huge impact on its agriculture. However, Norway belongs to the European free trade circle, so to a large extent, the Norwegian economy is closely related to the European Union.

Although Norway has been rated as the most livable country by the United Nations for six consecutive years (200 1-2006), Norwegians are still worried that their living standards will begin to decline in the next 20 years when oil and natural gas begin to run out. Therefore, Norway has established a national oil fund to use the profits of the oil industry for overseas investment. By June, 2007, the National Petroleum Fund had reached 380 billion dollars. The National Petroleum Fund has effectively avoided the problem of overheating, which is very important for a small country like Norway.

Culture, language ... The official language of Norway is Norwegian, including standard Norwegian and new Norwegian writing modes. Both writing methods are used in official documents, schools and public places, but relatively speaking, the number of people who use standard Norwegian is relatively large, accounting for 85-90% of the population. Norwegian belongs to the North Germanic branch, and its written language is very close to Danish and Swedish. The main reason is that Norway and Denmark, Norway and Sweden have a history of alliance, so the Norwegian language and pronunciation are very close to these two countries. People who use any of these three languages as their mother tongue can communicate with users of the other two languages, but for most foreigners, if they want to communicate with people from three countries by learning one language, they need special training.

There are also Sami people, who use Sami language and belong to Finnish-Ugric language family.

English is the main second foreign language in Norway, and Norwegian students need to take another foreign language, mainly German, French and Spanish.

In Norwegian schools, foreign immigrants can use Norwegian as a second foreign language, thus reducing the difficulty of Norwegian exams. On the other hand, the Norwegian government encourages foreign immigrants to learn Norwegian, so most immigrants can get free Norwegian education. Even from September 2005 1, all immigrants must complete 300 hours of Norwegian education within three years before applying for long-term residence, otherwise they will not be able to obtain long-term residence.

The main religious belief in Norway is Christianity, and most Norwegians are baptized at birth. /kloc-at the age of 0/5, the adult ceremony was held in the church, and the wedding was held in the church when getting married. At the same time, Norway also has the largest atheism organization in the world. Because Christianity has a far-reaching influence in Norway, many members of atheistic organizations have been baptized and accepted adult ceremonies under the influence of their families. They only changed their views on religion in adulthood and joined atheistic organizations. Members of this organization will choose to hold their wedding in the government town hall (in Norwegian: Tinghus).

For marriage, Norway's policy is relatively loose. Marriage, cohabitation and homosexual couples are all supported by law. In terms of taxation, all three relationships can enjoy the government's care for families. In 2007, the Norwegian government discussed whether to allow gay families to legally adopt children, and public opinion generally believed that the chances of adoption were very high. Until June 2008 1 1, the Norwegian parliament passed the same-sex marriage law, making Norway the sixth country in the world to allow same-sex registered marriage, and the new marriage law came into effect in early 2009. The new marriage law stipulates that same-sex couples can enjoy the same rights as heterosexual couples, including saluting in church, adopting children and even artificial pregnancy. In terms of immigration policy, cohabitation with legal evidence can apply for family reunion immigration, just like marriage. However, if the man is Norwegian and the woman is not, the children born out of wedlock cannot acquire Norwegian nationality, that is, the children follow the mother's nationality. At the same time, in Norway, divorce must go through a one-year separation period before applying for divorce.

Education ... Norwegian kindergartens accept children from 8 months to 5 years old. Kindergarten is divided into public and private, and the fees range from 2,000 kronor to 8,000 kronor per month. /kloc-Children over the age of 0 but not attending kindergarten can get about 3,300 kroner from the government every month. 6-year-old children (children who have turned 6 or will turn 6 in the school year) start primary school in autumn. Norway has a seven-year primary school system and a three-year junior high school system. High school lasts for 3 years and is divided into academic high school and vocational high school. To apply for a university, you need to graduate from high school. Students who graduate from vocational high schools need extra exams before applying for university education. Norwegian university has a bachelor's degree for 3 years, a master's degree for 2 years and a doctor's degree for 3 to 4 years. Primary school is completely free, middle school has no tuition, but the book fee is self-care. Public universities have to pay a registration fee of about 500 kroner per semester, and the book fee is self-care. Tuition fees in private universities vary. For example, the tuition fee for BI is more than 62,000 kronor per year. Norway recognizes China's degree, but because Norwegian students have received 13 years of education when applying for universities, while China has only 12 years, it is more difficult to apply for high school diplomas in Norwegian universities, and generally extra studies or exams are needed.

Sports ... Norwegian favorite sports include football, skiing and ice hockey.