Where is Wen Jian, the second emperor of Ming Dynasty?

The whereabouts of Wen Jian Although Judy claimed that Ming Huidi's body was found in the palace and a funeral was held for him, Judy dared not take lightly the rumor that Wen Jian was not dead. Pucha was a monk during his reign. Yao Chuan in the Ming Dynasty recorded that "when the emperor entered Nanjing, he said that his reign was a monk's retreat, and Pu Qia knew the situation, or that Pu Qia was hidden. The emperor forbade Puyi to do anything else. However, it was difficult to find the Emperor Wen Jian for a long time. I have been sitting for more than ten years. " Pucha was not released until Yao asked for the release when he was critically ill.

According to unofficial history's records, Wen Jian became a monk after traveling around the palace. A poem says, "I'm too lazy to knock on the pot after reading it, laughing at the Huang family to send a group gourd ladle." There are thousands of hills in the south and Tianmen in the north, which are thousands of miles away. I forgot Fei Feng long ago and changed my robes. I don't know where the official is today. Only birds will face it sooner or later. " It is rumored that the author of this poem is Emperor Wen Jian, but it has not been confirmed.

Another story says that Emperor Wen Jian fled to Southeast Asia. It is also said in unofficial history that one of Zheng He's missions to the West was to find Emperor Wen Jian.

There are different opinions about Wen Jian's death, which became the first mystery in Ming history. Because Emperor Wen Jian was lenient after Mao's strict rule, his experience aroused the sympathy of countless people, and his whereabouts were particularly curious. People can see endless speculation and deduction in various unofficial history and dramas. After Wen Jian abdicated, his whereabouts became an eternal mystery. Mainly includes:

1. Spontaneous combustion theory. According to Emperor Taizong's records, after the Prince entered Jinchuan Gate, Emperor Wen Jian also wanted to come out to see the Prince, but he sighed and said, "How can I see him?" As a last resort, he ordered the palace to be burned down, and immediately the fire burst into flames. Emperor Wen Jian took Empress Ma Shi into the fire and set himself on fire. Most of his concubines and entourage went with him. Judy, the prince of Yan, looked for him for three days after she entered the palace. The attendants in the palace said that Emperor Wen Jian set himself on fire and dragged a charred body out of the fire to prove it. When the prince saw the body, he couldn't tell the difference between men and women. It's terrible. Judy was very sad. He caressed the body and cried bitterly, saying that he was only here to help the emperor learn to be a good person. Why do you want to find your own way? After he succeeded to the throne as emperor, he would bury Wen Jian Emperor Rebecca with the gift of the son of heaven, and then send officials to offer sacrifices and close the door for three days. Both Ming History and Biography of Fang Xiaoru hold this view. Scholars such as Meng Sen, who are close to people, also hold the view that the body burns itself.

2. Death theory. The reliability of Records of Emperor Taizong is questioned by people, because Judy revised Records of Emperor Taizong three times in order to beautify herself and find high-sounding reasons for her to seize the throne. Many people are skeptical about Wen Jian's self-immolation recorded in Records of Emperor Taizong. Due to the political pressure and close network in Yongle period, there is no record of the death of Emperor Wen Jian. After Tianshun and Zhengde dynasties, the severe political environment improved, and the historical materials about Wen Jian's death began to increase.

We find that the earlier the historical materials are, the more vague they are, and the later the historical materials are, the more specific they are. In October of Wanli two years, 13-year-old once asked Zhang about his whereabouts. Zhang replied: "The national history does not contain this story, but it was first spread to the deceased, saying that the emperor entered the city when he was difficult to learn, that is, he cut his hair, went out of infernal affairs, and then traveled around the world, and no one knew." It can be seen that records of Zhang also tend to talk about his death. It is worth noting that folk rumors have spread to the emperor's ears, and talking about the death of Wen Jian is no longer a taboo topic.

Regarding the death of Wen Jian, the most representative is the record in Gu Yingtai's Ming History. He believes that Wen Jian did not set himself on fire, but escaped from Nanking through a secret passage under the protection of ministers.

In the fourth year in Wen Jian, it was ugly in summer and June. Knowing that Jinchuan Gate was lost, the emperor left with a sigh and wanted to commit suicide. Ji Cheng, editor of the Hanlin Academy, said, "It is better to die." Wang Yue, the young warden, knelt down and said, "Emperor Gao has a last word,' When you are in great trouble, you should make a fortune." I want to collect the relics of Fengxian Hall. "Ministers said with one voice," hurry up! "Suddenly (yú) came a red basket, which was fixed on all sides with iron, and the two locks were also equipped with iron. When the emperor saw it, he was frightened, ordered the ouchi to be set on fire, and the empress Ma Shi went to the fire to die. Ji Cheng broke the basket and got three copies, one should be a writer, one should be an able person and one should be a saint. Robes, hats, shoes and razors are all available, with ten ingots of platinum. Zhu Shuyuan said: "Wen Ying went out from the gate of hell, and the others went into the ditch from the water. At dusk, I will be in God's optimistic West Room. " The emperor said, "Count it! "Ji Cheng made a wish to the emperor. Professor Yang, the king of Wu, should be able to let him die. Ye Xixian, the censor, resolutely said, "I am famous for my talents, and there is no doubt that I should be virtuous. "I also wish you happiness. Wearing clothes is easy to die. There were fifty or sixty people in the temple, weeping to the ground and shooting with arrows. The emperor said, "Many people can't live without gains and losses. If they are famous for other things, they will be poor. " When your wife is in office, your heart will be tied, and you should follow suit. "I hope to repay your majesty with death," said Zeng Fengshan, the suggestion. "The emperor summoned the ministers, feeling great fear, and led a number of people. Nine people went from the emperor to the gate of hell, and a boat was on the shore. Taoist Wang Sheng was optimistic about God. He kowtowed to the emperor and said, "I know your majesty is coming. In the past, the high emperor saw a dream, and I came here! "I took a boat to the emergency exit and climbed the view. It was dusk. Thirteen people including Yang Yingneng and Ye Xixian arrived together.

The meaning of this passage is expressed in modern vernacular:

In the summer and June of the fourth year, Wen Jian knew that Jinchuan Gate had been lost. After the Yan army broke the city, he sighed, felt helpless and wanted to die. At this time, the young warden Wang Yue told him: When your grandfather died, he left you an iron box for me to give to you when you were in trouble. I have kept it in Fengxian Hall in secret. Ministers quickly picked up the box and opened it. There are three official books in it, which are monks' identity cards with the names of three people, including Wen Jian. There are three robes, a razor, ten ingots of platinum, and a suicide note. The book says: "Emperor Wen Jian went out from the gate of hell, and others went out from Shuiguan Yugou. In the evening, they will meet in the optimistic west room of God. " On this basis, three of his men shaved their heads, put on hateful clothes, and only took nine people to the gate of hell. The ghost gate is at the emergency exit, which is a small low gate in the inner city. Only one person was allowed in and out of this waterway, and Emperor Wen Jian bent down and walked out of the gate of hell. After the other eight people went out of the gate of hell, they saw a boat parked on the waterway. A monk stood on the boat and told them to board, and bowed to Emperor Wen Jian and said, Long live. Emperor Wen Jian asked him how he knew I was in trouble. The monk replied, "My name is Wang Sheng, and I am the optimistic abbot of God. I dreamed of your grandfather Zhu Yuanzhang last night. He is a monk. " I took a boat to the emergency exit and waited until dusk to see the scenery. Soon Yang Yingneng, Ye Xixian and others 13 people arrived together.

The authenticity of the above passage is really doubtful, but Gu Yingtai spoke very vividly. At this time, Emperor Wen Jian seems to have had his hair cut and inherited his ancestral business. It's really hard to tell the true from the false, and celebrities such as Lu Anshi and Cai Dongfan in the Qing Dynasty accepted it. Did Emperor Wen Jian burn himself to death, or did he escape from Nanking through a secret passage? Historians have different opinions on this, and there is no conclusion. When the Qing Dynasty compiled the History of the Ming Dynasty, historians of the Ming History Museum had different opinions on it. Xu Jiayan, who wrote a biography of Gong Min, the emperor of the Ming Dynasty, believed that Wen Jian did not die in the fire, but fled abroad. Zhu Yizun, a famous scholar who is also in the Museum of Ming History, believes that Wen Jian died in a fire. Therefore, we can see that Gong Min in the Ming Dynasty has such a statement: "The palace is on fire, and the emperor doesn't know what to do." It seems that at that time, no one could produce evidence to prove his point of view, so he had to choose this compromise opinion.

Now, with the in-depth study of Wen Jian's cause of death and the increasing mastery of historical materials, more and more people think that Wen Jian did not die of self-immolation. So, was Wen Jian buried by Zhu Di, the Ming Emperor? Some people think that it was probably Ma Huanghou who was buried at that time, not Emperor Jianwen. Judy's body found in the ruins has been unrecognizable, so it is difficult to tell the truth from the false. In addition, there is no record of burying Ma Huanghou in historical materials. It is also worth noting that in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, no one actually knew where Emperor Wen Jian was buried, which shows that people at that time didn't really think where Emperor Wen Jian was buried, so there was no need to pay homage to the grave, and it would be unknown after a long time. In fact, Judy herself may know that it was not the Emperor Wen Jian himself who was buried in the ceremony, but this does not affect the ceremony, because only in this way can the people hide their eyes and ears and the emperor's throne sit upright.

Another question is that when the city was destroyed, the eldest son of Emperor Wen Jian was not found. At that time, there were two princes: the eldest son Zhu, 7 years old, and the second son Zhu Wengui, 2 years old. Zhu Wengui, known as Shu Ren in history, was imprisoned in Guang 'an Palace by Cheng Zu and was not released until the reign of Emperor Taizong Tianshun at the age of 57. Locked in the palace, you can't tell the difference between cattle and horses when you come out. However, Zhu, the eldest son of Jianwen Emperor, has been missing. In the Ming history, it was said that "Yan entered, at the age of seven, and he didn't know anything". Since Zhu Neng escaped, there is no reason to believe that his death is impossible. In addition, the so-called "Jingnan Battle" lasted for four years, and it didn't happen overnight, so Emperor Wen Jian had enough time to make preparations. When Judy entered Nanjing, most areas in the south, northwest, southwest and southeast of Nanjing were not under Judy's control, and Wen Jian was able to organize an effective counterattack.

It was also pointed out that his death was caused by self-immolation, which is a historical truth, because Enemy at the Gates and Yan army surrounded the Forbidden Palace at that time, and it was too late for him to escape. And after investigation, there is no death gate or imperial ditch to escape. Emperor Wen Jian also knew that his fourth uncle was an insatiable and ruthless warrior. If he falls into his hands, it will never come to a good end. Might as well be dead. Judy, the prince of Yan, will never let her life go on, otherwise, she will not be an emperor.

So, since his country is likely to perish, where did he go? Based on all kinds of information, there are the following statements:

2. 1. Xun Guo is a monk and travels in all directions. According to the Ming History, after Wen Jian escaped from Nanjing, he traveled around the world with three monks, Yang Yingneng, Ye Xixian and Ji Cheng. According to local chronicles, relics, sites and other materials, scholars believe that Emperor Wen Jian once lived in exile in Yunnan, Guizhou, Sichuan, Hubei, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Guangdong and other places. The Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty said that in order to escape capture, he traveled to Chongqing in the west, went to Tiantai in the east, turned to Xiangfu, lived in western Guangdong, settled in Bailong in the middle, wrote poems in harmony, and entered Jingchu's hometown, which is called a blessing in history.

In several provinces in southwest China, there are many sites and legends about Jianwen Emperor. In Xu Xiake's Travels, Xu Xiake recorded the remains left by Emperor Wen Jian when he was practicing in Baiyun Mountain, Guizhou: "There are two giant sequoias, which are held by three people, next to dènɡ; The western plant was destroyed by fire, which was planted by Wen Jun. Half a mile west, it is Baiyun Temple, so Wen Jun built a mountain; The front and rear shelves are double-layered. There is a spring and a ridge under the threshold in front of the back pavilion, which is called' kneeling spoon spring'. You'll know your stone skills when you get down to Beitong. If you are not rich or dry, you get a spoonful, so it is called' Kneeling', which is provided by Wen Jun made by Shenlong, and there is a golden carp cloud in Longtan. Go half a mile north from Gexi, and you will find Liu Mi Cave. The cave hangs between the cliffs on the top of the mountain, with the door facing south, only more than ten feet deep, and there is a stone niche behind it, which can be used as a couch. There is a small cave on its right, from which rice flows out to the emperor, but now there is nothing. On the left is the canyon, with transparent windows above and a crossbar in the middle. What Wen Jian left behind is also entrusted by those who can find traces. In front of the cave, there are mountains and peaks, green waves and thousands of layers, and the back is the first step in the distance. On the left side of the cave is a pavilion dedicated to the statue of Wendi (the pavilion is called' Hidden Dragon', which used to be in the Buddha Pavilion, but now it is moved here). It was built by Hu, the inspector. It faces Yaoshan in front, the rice cave in the right, and the cave door is not covered, and then it faces the top of the mountain. "

Some books also record the poems of Emperor Wen Jian. Although it is impossible to judge whether this is a false trust of later generations, some of them are in line with the identity of Emperor Wen Jian. The following poem is said to have been written by Wen Jian when he took refuge in Zhu Jin (now Guang Shun, Guizhou):

Dust suddenly invaded the south overnight, and Destiny moved to the center of the world.

Phoenix belongs to Danshan, the red sun is far away, and the dragon belongs to the sea.

Purple is like a star still arched, jade leaks silently, and water sinks.

Looking back at the Forbidden City tonight, the Sixth Hospital still looks forward to Cui Hua.

In addition, it is recorded in Biography of Yao in Ming Dynasty and Biography of Hu Meng that after the founding emperor of Ming Dynasty ascended the throne, he also had doubts about the stillbirth of the emperor and heard many rumors. He was told that the charred body belonged to Ma Huanghou, and the Emperor Wen Jian cut off his hair and became a monk. He arrested Pu QIA, a master of records in Wen Jian, and put him in prison for more than ten years, forcing him to give up the whereabouts of Wen Jian. "Biography of the Ming Dynasty" contains "Hui Di collapsed in fire, or fled, and the old ministers increased, and the emperor (referring to Cheng Zu) suspected it. (Yongle) In five years, I sent a royal book, visited the immortal Zhang Wei, traveled all over the world, and secretly observed the safety of the emperor, so I went out for the longest time. " That is to say, in the name of issuing imperial edicts and looking for a sloppy picture, families were asked to visit counties, townships and cities to find the whereabouts of the emperor, which lasted 16 years. The sloppy Zhang mentioned here is Zhang Sanfeng, who often appears in novels. He is a strange man, slovenly and erratic. It is said that he can walk Wan Li Road one day. Cheng Zu attached great importance to Hu Ying's investigation of Wen Jian, and did not allow Hu Ying to make the request of "Ding You" as a mother (an official's parents died and should be in mourning for three years, called Ding You).

"History of the Ming Dynasty" said: "Before I arrived, it was widely rumored that Wen Jian went to the sea, and the emperor sent several generations of internal ministers Zheng He to the sea, so I became suspicious." In other words, Judy couldn't get the exact news, so she sent Zheng He to the Western Ocean to "pursue".

It wasn't until one night in the 21st year of Yongle (1423) that Hu Meng hurried back to Beijing, which happened to be the time when Cheng Zu went north to draft and declare. When Hu Ying arrived at Fu Xuan, Cheng Zu was already asleep, but when he heard that Hu Ying was back, he quickly put on his clothes and called him to the bedroom alone. The two of them kept talking about the fourth watch. It seems that Hu Meng got the exact news of his work, and it seems that after many years, his idea of regaining the throne has disappeared. Therefore, Judy, Chengzu's father, was glad that he didn't ask about his whereabouts.

2.2. Going out to sea, I don't know, but there are rumors that Emperor Wen Jian rowed to Nanyang and lived a self-reliant seclusion on a small island. At that time, many China people went to Nanyang. It is said that after Zhang Shicheng failed, some of his men fled to Nanyang to explore immigrants. Some people nearby confirmed that Emperor Wen Jian took refuge in Kaiyuan Temple in Quanzhou, set sail in Kaiyuan Temple, and finally lived in seclusion on the east coast of Sumatra Island. However, there is no more evidence, just speculation.

Judy, the ancestor of Wen Jian, was worried about uniting the local China people, or called on Nanyang countries to raise troops as the patriarch. Therefore, he was very uneasy and specially sent Zheng He to the Western Seas. First, he publicized the national prestige, and second, he tracked down Emperor Jianwen. According to "Ming History", "Cheng Zu suspected that Hui Di died overseas, and wanted to recount it, in order to show off his troops in a foreign country to show China's prosperity. In June of the third year of Yongle, he and his friend Wang Jinghong went to the Western Ocean. They brought more than 27,800 soldiers and more gold coins. " In Zheng He's fleet, there are also some Royal Guards who are responsible for investigation. It is not clear whether the trace of Emperor Wen Jian can be detected.

2.3. Jing Xishan said that Gu Yingtai's Chronicle of the Ming Dynasty and Zheng Xiao's My Research both recorded seven years of orthodoxy. Because of his advanced age, Wen Jian went to Sien House and claimed to be the Emperor of Wen Jian. Local officials rushed to the court and sent them to Beijing. The court sent Wu Liang, an old eunuch, to identify it. Wen Jian called out his name as soon as he saw him, but Wu Liang denied it. Emperor Wen Jian also said that when he was eating, he threw a goose on the ground and Wu Liang squatted down like a dog to eat it. Wu Liang cried after hearing this, and went back and hanged himself. Emperor Wen Jian was welcomed to the west, died of old age in his palace, and was buried in the Western Hills without seals or trees.

In fact, this is a rumor, but there is still some basis. In November of the fifth year of Daoism (1440), a Yunnan monk came to Guangxi, claiming to be the emperor Wen Jian, who was over 90 years old. Local officials sent him to the capital, and ministers suspected him to be a liar. After investigation, he admitted that his real name was Yang Hangxiang, a native of Henan, and he became a monk in Hongwu 17. He was bewitched into pretending to be Emperor Jianwen. So Yingzong put him in prison and died in prison four months later. As an accomplice, 12 monk was sent to Liaodong to guard the border.

2.4. Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province claimed that Xu Zuosheng, a reporter from Wen Wei Po, found some remains and relics left after the death of Emperor Wen Jian by consulting literature and personally visiting Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province. Combined with the literature, it is considered that after he left the forbidden palace, his hair was cut off and he became a monk. Instead of taking refuge in the southwest and southeast, he was rescued by monk Pu who had been hiding in Fusaiji, Wuxian County, Jiangsu Province. Before long, he retired to Yao Zen Temple. Under Yao's protection, the emperor hid in the Yujia Hall on the dome mountain until he died here in the 21st year of Yongle (1423), at the age of 47, and was buried on the hillside behind the hall. This is also self-contained.

2.5. Sichuan Wangjing Temple said that some people think that Emperor Wen Jian hid in the Buddhist temple in Pingchang, Sichuan, died here and was buried on the hillside behind the temple. Wen Jian chose Buddha Temple because it is remote and hard to find, and it is not easy to be found. Because he often cried in the direction of Beijing, later generations renamed the Buddhist temple Wangjing Temple.

2.6. There is another saying. According to Jiangyou County Records, the Ming Emperor Wen Jian (Zhu Yunwen) was defeated and retreated to this mountain. Unknown.

2.7. In addition, in recent years, some people claimed to be descendants of Emperor Wen Jian, and showed the genealogy of Jean's family, saying that Emperor Wenjian fled Nanjing through tunnels, pretended to be a monk and traveled around, then lived in seclusion in Wuchang, and was buried in Hongshan, Wuchang after his death. Of course, this statement needs further verification.

The explanations, legends and attachments of the mystery of Emperor Wen Jian's death are by no means those listed above. There are many sad stories, which have been circulated in many books, orally and will be handed down. It has also been pointed out that Emperor Wen Jian died of self-immolation, and Judy deliberately searched for the whereabouts of Emperor Wen Jian in order not to leave the notoriety of "killing nephews to seize the throne", leaving a historical mystery, which may be Judy's original intention.

To sum up, it is a historical fact that Judy ordered the search for Wen Jian after she acceded to the throne. However, no one has conclusive evidence to prove his true intention and the true whereabouts and ending of Emperor Wen Jian, which is still an unsolved historical mystery. All kinds of dictionaries should be marked; His whereabouts are unknown.