shandong history

Shandong province is nicknamed Qilu, Donglu and Ludong, and is called Lu for short. Jinan is the capital.

[Pinyin ]: sh ā n d not ng sh ě ng

English: Shandong Province

Population geography

The total area of Shandong Province is157,800 square kilometers (accounting for/0.6% of the total land area, ranking 19), and the water area is about 2 100 square kilometers (lake). By the end of 2007, Shandong Province had a total population of 93.67 million, with a real population of 43.79 million and a population urbanization rate of 467,500. The total population of Shandong Province will be controlled at around 94.24 million in 2008. Longitude: 1 14 degrees 19 minutes-122 degrees 43 minutes latitude: 34 degrees 22 minutes -38 degrees 23 minutes north latitude, bordering Hebei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces in the north and south.

Climatic characteristics

Climate type temperate continental monsoon climate, concentrated precipitation, rain and heat in the same season, short spring and autumn, long winter and summer. The annual average temperature is 1 1.0℃ (Wendeng) ~ 14.2℃ (Jinan), the monthly average maximum temperature is 23.5℃ (Chengshantou) ~27.4℃ (Jinan), and the monthly average minimum temperature is -4.4℃ (Zhanhua and Wudi).

The sunshine hours are 2300~2900 hours throughout the year, and the heat condition can meet the needs of double cropping of crops a year. Because more than 60% precipitation is concentrated in summer, it is easy to form floods, and droughts often occur in winter and spring, which has the greatest impact on agricultural production.

topography

Shandong, the ancient land of Qilu, is located in the east coast of China, the lower reaches of the Yellow River, the north-central part of the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal, and the capital of Jinan. The longest land is about 420 kilometers from north to south and 700 kilometers from east to west. The total land area is 156700 square kilometers, accounting for 1.6% of the national total area, ranking 19 in the country. The west is connected with the inland, and the north and south are bordered by Hebei, Henan, Anhui and Jiangsu provinces. The central part is high, and Mount Tai is the highest point in the whole territory; Shandong Peninsula extends into the Yellow Sea in the east, faces Liaodong Peninsula across the Bohai Strait in the north, guards Beijing, Tianjin and Bohai Bay, faces the Korean Peninsula across the Yellow Sea in the east, faces the wider Yellow Sea in the southeast, and overlooks the East China Sea and the islands in southern Japan. In recent years, Shandong has also become one of the most economically developed provinces in China.

Shandong is a hilly area in the south-central part of Shandong, with a prominent central part. The eastern part of the peninsula is mostly undulating hilly areas with gentle ups and downs; The west and north are the northwest plain of Shandong Province, which is alluvial by the Yellow River, and it is a part of the Great Plain of North China. Mountains account for about 15.5% of the total land area, hills account for about 13.2%, depressions account for about 4. 1%, lakes and marshes account for about 4.4%, plains account for about 55%, and others account for about 7.8%.

Rivers in Shandong belong to the Yellow River, Haihe River and Huaihe River basins or enter the sea alone. The average river network density in the whole province is 0.24 km/km2, and there are more than 5,000 rivers over 5 km, including more than 50 km 1000, among which the Yellow River, Tu Hai, Ma Jiahe, Yihe River, Shuhe River, Dawen River, Xiaoqing River, Jiaolai River, Weihe River, Dagu River and Wulong River are more important.

The lakes in Shandong are mainly distributed in the contact zone between the hilly areas in central and southern Shandong and the Luxi Plain, with a total area of 65,438 0,496.6 square kilometers and a storage capacity of 2,353 million cubic meters. The larger lakes are Nansi Lake (collectively referred to as Weishan Lake) and Dongping Lake.

Shandong's coastline is 3024.4 kilometers long, and the mainland coastline accounts for 1/6 of the national coastline, second only to Guangdong Province. There are more than 20 natural harbors on the coastline; There are 326 islands with an area of more than 500 square meters in Shandong Province, of which 35 are inhabited, including 296 offshore islands, of which miaodao islands is composed of 18 islands with an area of 52.5 square kilometers, which is the largest island group along the coast of Shandong Province; The coastal beach area is about 3,000 square kilometers, and the water area within 15m isobath is about 1.3 million square kilometers. These superior geographical conditions will play a great role in maritime transportation and the development and utilization of marine resources.

The development of history

The eggshell-shaped high-handle cup of Longshan culture was unearthed in Chengzi site in Zhucheng, Shandong Province on 1976.

[prehistoric times]

The Pleistocene "Yiyuan Man" fossil found in Yiyuan County is one of the examples of Homo erectus in China. In addition, the Stone Age civilizations excavated in Shandong Province include the Northern New Culture in 7300-6 100 BC, Dawenkou Culture and Longshan Culture in 4300-2500 BC. The early excavation of Chinese characters can be traced back to the pottery fragments of Longshan culture in Shandong Province.

Pre-Qin era

(See Qilu Culture) Shandong, located in the east of North China Plain, has long been influenced by Chinese civilization. Before the establishment of Shang Dynasty, Luxi area was once the activity center of Shang clan and the center of Shang rule. The Shang Dynasty ruled the untranslated Dongyi people in eastern Shandong through allies, such as the elected country and Bo Gu country.

1 1 century BC, Zhou Wuwang wiped out the Shang and Zhou Dynasties and started the world again. The first letter was written in the state of Qi (Ming Shang, Zi Ziya); His younger brother, Duke Zhou (famous Dan, later assisted), was sealed in Lu.

According to the four-year record of Xi Gong in Zuo Zhuan, the capital of Qi is Linzi, and its territory is "east of the sea, west of the river (Yellow River), south of Muling (now the junction of Yishui and Linqu) and north of Wudi (now Yanshan, Hebei)". The State of Qi "benefited from trade and industry, but the people returned more", which was a combination of "Dongyi culture", "because of its customs, it was simple and humble", "valuing merit", pragmatic and innovative, inclusive, and had a strong national strength. Qi's industry, commerce, science and technology, such as textile industry, are also very developed, and it has the reputation of "clothes wear the world".

Lu is located in Qufu, and its territory is described as "Mount Taishan Rock Lubang" in the poem "Song Lu Gong". There are turtles in the election, wasting big things. As for Haibang and Huaiyi, they came together. "Lu inherited the etiquette of the Zhou Dynasty," respected relatives "and developed agriculture. It is a" ceremonial state "that respects benevolence, tradition, ethics and harmony.

Dragon column in Dacheng Hall of Confucius Temple in Qufu. Qilu culture has contributed a lot to the formation and development of China culture, with far-reaching influence. Confucius was born in Qufu, Ludu, where he founded Confucianism and became the cornerstone of China's social framework and values. Confucius, Mencius, Sun Tzu, Lu Ban, Bian Que, etc. They are all outstanding representatives of Qilu's contributions to Chinese civilization in many aspects.

During the Spring and Autumn Period, there were many other smaller vassal states in Shandong, including 55 countries in Zuozhuan, among which Lai, Ju, Teng and other countries had great territory and influence, and were later annexed by Qi and Lu. In the three years of the Duke of Zhou's crusade, he put down the rebellion of his son Wu Geng, unified Dongyi, and merged Qi and Lu with other countries. Jiang Taigong attacked Laiguo again, and the power of Qi extended to Jiaodong Peninsula. During the Warring States Period, Qi became one of the Seven Heroes. Today, most of Shandong is occupied by Qi and Lu. In 249 BC, Chu captured Lu; In 223 BC, the State of Qin captured the State of Chu. By 22 1 year BC, Qi became the last vassal state annexed by Qin. China was unified for the first time, and Qilu became an inseparable part of China.

Han Dynasty

Shandong is known as "thousands of miles away", and its early agriculture and handicrafts were developed. Since Qin and Han Dynasties, it has become the economic center of China. Shandong's grain is continuously traced back to the west along the Yellow River and supplied to Guanzhong. Shandong is an important source of the "Silk Road" in Han Dynasty, Linzi, Dingtao and Kangfu (now Jining) are the three major textile centers in China, and a large number of exquisite textiles have been exported to the western regions continuously since then.

The Han Dynasty established two states (first-class administrative regions) in today's Shandong: Qingzhou in the north and Yanzhou in the south.

By the Eastern Han, Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, wars were frequent and the economy was destroyed.

the Tang Dynasty

In the Tang Dynasty, Shandong resumed its development. At that time, it mainly belonged to Henan Road. During the Tianbao period of Kaiyuan, millions of stone millet were transported to Guanzhong every year, but the prices of Qing and Qi (now Qingzhou and Jinan) were still far lower than those of other places in China. Embroidered silk in Yanzhou in Tang Dynasty and embroidered silk in Qingzhou are well-known fine fabrics in China. In the late Tang Dynasty, the war broke out again.

Song and Yuan Dynasties

During the Northern Song Dynasty, the emperor was fatuous and treacherous officials were in power. Song Jiang and others rebelled in Liangshan, Shui Bo (now Liangshan County, Jining City, Shandong Province) for the sake of national justice. This story is the Water Margin written by Shi Naian, which is one of the four classical novels of China. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, due to serious exploitation, foreign countries invaded and tyrannized, and the social economy was in a state of stagnation. In the Yuan Dynasty, there were only 6.5438+0.26 million people and 380,000 households in Shandong, which were about 87% and 75% less than those in the Jin Dynasty.

tomorrow

The Ministry of Public Affairs of Shandong Province (including Liaodong at that time) was established in the Ming Dynasty. During the recovery of the Ming Dynasty, Shandong was "mostly uninhabited" and the government rewarded the people for reclamation. By the 26th year of Hongwu (1393), the cultivated land area in Shandong was more than 72.4 million mu, 2.4 times that of the Northern Song Dynasty, ranking third in the country. 142 1 After Emperor Yongle moved to Beijing, Jining and Linqing along the Beijing-Hangzhou Grand Canal prospered due to the development of grain transportation.

Ching Dynasty

By the Kangxi period of the Qing Dynasty, the cultivated land in Shandong had reached more than 90 million mu. 1860s, Yantai became the first port opened to the outside world in Shandong. 1895, during the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, the Japanese army captured Weihai and the Beiyang Navy was wiped out. From 65438 to 0898, Qingdao and Weihai were leased to Germany and Britain respectively. Germany has also built the Ji Jiao Railway from Qingdao to Jinan (1905) and the northern section of the Jinpu Railway (19 1 1), with Shandong as its sphere of influence. 1899, the Boxer Rebellion started in Shandong and attacked western missionaries all over the province. At the end of the Qing Dynasty, faced with the threat of Russia and Japan, the northeast of China was finally opened to Han immigrants. With the encouragement of Zhang in the early years of the Republic of China, tens of millions of Shandong farmers made a living in 100, which became an important part of today's northeast population.

After Qing dynasty

19 14, the Japanese army seized Qingdao from Germany. 1922 returned to China after the Washington meeting. 1930, the national government recovered Weihai from Britain. In the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression from 1937 to 1945, the Japanese army occupied the railways and cities in Shandong, and the * * * production party established the liberated areas such as Yimeng Mountain and Jiaodong in the countryside. After the outbreak of the civil war,1May, 947, the East China People's Liberation Army in Chen Yi wiped out the elite 74th Division of the Central Army in Meng Lianggu. 1948 On September 24th, Chen Yi troops captured Jinan, and Shandong President Wang Zaishou Guang was captured and fled to Qingdao. On June 2, 1949, after the US troops retreated from Qingdao, the PLA entered the city.

In the early days of the People's Republic of China, plain provinces were newly established in western Shandong, northern Henan and southern Hebei, including Heze and Liaocheng in Shandong Province. 1952 The province was abolished and the jurisdiction was merged into Shandong and Henan.

1June, 953, tengxian area was renamed Jining area. In July, Huxi area and Yishui area were abolished, and their counties and cities were placed in Jining, Heze and Linyi areas respectively. 1954 65438+February, Zibo industrial and mining area was abolished and Zibo city was established. 1958 Laiyang area was renamed Yantai area. 1960, Yixian county was abolished and Zaozhuang city was established. 1963, Dongming County of Henan Province was assigned to Shandong. 1964, Fan County was assigned to Henan. 1965, Guantao belongs to Hebei, Ningjin County and Qingyun County of Hebei Province belong to Shandong. 1967, the SAR was renamed as a region. The whole province * * * governs 9 regions of Dezhou, Huimin, Changwei, Yantai, Linyi, Tai 'an, Jining, Heze and Liaocheng, 4 provincial cities of Jinan, Qingdao, Zibo and Zaozhuang, 5 county-level cities, 107 counties.

1981may, changwei area was renamed Weifang area. In June 1982 1 1, Dongying, a provincial city, was established. 1983, Yantai, Weifang and Jining were abolished and Yantai, Weifang and Jining were established. 1985, the Tai 'an area was abolished and the prefecture-level Tai 'an city was established. From 65438 to 0987, Weihai was upgraded to a prefecture level city. 1989 Rizhao was upgraded to a prefecture-level city. 1992, Huimin District was renamed Binzhou District, and Laiwu City was upgraded to a prefecture-level city. 1994, Linyi and Dezhou were abolished and Linyi and Dezhou were established. 1997 The Liaocheng area was abolished and a prefecture-level Liaocheng city was established. In 2000, Binzhou and Heze were abolished and Binzhou and Heze were established.

By the end of 2005, the whole province was divided into seven prefecture-level cities, including Jinan, Qingdao, Yantai, Weihai, Weifang, Zibo, Zaozhuang, Dongying, Jining, Tai 'an, Rizhao, Laiwu, Linyi, Dezhou, Liaocheng, Binzhou and Heze 17, county-level administrative units 140 and township-level units/kloc.

transport

China is a well-developed province with complete transportation modes, such as highway, railway, sea transportation, inland river transportation and aviation, especially highway transportation.

highway

Shandong has a dense and high-quality expressway network with a mileage of over 3,000 kilometers, ranking second in the country. 1993 the first Ji-Qing expressway was built, connecting Jinan and Qingdao. The existing "three verticals and two horizontals" network mainly includes the north-south Beijing-Fuzhou, Beijing-Shanghai, Tongsan-Third Line and the east-west Mudong and Yin Qing lines. Most cities in the province can reach each other in half a day. Most of the newly-built and under-construction expressways take "five verticals, four horizontals and one ring" as the blueprint. Shandong province plans to make the mileage of expressways reach 4000 kilometers by 2008, and 80% of counties, cities and districts in the province will be connected by expressways.

Shandong Expressway (sorted by mileage)

Beijing-Shanghai Expressway Beijing-Shanghai 482km Dezhou North Linyi Honghuabu Dezhou, Yucheng, Jinan, Taian, Mengyin and Linyi

Qing Ji Expressway Jinan Qingdao 3 18km Jinan Da Qiao Road Interchange Qingdao Chengyang District Liuting Interchange Zouping, Zibo, Qingzhou, Changle, Weifang and Gaomi.

Wei Yan Expressway Weifang Yantai 272km Qing Ji Expressway Weifang Interchange Yantai Fushan District Pingdu, Laixi, Laiyang and Qixia.

Qingyan Expressway Qingdao Yantai 184 km Liuting Interchange, Chengyang District, Qingdao Yantai Laishan Jimo, Laixi and Laiyang.

Ji-Liao Expressway Jinan Liaocheng 147km Ren Ping, Liaocheng and guanxian of Jinan Yellow River Second Bridge.

Wei Yan Expressway Yantai Weihai 86 km Bajiao Town, Fushan District, Yantai Tiancun, Weihai City, Mu Ping

Wei Qing Expressway Qingdao Weihai Kilometers Qingyan Expressway Jimo Interchange Haobo Haiyang Rushan Wendeng Weihai City

Jingfu Expressway Jingfu Kilometers Dezhou North Zhang Shanzi Dezhou, Yucheng, Jinan, Taian, Qufu, Tengzhou and Xuecheng

Tongsan Expressway Tongjiang Sanya 360 km Yantai divides water into Yantai, Laixi, Jiaozhou, Jiaonan and Rizhao.

Ridong Expressway Rizhao Dongming Kilometers Rizhao Dongming Linyi, Qufu, Jining and Heze

Yin Qing Expressway Qingdao Yinchuan Kilometers Qingdao Xiajin Qingdao Weifang Zibo Jinan

Qinglan Expressway Qingdao Lanzhou Axiom Qingdao Zhucheng Yishui Yiyuan Laiwu Jinan

Dongying-Qingzhou section of Dong Qing Expressway

Jihe Expressway Jinan, Pingyin, Yuncheng and Heze

railway

There are mainly Beijing-Shanghai and Beijing-Kowloon railways running north and south. Beijing-shanghai railway is the busiest city, and Shandong has three double tracks, one of which is dedicated to freight transportation. Planning and construction of Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway.

The East-West Railway mainly includes Ji Jiao and Lan Yan. Ji Jiao Railway connects Jinan and Qingdao, which is very busy, and it is also an important port channel for Qingdao and Yantai. From 2004 to 2005, Ji Jiao Railway was electrified and became the first electrified railway in Shandong Province. The Blue Smoke Railway connects Yantai and Qingdao. There are Shide, Yanshi, Xinyan and Han Ji railways and some branch lines leading to the mining area.

The hub railway stations in the province and their connecting railway lines are as follows: Jinan Railway Station (Beijing-Shanghai-Ji Jiao-Han Ji), Dezhou Railway Station (Beijing-Shanghai-Shide, within the jurisdiction of Beijing Railway Bureau), Yanzhou Railway Station (Beijing-Shanghai-Xinyan-Yanshi) and Heze Railway Station (Beijing-Kowloon-Xinyan).

Zibo, Shandong Province is the only city in China where railway passenger transport is public transport (note: it is not a subway, but a diesel locomotive).

aviation

The main international airports in Shandong are Jinan Yao Qiang International Airport, Qingdao Liuting International Airport, Qingdao Jiaozhou Airport, yantai laishan international airport, Weifang Airport, Linyi Airport, Weihai Airport, Jining Airport and Dongying Airport. In addition, there is a maritime rescue airport, located in Penglai City, Yantai.

marine transport

Shandong mainly has Qingdao, Yantai, Rizhao, Weihai, Dongying, Longkou, Yangjiaogou and other ports. Qingdao Port was founded in 1892, with a total foreign trade throughput of 654.38+200 million tons (in 2004), ranking second in China, and a container throughput of 5/kloc-0.40 million TEUs (in 2003), ranking third in China (Shanghai Port/kloc-0.50 million TEUs).

Resources and energy

Biological resources

There are many kinds and quantities of biological resources in Shandong. There are more than 3 100 species of plants in China, including 645 species of wild economic plants. There are more than 600 species of trees, belonging to 74 species and 209 genera, mainly conifers and broad-leaved trees in the north temperate zone. There are 90 species of fruit trees belonging to 16 family and 34 genera. Among them, Yantai Apple, Laiyang Pear, Feicheng Peach, Leling Jinsixiaozao, Zaozhuang Pomegranate, Dazeshan Grape, Zhangqiu Onion, Laiwu Ginger and Weifang Radish are all famous specialties in Shandong, so Shandong is called "Northern Deciduous Fruit Tree Kingdom". There are more than 800 kinds of Chinese herbal medicines and more than 700 kinds of plants. Shandong is a key producing area of grain crops and cash crops in China, and is known as "the storehouse of grain, cotton and oil, and the hometown of fruits and aquatic products". Wheat, corn, sweet potato, soybean, millet, sorghum, cotton, peanuts, flue-cured tobacco, hemp and other crops are all very large, occupying an important position in the country. There are 450 species of terrestrial wild vertebrates, accounting for 2 1% of the national species. Among them, there are 55 species of mammals, 362 species of birds, 8 species of amphibians and 25 species of reptiles. There are many kinds of terrestrial invertebrates, especially insects, ranking first among similar species in China. Among the animals in Shandong Province, there are 7 1 species of rare animals under national first-class and second-class protection.

ocean resources

Shandong is endowed with unique marine resources, with offshore waters accounting for 37% of the total area of Bohai Sea and Yellow Sea, and tidal flat area accounting for 15% of the whole country. There are more than 260 species of fish and shrimp that inhabit and migrate offshore, including more than 40 species of main economic fish and more than 0/00 species of shallow-sea shellfish. Among them, the output of marine treasures such as shrimp, scallop, abalone, sea cucumber and sea urchin ranks first in the country. In addition, there are many large and medium-sized salt fields in Shandong, which is one of the four major salt producing areas in China. Shandong also has more than 4 million mu of inland waters for aquaculture, more than 40 kinds of freshwater plants and more than 70 kinds of freshwater fish.

vitality

Shandong is one of the important energy bases in China. Shengli Oilfield is the second largest oil production base in China, and the important mining area of Zhongyuan Oilfield is also in Shandong, where the crude oil output accounts for 1/3 of the whole country. In recent years, the drilling scope of Shengli Oilfield has gradually entered the Bohai Sea, and the wide application of high-tech drilling technology has kept the oilfield stable and high-yield. Shandong coal-bearing stratum covers an area of 50,000 square kilometers, and Yanzhou Tengzhou mining area is one of the top ten coal bases in China. Shandong is rich in electric power resources. By the end of 2004, the installed power generation capacity of the province reached 32.92 million kilowatts, and the electricity consumption of the whole society reached 654.38+64 million kWh. By the end of 2006, the total installed capacity of power generation in the province reached 50.05 million kilowatts. The supply and demand of electricity in the whole province changed from overall balance to relative surplus, showing a trend of oversupply. Shandong power grid is the only provincial independent power grid among the six major power grids in China.

tourist resources

Shandong is rich in tourism resources, beautiful natural scenery and numerous cultural relics. Mount Tai, the world natural and cultural heritage, the statue of Wuyue, Qufu, the hometown of Confucius, Linzi, Penglai, Laoshan, Weifang, Liaocheng, Qingdao, Yantai, the international wine city and Yinshan, the ancient capital of Qi.

economic conditions

According to the statistical bulletin of Shandong's national economic and social development in 2007, according to preliminary accounting, the province's gross domestic product (GDP) reached 2.6 trillion yuan, ranking second in the country, only about 20 billion yuan more than the third Jiangsu province. The proportion of the three industries is 10.4: 57.5: 32. 1. Realize the import and export of 76.89 billion US dollars. Gross domestic product (GDP) is 654.38 yuan+846.83 million yuan (2005) (China ranks second with 654.38+0.3%)-20.427 per capita in 28 yuan (2005).

Shandong is a big industrial and agricultural province, contributing more than one-ninth to Chinese mainland's economy. Well-known brands include Haier, Tsingtao Brewery, Hisense, Double Star and Aucma. These enterprises are headquartered in Qingdao.