The national history of capitalist countries Britain, France, America, Japan, Russia, Italy, Germany and Spain.

The development history of major capitalist countries

1. Workshop handicraft period (16-65438+early 9th century)

The basic characteristics of this stage are: the development of capitalist economy, the disintegration of feudal natural economy and the establishment of capitalist system in some countries.

Stand up.

Economically:

(1)14-15th century, the improvement of European production technology, the development of commodity economy and the formation of market directly promoted the germination of capitalism. money

The emergence of land rent has developed the capitalist relations of production in rural areas.

(2) The opening of new air routes caused "commercial revolution" and "price revolution". The "commercial revolution" made the world market begin to form, the European trade center shifted, and the "price revolution" promoted the decline of European feudal system and the growth of capitalism.

Politically:

In the Netherlands, Britain, France, the United States and other countries, with the strengthening of economic strength, new class forces demand to be in power and develop capitalism. In this way, revolutions or wars broke out in these countries one after another, which is conducive to the further development of capitalist economy. Due to the insufficient development of capitalism, it has not yet formed an advantage over the feudal natural economy, which is reflected in the initial stage of the bourgeois revolution, that is, the revolutionary process is tortuous, and fewer countries have established a capitalist system.

Ideologically, in the embryonic stage of capitalism, the Renaissance and the Religious Reform appeared, pointing directly at feudal society. In the stage of capitalist development, the emergence of the Enlightenment not only emancipated the mind and provided ideological weapons for the bourgeois revolution, but also provided a set of political ideas for the bourgeoisie.

Second, the steam engine era (1early 9th century-1970s)

Basic features:

Under the influence of the Industrial Revolution and the French Revolution, many countries in Europe and America, Japan in Asia and the capitalist world have established capitalist systems.

The system was initially formed. Capitalist economy triumphed over feudal natural economy. Established the leading position of the world economy.

Economically:

1840 The industrial revolution that began in Britain in the 1960s marked the transition of capitalist industry from manual workshop stage to large-scale machine production stage.

The establishment of machinery manufacturing industry around 1998 marked the completion of the British industrial revolution, which was launched worldwide at the beginning of 19 century. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, France and the United States completed the industrial revolution. /kloc-After the middle of the 0/9th century, Russia and Japan also started the industrial revolution.

Politically:

(1) After the joint defeat of Napoleon, the feudal monarchs in Europe frantically planned counterattacks and brutally suppressed various revolutionary activities, and the European continent was a whole.

Darkness. With the expansion of the industrial revolution in the world, the 1988 Revolution, which paved the way for the development of industrial capitalism, destroyed the reactionary order established by the Vienna Conference and laid the foundation for the arrival of a new bourgeois political movement.

(2) 65438+In the 1960s and 1970s of 2009, with the development of capitalist countries in Europe and America and the growth of the industrial bourgeoisie, they hoped to be further eliminated.

Obstacles on the road of development have promoted the faster development of capitalism. Therefore, European and American countries further hindered the development of capitalism in different ways, and Japan in Asia also embarked on the road of capitalist development through the Meiji Restoration. So far, the capitalist system has been established in the world.

Ideologically:

(1) With the development of industrial revolution, Adam Smith's theory of free operation, free competition and free trade is applicable to industrial capitalism.

The need for development has gradually become popular. Liberalism has replaced mercantilism as the main economic thought.

(2) With the deepening of the industrial revolution, various drawbacks of the capitalist system have been exposed, and the workers' movement has risen, while Marx and Engels are absorbing it.

On the basis of outstanding achievements of mankind, combined with his own revolutionary practice, he founded Marxist theory.

Suppress the workers' movement;

While the bourgeoisie continues to oppose feudalism, the reactiveness of its class is growing day by day.

Colonial expansion:

The strong demand for raw materials and markets has prompted capitalist countries to expand more actively. Among them, Britain and Russia are the most prominent. develop

Zhang aggravated the contradiction among the great powers, and the Crimean War was a prominent manifestation of this contradiction. The expansion of capitalist forces, on the one hand, promoted the development of domestic capitalist economy, on the other hand, impacted the social system of these backward areas. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the capitalist world system was initially formed.

Third, the electrification era (65438+1970s-the end of World War II)

This era is the beginning, expansion and deepening of the second industrial revolution. It is divided into two stages.

1. Transition from liberal capitalism to monopoly capitalism (65438+1970s-early 20th century)

Stage characteristics:

Since the second industrial revolution, world history has entered the electrical age, the capitalist economy has advanced by leaps and bounds, monopoly capitalism has been formed, and capitalist countries have successively transitioned to the imperialist stage. Monopoly has a great influence on the internal affairs and diplomacy of capitalist countries. Internal monopoly organizations interfere in the country's political and economic life, demanding economic division of the world and stepping up aggression and expansion.

Economically:

(1) Under the influence of the second industrial revolution, by the end of 19, monopoly organizations had appeared in major capitalist countries. Taking science and technology as the guide, improving labor productivity as the means and monopoly as the form of production organization, it has since become an economic model.

(2) The imbalance of capitalist economic development has intensified. The United States and Germany are emerging capitalist countries. They adopt more new technologies and equipment, monopolize the developed economy, and with other favorable conditions, the pace of economic development is the fastest, surpassing Britain and France. Due to the backward technology and equipment, Britain and France exported a large amount of capital, which deviated from the road of developing industrial economy and headed for the road of capital export prematurely, and the economic development slowed down. By developing industry and commerce at home, fostering monopoly economy and aggressive expansion abroad, Japan has made its economy rise rapidly and become an Asian power. 186 1 After Russia's reform and abolition of serfdom, the capitalist economy has developed greatly, but it still lags far behind other major capitalist countries because of the shackles of feudal remnants.

Politically:

(1) The monopoly bourgeoisie is increasingly interfering in the political and economic life of the country. Capitalist countries have gradually become representatives of the interests of monopoly organizations.

(2) Due to different national conditions, there are two types of major capitalist countries politically:

The first category is countries that take the road of political democracy, with Anglo-American law as the typical example; The second category is countries that take the road of absolutism, with Russia, Japan and Germany as typical examples, which is an important manifestation of the unbalanced development of imperialist politics.

Ideologically:

Great changes have taken place in the political and economic fields, which are reflected in the ideological field. Liberalism, which once ruled the bourgeois ideological circle, is declining. There is a split between Marxism and revisionism in the socialist ideological trend. In the struggle between the two sides, Marxism showed great vitality and was enriched and developed in the struggle, forming Leninism.

About colonial expansion:

With the development of capitalist economy and the formation of monopoly, the export of capital and the division of the world have become the same requirements of imperialism in this period. At the beginning of the 20th century, the whole world was divided up economically and territorially by imperialism, and the capitalist world colonial system was formed (the capitalist world market was finally formed). This shows that the capitalist world system is finally established. In the process of competing for world hegemony and colonies, the contradiction between imperialism intensified, which eventually led to the First World War in human history.

2. During the two world wars (19 14- 1945)

Basic features:

At the beginning of World War I, economic recession and political turmoil generally appeared in European countries. In the 1920s, the capitalist world experienced a relatively peaceful development, and the economies of various countries began to recover and prosper. However, the good times did not last long. With the emergence of the economic crisis in 1930s, countries began to face a more serious political crisis, looking for ways out one after another, and the original international system began to collapse. World War II broke out.

Economically:

(1) The major capitalist countries in Europe were severely damaged by the war. The economies of Britain and France are in recession, while those of Germany and Italy are on the verge of collapse. However, the United States and Japan benefited from World War I, broadened their overseas markets, changed from pre-war debtor countries to creditor countries, greatly increased their strength, and changed the structure of international economic forces. Britain is no longer the only financial center in the world, the position of the pound has been shaken, the United States has gradually mastered the world economic hegemony, and new york has become the world financial center.

(2) With the help of the US dollar, the economy of Western Europe recovered rapidly after the war. After 1924, capitalist countries entered a relatively stable and short period of economic prosperity. (3) During the period of1929-1933, an unprecedented worldwide economic crisis occurred in the capitalist world. In order to overcome the crisis, the United States, Britain, France and other countries adopted the method of state intervention on the premise of maintaining the free capitalist system, especially the Roosevelt New Deal of the United States. Under the impact of the economic crisis, Germany and Japan embarked on the fascist road, vigorously developed military industry and related civilian industries, militarized the national economy, and at the same time launched a foreign war to pass on the crisis.

Politically:

(1) In the early post-war period, the revolutionary movements in major capitalist countries were once high, and in the mid-1920s, the capitalist countries appeared a relatively stable situation.

(2) After the great economic crisis, Britain, the United States and France adhered to the bourgeois democratic political road; Germany and Japan established fascist dictatorship, forming the source of Eurasian war. In the face of fascist aggression, Britain, the United States and France pursued a policy of appeasement, which led to the outbreak of the Second World War.

(3) The invasion and expansion of fascism has seriously threatened world peace and harmed the interests of countries such as Britain and the United States. Their attitude towards fascism changed from connivance to counterattack, the world anti-fascism was wisely established, and the anti-fascist forces won the final victory.

IV. Electronic Information Age (1905-)

Basic characteristics: After the Second World War, the economies of major capitalist countries generally experienced four periods: recovery-prosperity-stagflation-stable development. The rise of western Europe and Japan has shaken the position of the United States as the world economic hegemon, forming a three-legged situation. The formal formation and development of state monopoly capitalism and imperialist hegemonism and neo-colonialism policies are the main manifestations of capitalist political development since the Second World War.

Economically:

(1) From the end of World War II to the early 1950s, western countries quickly resumed production with the assistance of the United States. From the early 1950s to the 1970s, major capitalist countries developed state monopoly capitalism by using the new achievements of the second scientific and technological revolution, which led to a period of rapid economic development, which was called the "golden period" in the history of capitalist development. Among them, the economic development speed of Japan and the Federal Republic of Germany is particularly prominent. However, because the basic contradictions inherent in the capitalist system have not been resolved, in the 1970s and 1980s, a serious world economic crisis occurred in western countries, and the capitalist economy fell into a stagflation state in which production stagnated and inflation intertwined.

② The Bretton Woods system was established in 1944. 1947, the general agreement on tariffs and trade was established at the initiative of the United States. This is not only the beginning of the trend of world economic globalization after the war, but also the symbol of the establishment of American economic hegemony in the capitalist world. In the late 1960s, the economic status of the United States was severely shaken by the rise of Japan and Europe. From 65438 to 0973, the Bretton Woods system collapsed, American economic hegemony lost, and the capitalist world economic structure showed a trend of multipolarization. In this process, the trend of regional collectivization and global integration of the world economy is rapidly strengthening.

(3) After the total collapse of the world colonial system, the major capitalist countries are still exploiting the third world countries in disguise and strengthening economic penetration and control on the basis of the unequal old international economic order by taking advantage of science and technology and capital.

Politically:

(1) After World War II, state monopoly capitalism developed rapidly, and the functions of the state and government were further strengthened. Its essence is the adjustment and development of capitalist relations of production, which is produced in order to adapt to productive forces and further promote the development of productive forces, but it has not and cannot eradicate the basic contradictions of capitalism.

(2) At the beginning of World War II, European power was seriously weakened, and American economic and military strength was enhanced, thus establishing the position of the capitalist world hegemon. Western Europe and Japan are second only to the United States. Since the 1970s, the hegemonic position of the United States has been seriously shaken, leading to the tripartite confrontation between the United States, Japan and Western Europe.

(3) The capitalist camp headed by the United States and the Eastern Group headed by the Soviet Union confronted each other in an all-round way, forming a "cold war" situation. With the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe and the end of the Cold War, the trend of world multipolarization has been strengthened.

1. Britain: after the opening of the new air route, it caused a commercial revolution and the commercial center moved from the Mediterranean coast to the Atlantic coast. Britain is in a favorable position and its trade is developed, which has promoted the development of handicraft industry in Britain, especially the wool industry (wool processing industry: British national industry at that time), and the demand for wool has increased greatly, resulting in the enclosure movement (in essence, the expansion of capitalist mode of production in rural areas has changed the land ownership of landlords and farmers into capitalist large-scale land ownership, providing labor for the development of capitalism). During the Tudor dynasty, mercantilism was promoted and foreign countries competed for maritime hegemony. Puritanism movement appeared in England. The feudal autocracy of Stuart dynasty seriously hindered the development of capitalism, which led to the bourgeois revolution of 1640- 1688 (the convening of the new parliament: the bourgeoisie put forward political demands), the civil war, the establishment of * * * and the system of protecting the country, and the restoration of Stuart dynasty, which showed that the revolution could not be smooth sailing, but it was tortuous, which was beneficial to capitalism. 18966/6666161689, Parliament promulgated the Bill of Rights, which provided legal protection for restricting kingship, established the "constitutional monarchy" in Britain, and established the capitalist system (finally after the industrial revolution).

/kloc-in the middle of 0/8, it defeated France, captured many French colonies, and became an "imperial empire", establishing its maritime hegemony status (the first military power with the widest market). It promoted the first industrial revolution, which was completed around 1840 (marked by machine building). /kloc-In the middle of the 0/9th century, Britain was in the position of "the world factory" (the first economic power), and London was the world financial center. This is a world political structure centered on Britain. 19 At the end of the 20th century, due to the vast colonies (commonly known as "colonial imperialism"), the degree of monopoly was lower than that of the United States and Germany, and the industrial output value was overtaken by the United States and Germany to become the third place, thus losing its industrial monopoly position. On the colonial issue (the main contradiction in Europe before World War I), there is a sharp contradiction with Germany. Became an ally with France and Russia, participated in World War I, and became a victorious country, but it was also hit, changing from a creditor country to a debtor country. With the ambition of continuing to expand the colony, he participated in the Paris Peace Conference, became one of the manipulators, and seized German colonies overseas. Unite France and Japan, break the ambition of the United States to dominate the world by trying to control the League of Nations, and control the League of Nations together with France (still a political power). Attend the Washington Conference and break the Japanese monopoly on China with the United States. However, according to the five-nation treaty, American ships have the same tonnage as Britain and obtained the same sea power as Britain, and the maritime hegemony was broken from the18th century. Also affected by the economic crisis. Before World War II, in order to safeguard vested interests, he pursued a policy of appeasement against fascist aggression (Chamberlain was prime minister) and participated in the anti-fascist war in World War II (Churchill was prime minister). Major events include the Dunkirk retreat, the Battle of Britain, joining the anti-fascist alliance, the Battle of El Alamein, Normandy landing, attacking Germany, and attending four international conferences in Cairo, Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam.

After World War II, the colonial system collapsed because of the war. Although it is one of the five permanent members of the United Nations, its comprehensive national strength lags far behind that of the United States, and it follows suit in international affairs, relying on the Marshall Plan of the United States economically. The financial center was completely transferred from London to new york, becoming a second-rate capitalist country, joining NATO, and the economy developed rapidly in the 1950s and 1970s, joining the European Union.

Enlightenment from the rise and fall of Britain: (1) We must attach importance to science and technology as the primary productive force and take the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and technology. (2) In international affairs, don't try to control the world, avoid war as much as possible and take the road of peaceful development. (3) Focusing on economic construction, enhancing the country's comprehensive national strength and improving the country's international status.

America: Indians developed North America. After the opening of the new sea route, the western, Dutch, British, French and other European powers colonized and plundered North America. After fierce competition, Britain ruled out Holland and France and established thirteen colonies. With the increase of immigrants and economic development, English has become a common language, and the American nation has formed. British colonial rule hindered the development of capitalism in North America, and the national independence movement in North America developed. 1773 Boston Tea Party incident and 1775 Lexington gunfire started the first shot of the North American independence revolution. The Continental Congress (institution) was held in Philadelphia (political center), and a continental army with Washington as the commander in chief was organized, and the Declaration of Independence was promulgated in 1776. 1777 Saratoga was the turning point of North America's independence revolution. It defeated Britain at 178 1, which was both a national liberation movement and a bourgeois revolution (the first country to gain independence in modern history). 1789 established the federal government, 1789 adopted the constitution (progress: establishing the United States through separation of powers) Limitations: Indians and some blacks do not have the right to vote, which is racist).

/kloc-in the first half of the 0/9th century, the foreign policy of "Monroe Doctrine" was pursued in an attempt to control the whole America. Using the European anti-French alliance to fight against France and the Mexican war, the United States expanded its territory to the Pacific coast, and the United States began to move westward (in essence, the expansion of capitalist production methods), which promoted the rapid development of the United States. With the development of the industrial revolution, the existence of black slaves hindered its development (the root of the American Civil War, the focus of the contradiction between the North and the South was the preservation or abolition of slavery), which eventually led to the Civil War (186 1- 1865). President Lincoln promulgated the Homestead Law, which established the land rights obtained in the westward movement in legal form and promoted the development of the western region. It also promulgated the Emancipation Proclamation (clearing the way for the development of American capitalism: solving the free labor force) to promote the rapid development of American capitalism, which was called the second bourgeois revolution in the United States.

During this period, the application of the second scientific and technological revolution actively adopted new technologies, the influx of immigrants from Europe and Asia, the absorption of capital and rich resources, a vast market, being far away from Europe and Asia, and no war. The industrial output value jumped from 65,438 to 0,894, ranking first in the world, with the highest degree of monopoly, which was called "trust imperialism". The foreign policy of "stick" and "gold dollar" and the policy of "neutrality" at the beginning of World War I made a huge windfall. 19 17 participated in World War I and became a victorious country.

After World War I, he participated in the Paris Peace Conference and became one of the manipulators. He attempted to dominate the world with strong economic strength and proposed the establishment of the League of Nations, which was resisted by Britain and France. His attempt failed. He didn't join the League of Nations. Later, there was a sharp contradiction with Japan in the Asia-Pacific region. He advocated convening the Washington Conference, adopting the five-nation treaty, gaining the same maritime power as Britain, and becoming a maritime power. Through the "Nine-Nation Convention", the "open door" was put forward again, which broke the situation that Japan monopolized China. China was the biggest beneficiary of the Washington Conference, which aggravated the contradiction between the United States and Japan. After World War I, the United States changed from a debtor country to a creditor country, and pursued "Jinyuan diplomacy", resulting in "Coolidge prosperity". 1929- 1933 The economic crisis broke out, and President Roosevelt carried out the "New Deal": the state government intervened in the economy (macro-control, but not state ownership), which created the precedent of state monopoly capitalism (essentially the self-improvement of the capitalist system and the adjustment of production relations). Before World War II, the policy of "non-interference" and "neutrality" was implemented against fascist aggression. At the beginning of World War II, Roosevelt and Churchill supported the anti-fascist war. < Atlantic Charter > > stands for opposing fascism and aiding anti-fascist countries. 194 1,12,7, Japan attacked Pearl Harbor (the location of the US Pacific Fleet), the United States was involved in the war, and World War II expanded to the maximum extent. 19 The United States, China, the Soviet Union and Britain held a meeting in the United States, signed the American declaration and organized a world anti-fascist alliance. 1942, defeated Japan in the naval battle of midway, became a turning point in the Pacific battlefield, and sent troops to fight in Europe and Africa. 1944 landed with Britain and Normandy, which accelerated the demise of German fascism. Attend meetings in Cairo, Tehran, Yalta and Potsdam.

In the early days after World War II, with its strong economic and military strength, it established the hegemonic position of the capitalist world; Yalta system and Soviet Union: The world financial center is new york, and the Bretton Woods system has been established. The dollar-centered capitalist monetary system has replaced the pound-centered capitalist monetary system, and the currencies of various countries are linked to the dollar. 1947 advocates the establishment of GATT in an attempt to control the world market; Have manipulated the United Nations; Carry out hegemonic policy (conditions: military and economic strength, performance: implement cold war policy towards the Soviet Union and other socialist countries: Truman Doctrine, Marshall Plan, and establish NATO. Trying to control capitalist countries: Marshall Plan, establishing NATO, splitting Germany, supporting West Germany, monopolizing Japan, trying to control the "middle zone" of Asia, Africa and Latin America: helping Chiang Kai-shek to launch a civil war, and then driving the Seventh Fleet to the Taiwan Province Strait to launch a war of invading Korea and Vietnam.

From the mid-1950s to the 1980s, the first stage was tension and relaxation. 1962 Cuban missile crisis shows that the advantage lies in the United States (at that time, the leader of the Soviet Union was Khrushchev). In the 1960s and 1970s, the Soviet Union attacked Afghanistan (for example, 1979 sent troops until 1989 withdrew troops: trying to influence the Gulf region and the Indian Ocean coast) to defend the United States (due to the Vietnam War and economy). Withdrawing troops from Vietnam and improving relations with China:1Nixon's visit to China in 972, normalization of Sino-US relations, 1979, establishment of diplomatic relations between China and the United States (Soviet leader was Brezhnev at that time). In 1980s, President Reagan re-hardened his policies: Reagan doctrine and "Star Wars" plan, and Soviet leader Gorbachev implemented a comprehensive contraction policy (withdrawing troops from Eastern Europe and Afghanistan). In the 1960s and 1970s, with the growth of economic strength in Western Europe and Japan, fierce competition was launched with the United States, the Bretton Woods system collapsed, and the hegemonic position of American capitalism was shaken. The United States, Western Europe and Japan are three pillars.

After the 1980s, the downward trend of the economy was gradually reversed by implementing some measures. From 65438 to 0982, the American economy began to recover. Since then, the economy has continued to grow, and the inflation rate and unemployment rate have fallen sharply. After the reform in the 1990s, the economic growth in the United States accelerated, showing a scene of prosperity. During this period, the high-tech industry represented by the information industry has become the leading industry of the economy.

In the 1990s, with the drastic changes in Eastern Europe and the disintegration of the Soviet Union, the world developed from bipolar to multipolar. It is currently the only superpower in the world. Carry out hegemonism and power politics.

Enlightenment: attach importance to science and technology and take the strategy of rejuvenating the country through science and technology; A country's position in the world depends on its economic strength, so it must take economic construction as the center; At the beginning of the two wars, they didn't participate and made a fortune in the wars. The mainland did not suffer losses in the war, so they should develop peacefully.

Japan:

Japan was first invaded by the United States. In the crisis of Tokugawa era, the reformists, represented by the middle and lower samurai, led the armed rebellion and won (experience: clearing the obstacles for reform). Through the Meiji Restoration, it embarked on the road of capitalist development and got rid of the nation, becoming the first country in Asia to gain national independence and a powerful country in Asia. The industrial revolution reached its climax in the 1980s. With the support of the government, Japanese monopoly organizations have made a transition to imperialism (with military feudalism).

Foreign aggression: The Korean War and China's Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 (China signed the treaty of shimonoseki) paid huge reparations, which accelerated the development of Japanese economy. 1904 to 1905, the Russo-Japanese War (defeated Russia, occupied Korea and northeast China), participated in World War I, and dominated China during this period. After World War I, it changed from a debtor country to a creditor country and became one of the great powers. At the Washington Conference, Japan entered the ranks of maritime powers through the five-nation naval weapons treaty, and the nine-nation treaty brought China back to the situation that several imperialist countries jointly ruled China.

In the 1920s, in order to get rid of the economic crisis, Japanese militarists (military departments) were reused and fascist forces rose. Launched the "September 18th Incident" and "December 28th Incident" against China, 1936 Hirota Hiroshi came to power, and the birthplace of World War II was formed in Asia. The July 7th Incident was launched on 1937, and a full-scale war of aggression against China broke out. 1936 signed the international anti-production agreement, 1940 formed a military aggression alliance with Germany and Italy. Japan's expansion in East Asia harmed the interests of the United States and Britain in China and announced an embargo against Japan. Japan attempted to seize Southeast Asia, so it attacked Pearl Harbor at 194 1 and provoked the Pacific War. The battle of midway is a turning point in the western battlefield. 1945 August 15 Japan surrendered unconditionally.

After World War II, the United States occupied Japan alone, carried out social reforms, abolished feudal backward factors in production relations, made use of the advantages of demilitarization of the national economy and low defense expenditure, formulated an export-oriented economic development strategy, introduced advanced science and technology, attached importance to education, and accepted a large number of orders from the United States. At the end of 1960s, Japan was already the second largest economic country in the capitalist world after the United States. After 1980s, Japan accelerated the development of high-tech industries and promoted steady economic growth. From 65438 to 0987, Japan's per capita GNP surpassed that of the United States and once ranked first among capitalist countries. With its economic strength, Japan strives to play a leading role in the economic development of the Asia-Pacific Economic Cooperation and the Asia-Pacific region. It plays an important role in aid, investment and trade in this region.

Enlightenment: Taking economic construction as the center, actively adopting high and new technologies, being good at learning advanced foreign cultures and attaching importance to education, we must take the road of peaceful development.

France:

After the opening of the new sea route, the "commercial revolution" promoted the development of French capitalism and carried out the religious reform (Huguenot school). Louis XIV's reform (mercantilist policy) became the most powerful country in continental Europe, actively engaged in overseas colonial activities, and failed in the struggle for colonial hegemony with Britain, second only to Britain. But the level of capitalist development is relatively high. France is a typical feudal autocratic country (strong sovereignty, autocracy, hierarchical system, religious autocracy, numerous checkpoints). The autocratic rule of Bourbon dynasty hindered the development of French capitalism, and at the same time, the development of the Enlightenment (pointing at feudalism and proposing freedom, equality, human rights and the rule of law) provided an ideological weapon for the French Revolution.

French Revolution: The symbol-1789 captured the Bastille and issued a declaration of human rights, which reflected the anti-feudal autocracy and progressive hierarchy. It was interfered by the anti-French alliance of Britain, Russia, Prussia and Austria. 1792, the first Republic of France was founded. 1793 when jacobins came to power, he divided the land into small pieces and sold them to farmers, which was not conducive to the advancement of the industrial revolution and implemented a policy of terror. 1799 Napoleon came to power, 1804 Faranfa's first empire was established, and the civil code was promulgated, which established the legislative norms of capitalism. The military activities of Napoleon's empire and the struggle against the French alliance have the nature of defending the country and consolidating the revolutionary achievements, which is aggressive in the later period and progressive in spreading the spirit of the French Revolution. 18 14 the anti-French alliance defeated France and the bourbon dynasty was restored.

/kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the industrial revolution developed rapidly, and the industrial output value was second only to that of Britain, but many factors were not conducive to economic development.

1870 was defeated in the Franco-Prussian War, and 187 1 established the Paris Commune (the nature of proletarian regime) with relatively slow economic development, falling from the second place to the fourth place. Known as "usury imperialism."

Forming a "three-country agreement" with Britain and Russia to participate in World War I was a victorious country, but it suffered heavy losses and changed from a creditor country to a debtor country. As one of the manipulators of the Paris Peace Conference, he advocated comprehensively containing Germany and manipulating the League of Nations with Britain. The aggression against fascism and British appeasement policy were defeated by Germany in 1940. After World War II, it was one of the five permanent members of the United Nations, relying on American economic assistance for economic recovery. Join NATO, Europe and the European Union.

Germany

With the development of the industrial revolution, the reunification of Germany was put on the agenda, and Prussia, led by Bismarck, the iron-blooded prime minister, finished, and defeated Denmark, Austria and France successively. 187 1 year completed reunification and promoted the industrial revolution in Germany. In the second scientific and technological revolution, due to the active application of science and technology, the economy developed rapidly, and its economic strength jumped to the first in Europe and the second in the world, which required a new division of the world. The contradiction between Britain and Germany was the main contradiction before the First World War, and the Triple Alliance was defeated in the First World War.

The Treaty of Versailles signed at the Paris Peace Conference severely punished Germany. Under the Daowei plan, it quickly became a European economic power, and the signing of the Locarno Convention became a political power. Due to the economic crisis and the deception and incitement of the Nazi Party, fascist Hitler pursued the policy of foreign aggression, internal repression and massacre of Jews after taking office. Launch World War II and defeat the country.

After World War II, it was occupied by the United States, the Soviet Union, Britain and France, and was tried in Nuremberg to completely eliminate German fascism. 1948 split into East Germany and West Germany. West Germany joined NATO, and the economy was restored with the assistance of the United States. Carry out political reform and eliminate fascism; Implement demilitarization; Formulate practical policies, carry out macro-management, and emphasize that the economy operates according to market rules; Attach importance to the development of science and technology education; More importantly, the people of the Federal Republic of Germany generally have high labor quality and work hard. The fastest economic development has created an "economic miracle". In 1950s, economic development entered a prosperous period and became the first capitalist country in Europe. Joining the European Union, the peaceful reunification of East and West Germany 1990, and joining the European Union are playing an increasingly important role in the international arena.

Enlightenment: We must attach importance to science and technology, constantly adjust the economic development strategy, attach importance to education and improve the quality of workers, work hard and take the road of peaceful development.

the Soviet Union

1922 after the founding of the Soviet union, a new economic policy was formulated and the Soviet economy gradually recovered. On this basis, industrialization and agricultural collectivization began. The first five-year plan started from 1928, and the economy developed rapidly. By the time the second five-year plan is completed, the industrial output value will be the first in Europe and the second in the world. The new Soviet Constitution 1936. Due to the interruption of economic development in World War II, a powerful army was established in the war, second only to the United States, which made great contributions to defeating fascism and controlled many countries and regions in Eastern Europe. In the early days after World War II, it became the only big country that could compete with the United States, established the Yalta system, established the Warsaw Pact led by the Soviet Union, and formed a bipolar pattern between the United States and the Soviet Union. 1949 The successful atomic bomb test broke the nuclear monopoly of the United States. After Khrushchev came to power, with the growth of its economic and military strength, he adjusted his foreign policy and competed with the United States for hegemony and enterprises.