Baxia Historical Questions Outline

Unit 5: The Coming of Industrial Civilization

Lesson 1: The Rise of Industry and Commerce

Factories developed from this time

1. Time: 14th century Location: Italy

2. What are the differences between manual workshops and manual workshops?

Owner Laborer Production method Site and scale Interrelationship Efficiency

Handmade workshop Workshop owner Workshop owner and family and helpers Feudal style Small Relationship between workshop owner and apprentices and helpers Low

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Manual workshop Manual workshop owner Manual workshop worker Capitalist nature High The relationship between employment and being employed High

The most fundamental difference: there is an employment relationship in manual workshops

3. Function:

(1) Improve people’s lives

(2) Further promote the development of trade

(3) Promote social class and class structure Changes have occurred

A. Changes in businessmen: becoming the predecessor of the bourgeoisie

Business methods: changing from pure business to being both a manual workshop owner and a businessman

Economic status: Stronger than princes and nobles

Political status: Can even serve as mayor

Reason for change: After the 16th century, monarchs in Western Europe vigorously developed industry and commerce in order to enrich the country and strengthen the military. Policies that benefit businessmen.

B. Changes in the nobility: they fell into economic difficulties and were in decline

C. Changes in the peasants: some lost their land and became workers in manual workshops. Become the predecessor of the working class

4. Other knowledge points:

(1) Handmade workshops - handmade workshops - factories

(2) Western European handmade workshops development, but Western Europe is still in an agricultural society

(3) Manual workshops also appeared in China during the Ming and Qing Dynasties (the bud of capitalism)

Lesson 2: Breaking through the Cage of Ideology

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Mona Lisa’s Smile (Renaissance Movement)

1. Time: 14th century Location: Commercially developed city in Italy Object: Catholic Church

2. Reason : (1) The emerging bourgeoisie believes that they can create wealth and should also enjoy life. It requires attention to human roles and human needs.

(Concept) (2) Some advanced intellectuals use the study of ancient Greek and Roman culture to promote the humanistic spirit through literary and artistic creation

3. Representative figures and works:

Italy's Leonardo da Vinci's "Mona Lisa" and "The Last Supper" are the most perfect representatives of the Renaissance era

British Shakespeare's "Romeo and Juliet", "Hamlet" and "King Lear" "Othello" (Four Tragedies)

Three Masters of Renaissance Art: Leonardo da Vinci, Michelangelo and Raphael

Three Masters of Renaissance Literature: Dante Pieter Lakbhagya

4. The humanistic spirit of the Renaissance: During the Renaissance, some advanced intellectuals studied the culture of ancient Greece and Rome and affirmed human value and dignity through literary and artistic creation, and valued human beings. The role and needs of society, advocating that everything should be people-oriented, requiring everything to start from people, and ultimately everything for people, this is the humanistic spirit of the Renaissance.

5. Evaluation: It was an ideological emancipation movement that reflected the aspirations of the emerging bourgeoisie at that time and liberated people’s minds from religious ignorance

6. China’s Literary and artistic works: "The Peony Pavilion" by Tang Xianzu

2. The liberation of the "Pope Cow" (Religious Reform)

1. Leader: Martin Luther Rise Country: Germany Time: 16th century Target: Catholic Church

2. Claim: Everyone is equal when it comes to matters of faith. As long as you have faith, no church

3. Comparison between the Renaissance and the Reformation:

The era background and social conditions of their emergence are the same, both in Western Europe when the feudal system declined and capitalism sprouted. and developed in the historical era, are anti-feudal in nature, and target the church. Both seek and absorb nutrients from ancient times, looking for classic basis. Humanism promotes the humanistic spirit by restoring the form of ancient Greek culture. , and Luther also looked for theoretical support from Christian classics

4. Result: The religious reform movement swept across Germany, churches in various places became independent one after another, and Western European countries such as Switzerland and the United Kingdom also set off magnificent religious movements. The reform movements successively got rid of the control of the Roman Church and embarked on the path of independent development.

5. Evaluation: It broke through the shackles of traditional religion and permanently ended the feudal rule of the Roman Catholic Church in Western Europe. It was a political liberation and an ideological liberation. It provided the bourgeoisie with The ideological weapon of revolution.

3. The birth of modern science

1. Time: 15th and 16th centuries

2. Knowledge is power (Bacon): Pointing out that as long as you understand nature, you can master it. The laws of nature can conquer nature and make nature benefit mankind.

3. Reasons: (1) Increased productivity provides a large amount of materials and research methods for scientific research, which is the fundamental reason for the development of natural sciences

(2) The opening up of new routes has broadened People’s research horizons

(3) During the Renaissance, people’s cognitive and creative abilities were convinced

4. Evaluation: It laid the first and most important foundation for the prosperity of future industrial civilization. An important cornerstone that paves the way for the revitalization of science. The natural world is no longer mysterious and unpredictable, and people gradually find the beating pulse of nature. With the further development of science, mankind has ushered in the climax of technological invention.

5. Inspiration for our modernization drive:

Rejuvenate the country through science and education, attach importance to the role of knowledge, and attach importance to the harmonious development of man and nature (environmental protection), etc.

6. Representative figures:

Polish Copernicus’s heliocentric theory The beginning of the scientific revolution

Italian Bruno The universe is infinite

British Newton’s law of universal gravitation (in the field of physics) The development of science and technology has been pushed to a new peak

7. The role of science: it can help humans understand nature, reveal the mysteries of nature, and view the world with a scientific attitude.

4. The Light of Reason (Ideological Enlightenment)

1. Time: 17th, 18th century Countries: Britain, France, etc.

2. Meaning: fierce criticism Authoritarianism and religious ignorance, preaching freedom, equality and democracy.

3. Reason: The development of science promotes people's thinking about society. Use the light of reason to dispel the darkness

4. Representative figures:

The French Voltaire believed in natural human rights and believed that people are born free and equal, and that all people have the pursuit of bottom-up and the right to pursue happiness, which is natural and cannot be taken away. (Political freedom)

France Rousseau All power belongs to the people, the idea of ??popular sovereignty. (Embodied in the French Revolution. "Declaration of the Rights of Man")

Montesquieu's Separation of Powers in France

Events First Rise Advocacy Representative Object of Struggle

Renaissance Italy, etc. People-centered, Three Masters of Literature, Three Masters of Art, Feudal Theocracy

Religious Reformation, Germany, etc. Everyone is equal in faith, Martin Luther, etc.

Enlightenment, Britain and France, etc. Reason, natural human rights, Popular sovereignty Voltaire, Rousseau, etc.

Natural science, Italy, etc. Knowledge is power, Copernicus, Newton, etc.

Lesson 3: The world begins to move towards a whole

1. " "Discovering the New World" (the opening of new shipping routes)

1. Reason: (Condition) The most fundamental reason: the development of capitalism and the development of commodity economy

(1) For Eastern commodities To meet the demand, luxuries such as silk, porcelain, gems and spices from the East were transferred to Europe. In the eyes of Europeans, the East was very wealthy

(2) In the bud of capitalism Under the influence, the demand for currency increased, and "money worshipers" hoped to seize gold outside Europe. After the description of gold all over the East in "Marco Polo" became widely circulated, it aroused people's yearning for the East

(3) The Turks blocked the traditional trade routes and needed to open a direct route. A new trade route to the east.

(4) Spain and Portugal have been able to build large ships suitable for long voyages, and they have learned a lot of navigation knowledge from the Italians. The King of Portugal had a crew of sailors from all over the world.

(5) The compass invented in China has been introduced to Europe and was widely used in navigation at this time. Globes, nautical maps, and navigation-related books prepared technical conditions for navigation.

(6) The round earth theory of the ancient Greek Ptomy was gradually accepted by people.

(7) Supported by kings

(8) Navigators have a spirit of adventure, superhuman will and wisdom.

2. Characters and events

Time 1487-1488 1492 1497--1498 1519--1522

Characters Dias Columbus Vasco da Gama Magellan

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Country Portugal Italy Portugal Portugal

Route Western Europe - Cape of Good Hope Western Europe - America Western Europe - Cape of Good Hope - India Circumnavigation

Supporters Portugal Spain Portugal Spain

< p>Among them: Columbus's arrival in America was called "the discovery of the New World" by Europeans

Time: 1492

Meaning: People were deeply inspired, and more and more navigators joined maritime exploration martyrs to open up a new route to the East.

It contributed to the formation and development of "immigration countries" such as the United States, and also caused the destruction of Indian civilization.

Columbus’s discovery of the Americas was not his personal credit. The opening of new sea routes was imperative. Even without the exploration of Columbus and Spain, other countries and other navigators would have explored and discovered the New World. Columbus The discovery of America was not an accidental event, but was caused by many objective conditions at the time, and Columbus was only the first pioneer to achieve this great task based on these objective conditions.

3. Role: These activities of European navigators had a huge impact on human history. The opening of new sea routes has strengthened the connections between continents, expanded people's horizons, and promoted the spread and integration of human civilization.

2. The strengthening of global connections

3. How black people came to the Americas

1. The impact of the opening of new routes (or the evaluation of the opening of new routes) ) (How to evaluate Columbus)

Positive impacts:

(1) The opening of new shipping routes promoted population migration (Europeans came to the Americas)

(2) The opening of new shipping routes has promoted the flow of species (corn, potatoes, tomatoes, peanuts (Americas) - Asia and Europe)

(3) The opening of new shipping routes has promoted the expansion of international trade (The Netherlands (one of the most developed commercial countries in the 17th century) - Sea Coachman)

(4) The opening of new sea routes promoted the integration of civilizations

(5) New The opening of sea routes promoted the spread of scientific and technological achievements (France aircraft and bird-bill guns)

Negative impacts:

(1) It facilitated colonial countries such as Portugal and Spain to conduct operations in the Americas and Africa , Asia carried out colonial expansion, brutally massacred local residents, and plundered land and wealth. (Looting gold, etc.) has caused the backwardness and poverty of countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America.

(2) Massacre of natives (Indians and Indian civilization suffered a devastating blow)

(3) Trafficking of black slaves caused heavy losses to Africa (beginning in the 16th century )

Others: Britain became an empire on which the "sun never sets"

The American region south of the United States is called Latin America and belongs to the Latin family.

Lesson 4: Bourgeois Revolution: The Creation of a New System

(Bourgeois revolutions in Britain, France, and the United States)

The victory of parliament over the royal power (Britain Bourgeois Revolution)

Time: 1640-1688, the beginning of modern world history

Conditions:

(1) Take advantage of the advantage of being located at the heart of the Atlantic sea route conditions, and actively carried out overseas trade and colonial plunder.

(2) The enclosure movement accumulated huge amounts of capital, allowing capitalism to develop rapidly.

(3) With the development of the economy, the power of the bourgeoisie is growing day by day, demanding political power and further developing capitalism.

3. Process:

(1) In 1640, in order to raise military expenditures, Charles I held a parliament (the fuse)

(2) In 1642, Charles I Announced that the "crusade against Parliament" provoked a civil war (sign)

(3) In 1649, Charles I was guillotined

(4) In 1688, the bourgeoisie launched a coup and took Overthrew the Restoration Dynasty in a bloodless way

(5) In 1689, the Bill of Rights was passed - establishing a constitutional monarchy (a political system in which parliament restricts the power of the king; pioneered by the United Kingdom; Japan, Thailand, Belgium, Spain , Sweden, the Netherlands, Portugal and other countries have also adopted constitutional monarchy)

4. Leader: Cromwell

5. The people (the parliament organized the army, many farmers, handicrafts Those who participated in the parliamentary army battles greatly increased the combat effectiveness of the parliamentary army)

It shows that outstanding figures are the promoters of history and the people are the creators of history

2. The first in history The emergence of the first president (American Bourgeois Revolution, National War of Independence)

1. Time: 1773-1781

2. Leader: Washington

3. Fundamental reasons: British colonial rule hindered the economic development of the North American colonies. The formation of the American nation and the awakening of its national democratic consciousness conflicted with the British economic suppression and colonial oppression of the colonies.

4. Process:

(1) 1773, Boston Tea Party (trigger)

(The East India Company’s tea is cheap, why do North American people want it? Refuse? )

(2) In 1775, the gunfire at Lexington opened the prelude to the American Revolutionary War

(3) On July 4, 1776, it was passed "Declaration of Independence" marks the birth of the United States of America ("Declaration of Independence": It is the first political demand of the bourgeoisie put forward in the form of a program in the world. The Declaration denounced the tyranny of the British King over the colonies and declared that all men are created equal. There are inalienable rights such as freedom and the pursuit of happiness from the bottom up, and the official birth of the United States of America was announced)

(4) In 1781, the War of Independence was won

5. Reasons for victory: the North American people's desire for independence, the war itself's opposition to colonial rule, the justice of striving for national liberation, and the promotion of the bourgeoisie.

6. In 1787, the United States formulated the Constitution and determined the government and political system. Washington was elected as the first president of the United States (according to Montesquieu's "separation of powers" theory, the legislative, executive, and judicial Separation of powers; founded by the United States; adopted by Mexico, Brazil, Argentina, Egypt, Indonesia and other countries)

7. The changes in the American flag and territory indicate that the United States embarked on the path of colonial expansion after independence. .

3. Selfless French citizens (French bourgeois revolution)

1. The three-level hierarchy before the French revolution: the king has the highest power "I am the country" - Louis XIV

First Estate: Priests

Second Estate: Nobles (the first and second estates are called privileged estates)

Third Estate: Bourgeoisie, craftsmen, urban poor, farmers

2. Fundamental reason: Feudal autocratic rule hindered the development of French capitalism

3. Fuse: In 1789, Louis XVI convened the Estates-General.

4. Three armed uprisings of the Paris people:

(1) On July 14, 1789, the Bastille was captured (symbol, National Day), the Bastille was captured, "Declaration of Human Rights"

"Declaration of Human Rights": "Sovereignty lies with the people" is one of the results of the armed uprising of the Paris people during the French Revolution. It is the programmatic document of the great revolution. Its core content is to clarify the human rights of the bourgeoisie. demands and advocates the rule of law.

The relationship between the French bourgeois revolution and the Enlightenment: Voltaire believed that people should be born free and equal, and the Declaration of the Rights of Man declared that people are born and always free and equal in terms of rights; It can be said that the Enlightenment Movement provided ideological preparation for the French Revolution, and the French Revolution was a great practice of bourgeois Enlightenment thought.

(2) In 1792, the people of Paris once again held an uprising to abolish the French monarchy and establish a French monarchy. Louis XVI was sent to the guillotine

(The birth of the French national anthem " "Battle Hymn of the Rhine Army" - "La Marseillaise"

(3) In 1793, the third uprising of the Paris people led Robespierre to take power and implement revolutionary policies - the revolution reached its peak

5. Significance: The French Revolution ended the feudal autocratic rule in France and dealt a heavy blow to the feudal system. The French Revolution was a failure, but it fully demonstrated the great power of the people and the establishment of democracy. , and continues to this day.

The three revolutions highlighted the power of the people, indicating that the people are the creators of history

After the three revolutions, advanced political systems were established. This is also the reason why the West is advanced. One

Lesson 5: China Facing Challenges

The Last Prosperity (Economy)

1. The establishment of the Ming and Qing Dynasties: 1368, Zhu Yuanzhang, 1644 Huang Taiji

2. Performance in prosperous times:

Large population: at the beginning of the 17th century, China's population was nearly 200 million; in the 19th century, it exceeded 300 million, accounting for one-third of the world's total population 1

The commodity economy is developed: farmers in the south of the Yangtze River plant mulberry and raise silkworms, and are engaged in the silk weaving industry; the cotton textile industry in Songjiang is developed

(During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, "Huguang was ripe and the world was full")< /p>

The prosperity of handicraft industry promoted the development of commerce: the emergence of Huizhou merchants, Shanxi merchants, and industrial and commercial towns (rural - urban)

Foreign trade is in an outstanding position (the "Porcelain of the Portuguese Royal Palace" room", demand for Chinese tea)

The economic prosperity has brought about changes in social life: service industries, teahouses, restaurants, theaters, etc.

Agriculture is still the mainstay of the Chinese economy The main body, men farming and women weaving was still the basic production and way of life for the vast majority of Chinese farmers at that time