Urgent! Why does Sweden strengthen national defense education for neutrality? What are the national defense characteristics of neutral countries? Thank you~

First, Sweden's national defense education system

According to Swedish national defense law, Sweden's national defense is called general national defense. General defense includes military defense, civil defense, economic defense and psychological defense.

Military defense, headed by the Ministry of National Defense; Civil defense is implemented by the Civil Defense Bureau; Economic defense and psychological defense are the responsibility of their respective committees. Among them, the Psychological Defense Committee is the institution responsible for national defense education, directly under the leadership of the government. The members of the Committee are composed of senior leaders from the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Culture, the General Police Department, national radio and television stations and major newspapers and periodicals. These activities are funded by the government budget, and all provinces and counties have committees at the same level. The task of the psychological defense Committee is divided into two parts: peacetime and wartime. The usual tasks are to understand and master the public's attitude and willingness to national defense, explain the security situation and hidden dangers in Sweden to the society, impart national defense knowledge, provide advice to the government on psychological defense, and hold various psychological defense workshops. The wartime task is to guide and organize the national psychological resistance against the enemy, convey the national laws and regulations and the actual situation of the army, and enhance the national determination and will to resist the enemy. So Sweden's national defense education system is its competent department? Across a number of ministries and non-governmental organizations, each ministry or organization has its main activities and educational targets for national defense education, forming a well-structured and well-organized educational network. The Ministry of National Defense is in an integrated and coordinated position, aiming at providing comprehensive national defense education in line with Sweden's national conditions.

Second, the sources of national defense education in Sweden

The laws, regulations and systems of any country reflect the whole historical background, the founding spirit and the needs of national conditions, and stimulate each other and develop gradually. After 800 years of severe tests, the Kingdom of Sweden has finally established an armed neutral national defense system with Swedish characteristics without the endorsement of international conventions and international public opinion. However, the implementation of national defense education in Sweden also has its own characteristics. However, all countries in the world regard national defense as the focus of today's national defense policy and have enacted laws one after another. However, there is no special national defense education law in Sweden, but only institutions specializing in national defense education. However, the Swedish government skillfully used the existing national defense-related laws and regulations that have been promulgated. Such as national defense law, general defense service regulations, civil defense law, mobilization law, combat readiness law, government and local wartime management law, wartime supply law, wartime price control law, military requisition railway law, territorial sea management law, arms trade law, economic defense law, wartime price control law, etc. Wartime medical care law and wartime border management law. Effectively combine cross-ministerial and non-governmental specialized institutions for national defense education as the basis for promoting national defense education at the central and local levels. The Ministry of National Defense, which dominates national defense education, is also considered as the regulator of the transformation of national defense education in Sweden in peacetime and wartime.

Third, the scope and object of national defense education in Sweden

Sweden's national defense goal is to keep Sweden out of the war and make the invaders realize that they will have to pay a painful price and great sacrifice to conquer Sweden. Therefore, the principle of its defense is based on the assumption of "extreme victory". In other words, if a country intends to seek benefits or achieve a certain goal by invading Sweden, Sweden will put all its strength into tenacious resistance with its strong national defense strength. At that time, the invaders will realize that even if they have achieved results, compared with the benefits they get from Sweden, this kind of effort and price are not worth it. Sweden's strong national defense strength depends on the overall national defense system with the participation of the whole people. It embodies that when the country is facing the threat of war or the autumn of critical survival, all military and civilians have the obligation to contribute their own strength and participate in the mission of defending the country. No one has the right to stay out of it.

According to the general national defense service regulations, all Swedish citizens aged 16-70 and foreigners living in Sweden have the obligation to serve, whether it is military service, civil defense service or reserve training. Its purpose is to enable Swedish residents to mobilize quickly in wartime or extraordinary times, invest effective manpower in time, and strengthen social functions to meet the needs of fighting or preparing for tasks. Sweden's overall defense includes two systems: military defense and civil defense, so that Sweden can effectively resist external armed attacks, advocate territorial integrity, ensure peace and security of itself and its surrounding areas, and strengthen its social functions in extraordinary times. In fact, as far as the current service system is concerned, except for physiological factors or special circumstances, almost everyone has served in the army.

However, since the end of the Cold War, the threats faced by Sweden and the international environment have changed, and its defense focus has changed from the original defense system mainly aimed at the aggression of the former Soviet bloc to a defense mechanism that can flexibly respond to various forms of crises and threats from home and abroad. Therefore, the implementation of national defense education is not limited to the general military and civilians, but also extends to social strata such as immigrants, government officials, nobles and members of the royal family.

Fourthly, the characteristics of national defense education in Sweden.

Sweden's civil defense education and training are particularly prominent. From the central government to local governments, a well-organized civil defense education network has been laid all over the country, which is popular in all walks of life. At the same time, it emphasizes the responsibility of taking the state as the main body of education, effectively combines various non-governmental organizations and paramilitary organizations, and advocates the combination of peacetime and wartime and the compatibility of military and civilian. It regards not only the army, but also the whole society as a place for national defense education for citizens, and has achieved remarkable results for many years.

The Defence Force of the Kingdom of Sweden has always been the main force of United Nations peacekeeping forces. In fact, the country that participated in UN peacekeeping operations and humanitarian expeditions the most was not the United States, but Sweden. Sweden, with a population of more than 9 million, sends more than twice as many troops and troops as the United States with a population of 300 million, with an average of 24,000 people per year.

Sweden's overall defense force is not only focused on intimidation, but also based on practice. The compulsory military service system adopted by Sweden belongs to the so-called "militia system". The biggest difference between Sweden and the conscription system is that the conscription system requires the establishment of a strong and capable standing army. Soldiers are divided into reserve mobilization targets according to their age after discharge, and the training time is limited, so it is required to have a long service period and a clear distinction between military and civilian; On the other hand, the "militia system" requires that a small and flexible army be dismissed immediately after the training is completed. All skills training and organization are carried out without affecting the overall operation of society, and service personnel are given considerable choice to perform training tasks in peacetime. The boundary between the army and the people is unclear, which is the most typical "integration of the army and the people" system.