What aspects does globalization include?

Question 1: What does globalization include? At present, there are many definitions of globalization. Generally speaking, globalization refers to the increasingly close global connection, the development of human life on a global scale and the rise of global consciousness. Countries are interdependent in politics, economy and trade. Globalization can also be interpreted as a compression of the world and a view of the whole world. After the 1990s, with the expansion of the influence of globalization on human society, it gradually attracted the attention of political, educational, social and cultural disciplines in various countries, and caused research upsurge one after another. Whether the view of "globalization" is good or bad is still a matter of different opinions.

Question 2: What are the characteristics of globalization (1)? Globalization is an objective historical process and trend since the birth of modern capitalism. (2) The content of globalization is mainly in the economic field, covering all aspects of social life; (3) The process of globalization is a process in which all nations, countries and cultures in the world conflict with each other.

Question 3: What does economic globalization include? Economic globalization refers to the trend of goods, services, technology and capital flowing and allocating on a global scale, which makes the economies of various countries increasingly interdependent and connected. There are many forms of economic globalization, including production globalization, trade globalization and capital globalization.

Globalization of production. With the development of science and technology, the international division of labor and cooperation in the field of production has been deepened and strengthened, and the production of all countries in the world is interrelated and cooperative, and the production activities of all countries have become a link in the world production chain.

Trade globalization. With the improvement of countries' opening to the outside world, all countries in the world participate in international commodity exchange, the scale of international trade expands rapidly, and more and more kinds of commodities are involved in the exchange, from general commodities to various services.

Globalization of capital. With the globalization of production and trade, the tentacles of capital extend to the whole world, and the speed of capital flow around the world is accelerating. Investors can transfer a large amount of money from one global market to another in a short time by tapping a few keys on the computer.

Impact:

Economic globalization is the product of the development of productivity, which in turn promotes the development of productivity. It has promoted the global flow of production factors, the perfection of international division of labor and the rapid development of international trade, thus promoting the efficiency of resource allocation worldwide and the development of productivity in various countries, and providing a broader development space for the economies of various countries.

However, economic globalization is essentially dominated by developed capitalist countries. Developed countries have economic and technological advantages, master modern information technology, promote the trend of economic globalization, dominate the development of the world market and influence the rules of the international economic game. This economic globalization has made the world more unbalanced and polarized. On the one hand, wealth in developed countries is accumulating, on the other hand, poverty in developing countries is increasing.

Economic globalization links the economies of all countries in the world, which not only promotes economic cooperation among countries, but also means that the economic fluctuation of one country may affect other countries, even the whole world, aggravate the instability of the global economy, and pose a great threat to the economic security of developing countries in particular.

Question 4: What is the impact of globalization?

For "economic benefits", people moved from vast, scattered and self-sufficient villages to cities. They live next to each other and live together, but only by haggling over every ounce, competing and fighting with each other can they survive. People in the city look no different, but everyone is looking for something different in their bones. Only by being different can we stand out in the competition for survival. Cruel market competition has gradually turned more and more "villagers" into people who lack morality and justice. They worship all the "civilization" brought by capital, or they worship capital itself at all. People naturally forget that the lives of the poor in Afghanistan and the poor in the World Trade Center are equal. They will light candles for more than 2,000 "civilized" lives in new york, but they will never think of burning incense for more than 4,000 "barbaric" victims in Afghanistan. Humans can openly declare that selfishness and the law of the jungle are their nature, which can lead to "the greatest happiness of the greatest number of people." Such humans have to use steel security doors instead of fences that separate families, and police armed to the teeth instead of elders who mediate neighborhood disputes. When a poor and vast global village becomes a prosperous and narrow global village, their respective "national interests" naturally become the highest norm in international relations, and force naturally becomes the premise of security and order.

When did internationalization begin to tend to refer to such a process? Today's globalization is used to distinguish a series of trends, many of which became particularly prominent after World War II. They include:

An increase in the number of universal standards, such as copyright law.

International trade is growing faster than the world economy.

The growth of the share of the world economy controlled by transnational corporations.

The development of the global financial system

More international cultural influence, such as through the output of Hollywood movies.

The reduction of cultural diversity

The development of international tourism

Through the Internet, telephone and other technologies, * * * enjoys more and more information resources.

The growth of immigration, including illegal immigration.

Various organizations that support globalization believe that many trends are positive. Many times, globalization is actively promoted by people such as * *. For example, there is an economic theory that comparative advantage makes free trade more effective in resource allocation and beneficial to both parties involved in trade.

After World War II, through many international organizations such as GATT, the barriers to international trade have been greatly reduced. Especially the World Trade Organization, which evolved from GATT:

Promote free trade

Commodities: reduce or cancel tariffs; Establish a free trade zone and reduce tariffs.

Capital: reduce or cancel capital controls (capital controls will affect trade development)

Reduce and cancel subsidies to local industries (to achieve fair trade)

intellectual property

Harmonize intellectual property laws between countries (usually by adding more restrictions)

Cross-border recognition of intellectual property restrictions (for example, patents obtained in China can be recognized in the United States)

There are also many anti-globalization movements that think these are harmful.

Questioning globalization

Whether globalization is a real phenomenon or just a statement is still under discussion in academic circles. Although this word has been widely used, some scholars believe that this phenomenon has appeared in other historical periods. In addition, many people have noticed that those phenomena that make people believe that we are in the process of globalization, such as the growth of international trade and the increasingly important role played by multinational corporations, were not formulated at the beginning. So many scholars prefer "internationalization" to "globalization". Simply put, the difference between the two is that the role of the state is more important in internationalization. In other words, globalization goes deeper than internationalization. Therefore, these scholars believe that national boundaries are far from disappearing, so complete globalization has not yet begun, and may not begin-historically, internationalization has never become global. ...& gt& gt

Question 5: What aspects of trade liberalization does economic globalization include?

Internationalization of production

Capital globalization

Globalization of science and technology

Question 6: What are the characteristics of globalization? Solving the globalization of science and technology mainly refers to the globalization of human scientific and technological activities. Its core content mainly includes three aspects: first, the global allocation of R&D resources, that is, the allocation of R&D resources on a global scale according to the principle of comparative advantage, in order to maximize R&D output; Second, the global management of scientific and technological activities, that is, not only the organizational form of R&D is open to the whole world, but also countries must trade scientific and technological achievements in accordance with the same international rules, and provide intellectual property protection for the holders of scientific and technological achievements under the unified institutional framework and standards; The third is the global sharing of R&D achievements, that is, under certain rules and conditions, the application of scientific and technological research achievements is global, and the spillover and diffusion of scientific and technological knowledge has become an important phenomenon in the world economy. These three aspects complement each other and promote each other, and isomorphism has become the main theme of the wave of scientific and technological globalization. Among them, the global allocation of R&D resources is of fundamental significance, which directly affects the global management of scientific and technological activities and the scale and degree of global sharing of R&D results. There is a complementary relationship between technological globalization and economic globalization. Technological development is not only driven by globalization, but also the main driving force of globalization. On the one hand, the globalization of science and technology itself is the product of the development of economic globalization to a certain stage, and it is an important part of economic globalization. Because with the improvement of the utilization level of human social resources, the economic development of all countries is increasingly dependent on the speed, direction and scale of scientific and technological development. In this case, science and technology, which was regarded as an exogenous variable of economic growth in the first half of the 20th century, gradually evolved into an endogenous variable in the process of economic growth, and scientific and technological knowledge itself became direct? In order to avoid falling behind competitors in the fierce international economic competition, not only countries increase R&D expenditure substantially, but also enterprises play an increasingly important role in R&D activities. In a sense, any progress of scientific and technological knowledge in the world today is the result of conscious R&D investment activities of the country or people. This great change in the economic growth mode of human society shows that scientific and technological knowledge is becoming more and more important as a strategic resource to determine the economic development direction of a national enterprise and even the whole country. The level of a country's economic development depends not only on its own supply of scientific and technological knowledge, but also on the supply of scientific and technological knowledge in the whole world, which objectively requires people to look at and grasp the development trend of human science and technology from a global perspective, seek global supply of scientific and technological knowledge, and protect their scientific and technological interests from infringement. Whether it is the overseas R&D activities of multinational corporations, or the determination of intellectual property-related institutions or rules such as the World Intellectual Property Organization and trade-related intellectual property treaties, it represents the great efforts made by human society in promoting the development of science and technology. On the other hand, the globalization of science and technology has promoted and deepened economic globalization. This is because no matter how strong a country is in the development of science and technology, it must participate in the wave of globalization of science and technology in order to accurately grasp its development direction and basic trend, which in turn further strengthens the technical and economic ties between countries, thus promoting the in-depth development of economic globalization. Technology not only makes these events happen, but also is a competitive tool, because innovation and successful adoption of new technologies are the key to success in the international market. A study on the member countries of the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development shows that since the early 1980s, technology transactions, including technology licensing, patent and trademark sales, technical experts and knowledge services, have more than tripled, and the importance of acquiring technical knowledge through equipment import has also increased. Moreover, the globalization of science and technology has also promoted the expansion and deepening of international competition. Because the competition between enterprises and even countries is based on knowledge resources, the boundlessness, unlimited supply and non-exclusiveness of knowledge determine that the future knowledge economy must be a global economy. In this case, the focus of international competition is no longer the final product of various production activities, but the result of various knowledge activities. The front of competition has moved to the stage of product development and even basic research. The competitive advantage of a country or enterprise is based on its research and development ability and technological innovation ability. In many cases, the result of market competition has been decided even in the research and development stage. This shows that the core position of competition between countries and enterprises is no longer just products and services >>