How did race and country form and develop?

Humans evolved from the animal kingdom, and their ancestors were extinct apes. Early humans constantly adapted to the changes in the natural environment and lived and multiplied. In the transition from ape to human, labor played a decisive role, which promoted the transition from ape's instinctive consciousness to human's instinctive consciousness. Consciously making tools finally separated the human and animal kingdoms.

About 10000 years ago, humans were widely distributed in Africa, Eurasia, Australia, North and South America. In the early days, under different geographical environments and natural conditions, human beings developed and evolved along their own paths, gradually forming racial differences, and Mongols, Europa, Negro, Buschmann, Pygmies and Australians appeared. With the migration of human beings and the agricultural revolution, thousands of years of ethnic distribution balance ended, and the advantages of Mongols, Europeans and Negros were established.

At a certain stage of social development, people of the same race have formed different nationalities due to differences in language, region, economy, society, culture and psychology. The interacting nations develop and grow, the closed nations keep their original state for a long time, the weak nations are often annexed and assimilated, and the tenacious and backward conquering nations are often annexed by the advanced conquered nations.

The Origin of Humans and Race Darwin pointed out in his book The Origin of Humans and Sexual Selection: "Humans and modern apes come from the same ancestor." The ancestor of mankind is an extinct ape. Modern apes include gibbons, orangutans, gorillas and chimpanzees. Their body structure is closest to that of human beings, who are closely related to modern apes. The transformation from apes to humans is an adaptation to nature, and the decisive factor to adapt to the environment is labor. "Labor and making tools are the essential differences between humans and animals." The transformation from apes to humans has gone through three stages: "tree-climbing apes" are ancient apes living in trees, "people in the process of formation" refer to creatures in the process of transformation from apes to humans, and "fully formed people" refer to humans who have been able to make tools.

Ancient apes living in trees, the earliest known fossils are You Fa protozoa in Egypt, Egyptian apes, forest apes first discovered in France, and later found in Europe, Asia and Africa. The ape in the transition from ape to man is Raemakers. Its fossils were first found in Siwannik Mountain in India and Pakistan and Anatolia in Turkey. In addition, China, Yunnan, Lufeng and other places in the world have also found it. After the transition from apes to humans, people in the formation process experienced the first three stages: Homo sapiens, Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. The earliest genus refers to humans before Homo erectus. Fossils from this period include Heidelberg in Germany, Visalos in Hungary and Praessler in Czech Republic. In addition, it is also found in Tanzania and Kenya. Homo sapiens is divided into early Homo sapiens and late Homo sapiens. Early homo sapiens fossils are distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa, and more than 70 places have been found so far. There are Steinheimers in Germany and Swanscombe in Britain. Late Homo sapiens fossils are not only distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa, but also found in America and Australia. The main fossil data are: French Kroma farmers, South African Florespa people, Tanzanian Garoba people, Ethiopian Omoh people, China Beijingers and so on.

In the process of changing from ancient apes to modern humans, tree-climbing apes live in tropical and subtropical forests. Australopithecus are all forest animals, crawling on all fours, climbing branches and picking fruits, nesting in the forest, with a certain division of labor between hands and feet, semi-upright, and corresponding changes in body bones and internal organs, which laid the foundation for Australopithecus to live on the ground and walk upright. During the transition from apes to humans, due to the changes of climate and topography in East Africa and South Asia, the forest area decreased, and glades and savanna appeared. In order to find food, ancient apes walked upright on the ground, thus beginning the stage of transformation from apes to newcomers. During the transition from apes to humans, with the evolution of human hands, vocal organs and brain marrow, language and consciousness appeared, and humans were finally able to make tools.

Archaeological data show that tree-climbing apes were found not only in Africa, but also in Europe and Asia. Fossils of "man in the process of formation" characterized by Lamarckian apes are also distributed in many parts of Asia and Africa; Fossils of "fully formed man" are widely distributed in Europe, Asia and Africa. Two human skeleton fossils were found in Lake Mungo, Australia, and San Diego fossils were found in the United States. The distribution of fossils confirms the universality of human distribution.

About 40,000 years ago, humans migrated to America. At that time, in order to hunt mammals like fierce horses, Mongolia crossed the Bering Strait and arrived in North America, then migrated from Alaska to Canada and came to the North American grassland. It was at the end of the ice age, and the sea level in the Bering Strait was lower than today. The ancients easily entered America through land bridges in Siberia and Alaska. Humans entered Australia about 50 thousand years ago. The first democracy in Australia was the late Homo sapiens from Southeast Asia. At that time, the sea level was low, Australia and New Guinea were connected, and it was easy for the ancients to cross the ocean.

Human race refers to people who have the same genetic characteristics as other ethnic groups, and the origins of different human races all come from the same fully developed ancestor. 10000 years ago, at the end of the Paleolithic period, the technology of human gathering and hunting continued to improve, and cooked food and bone needles were eaten to make clothes. Cavernization, survival and adaptability are further enhanced, and the population on the earth is increasing.

With the unprecedented expansion of human survival activities in Europe, Asia, Africa, North America and Australia, under different geographical environment, climate and diet structure, the development and evolution of early human beings have been differentiated to some extent, and finally different skin colors, hairstyles, eye types, nose types and blood types have been formed. The difference in external forms such as body shape, so the race appeared.

Anthropologists divide modern humans into three major races, namely Mongols (yellow), Europa (white) and blacks (black).

It is not clear how the differences of human skin color, hairstyle and facial features are formed. One view is that human beings are descendants of the same ancestor; Another view is that human beings, like the same animal, have various differences and can be divided into many different families and classes. The human family must be the same race with different origins. The earliest ancestor of mankind was ape-man, but there are also different kinds of ape-man, and their external characteristics are different. They live and multiply in different geographical environments, and it is difficult for them to have the opportunity of "communication" and integration, let alone live together. Under the long-term closed living conditions, the evolution of early human beings will have the same development and evolution to a certain extent, so it is understandable that different ethnic characteristics will appear. The former regards geographical environment, climatic conditions, social history and other comprehensive factors as the fundamental reasons for ethnic differences, while the latter regards different species and families of apes as the main reasons for ethnic differences. However, neither view denies that geographical environment and climatic conditions are important factors that cause ethnic differences.

The distribution and division of human races About 10000 years ago, there was a general distribution of various races in the world. The Europa people are distributed in Europe, North Africa, East Africa and the Middle East, and are going deep into India and Central Asia. Negro people were distributed in the south of the Sahara desert (when water resources were abundant); The pygmies and Bushmen were later different from them and distributed in other parts of Africa; There are also some pygmies, that is, little black people, who live in forest areas of India and Southeast Asia. India, the rest of Southeast Asia and vast areas of Australia were occupied by Australians. Mongolians are distributed in East Asia, South Asia, South America and North America. Because of human migration again and again, agriculture has spread all over the world, and the popularization of agriculture has led to ethnic changes, which is beneficial to Mongolian people engaged in agriculture. Europeans and Negros, but Bushmen and Pygmies, are not conducive to fishing, hunting and gathering, isolated from the world and remain the same. The agricultural revolution ended the racial balance for thousands of years and established the advantages of Mongols, Europa and Negros that have continued to this day.

Agricultural Revolution and Dongsheng's "Agglomeration Economy": Different from the spontaneous mode of production in "Hunting Economy", the agricultural revolution brought more exquisite agricultural economy and animal husbandry economy to human beings, and made people begin to consciously produce and live. Humans have gradually changed from a simple passive requester of natural resources to a smart and active developer and producer of natural resources, and gained a relatively stable source of life. The agricultural revolution is not only the most important historical watershed of human social civilization and barbarism, but also a great driving force for the rapid growth of human culture.

The earliest racial division can be found in tomb murals in ancient Egypt 3000 years ago. It divides human beings into four types with different colors: Egyptians are painted red, Asians are painted yellow, blacks in the south are painted black, and westerners and northerners are painted white.

Liang Qichao divided human beings into yellow race, white race and black race in Five Laws of China's Historical Research.

Arrange the yellow race 1. China, Japanese, Koreans, Thais, other East Asians. Mongols, Tatars, Xianbei (Siberian), other North and Central Asians 3. Turks, Hungarians, Other Yellow Europeans, Caucasians 1. Mites, Egyptians, Libyans, Colossians (Arabia and southern Egypt) 2. Flash. Arabs 3. Asia: Indians, Iranians-Medes and Persians. Europa: Greek, Roman (French, Italian, Spanish, Portuguese), Celtic (Gaul, Bright, Scottish), Teutonic (Norwegian, Swedish, German, Timo, Portuguese). Other black Africans 1950, UNESCO issued a statement on race. There are three kinds of people in the world: Mongols, that is, yellow people, mainly distributed in East Asia, Southeast Asia and America; Europa is a white race, mainly distributed in Europe, America, Oceania, South Africa, West Asia and India. Nigro is an Australian race, that is, black people, mainly distributed in Africa, Oceania and America.

There is not much difference in innate intelligence among human races, and the differences in technological development and the resulting population size cannot reflect the talent differences of various races accordingly.

The formation and development of a nation is the product of the development of human society to a certain stage. With the migration and mixed living of human beings, the ties of consanguinity have been broken, and the geographical, linguistic and psychological qualities of * * * have gradually formed. At the same time, with the emergence and development of agriculture, animal husbandry, handicrafts, commerce and science and technology, conditions have been prepared for the formation and development of economic life and cultural life of * * *. Relatively stable people with * * the same language, * * the same region, * * the same economic, social, cultural and psychological characteristics constitute the same nation. People of the same race include many different nationalities, and the same race is not necessarily the same race. The same race sometimes contains some characteristics of different races, with more nationalities than races.

There are basically two situations in the formation of a nation: one is "the same origin and different currents", that is, different nationalities originated from the same genus. Such as Germany, Britain and Austria. Dutch and other nationalities mainly originated from Germanic and Celtic; The Tibetan, Yi, Lahu and Naxi nationalities in China all originated from the ancient Bianqiang nationality to varying degrees. The other is "the same stream and different sources", that is, the same nation originated from or contained several different * * * isomorphism. For example, American countries are mainly composed of Europeans, Asians, non-immigrants and local indigenous people.

According to the statistics in the 1980s, there are more than 2,000 ethnic groups in the world, including 7 ethnic groups with a population of over 100 million and nearly 2 billion people. There are nearly 800 ethnic groups with a population of 654.38+million. The total population of these two ethnic groups accounts for more than 99% of the world's total population, while the total population of the other thousands of ethnic groups is only over 40 million.

The progress and development of a nation depends on the accessibility of all ethnic groups. Those who have the most opportunities to interact with other ethnic groups are also most likely to develop by leaps and bounds. Under the pressure of survival and elimination, ethnic groups in an easy-to-communicate living environment make good use of the opportunities of interaction to seek development; In a closed state, there is no external push, no external threat, and no eliminated pressure, and the original situation will be maintained for a long time without endangering its survival.

In the composition of grassland areas in the Middle East, India, China, Europe and the central part of Eurasia, human beings have given birth to the great civilization of history. The Middle East, Indian, China and Europe have fertile river basins and plains; There are endless grasslands in the central part of Eurasia, starting from the northeast of China in the east and reaching Hungary in the west, which provides a land channel for the communication between civilization centers in the marginal areas of Eurasia, and facilitates the contact and contact between civilizations. The history of Eurasia is basically formed in the process of interaction between nomadic world and farming world.

The communication between nomadic tribes and the farming world is peaceful and sometimes violent. The nomadic world needs food, cloth and metal tools from the farming world, and the farming world needs horses and leather from the nomadic world. Both sides need to meet their own needs through peaceful mutual markets. However, nomadic tribes often constantly invade and migrate into the rich farming world. The rulers of the farming world sometimes have to open up frontier land to seize the land of nomadic tribes. When nomadic tribes entered the farming world as conquerors, the farming world brought nomadic tribes, semi-nomadic tribes and tribes inclined to farm land into its economic and cultural system again and again. In the long-term contradictory movement with nomadic tribes, the farming world has shown its superiority and resilience. As a result, nomadic tribes are gradually shrinking and the farming world is expanding.

Sub-Saharan Africa, North and South America and Australia have little interaction with the outside world due to insurmountable geographical barriers. The natural barrier of the Sahara desert makes it difficult for southern Africa to connect with Europe and the Middle East like North Africa. After crossing the sea from Northeast Asia to America, Indians have been completely isolated. Australian aborigines live on distant islands and are completely isolated from the mainland, so their development has been seriously hindered.

Long-term isolation led to the long-term existence of food gathering groups in southern Africa and North America, and Australia was in a single Paleolithic age for a long time.

National assimilation and national integration National assimilation and national integration are two fundamentally different social phenomena. Ethnic integration is the mutual infiltration of different ethnic groups, and ethnic assimilation is the loss of national identity of one ethnic group and its becoming another under the influence of another ethnic group. In history, weak nations are often annexed and assimilated, but military conquerors with strong force will also be assimilated by nations with weak force but advanced culture.

Forced assimilation and natural assimilation are two forms of national assimilation. Natural assimilation is the primary stage of national integration, and it is a process of gradual national integration or a process of quantitative change and qualitative change. Nation is a historical category, it will not exist forever, and will eventually merge and die. The demise of a nation is related to the integration of nations. Once different ethnic groups are truly integrated, it is the beginning of the extinction of a nation.

For example, the Germans who conquered Rome and the Arabs, Tatars and Mughals who successively conquered India were quickly assimilated by the local people. Indians, African aborigines and Australian aborigines were forcibly conquered and assimilated by Europeans; At the beginning of Qing Dynasty, Manchu forced Han people to wear full clothes and comb their hair, but their own spirit and soul gradually became Chinese. English, Scots, Irish, French, Swedes, Germans, Jews, people from Africa, Southeast Europe and all parts of Asia have gradually become unified Americans or Canadians after moving to North America. This process is also gradual and natural.