China regime in Nanyang

1888 (14th year of Guangxu reign of Qing dynasty), Wang Ronghe and Yu, inspectors sent by the Qing court to Southeast Asia, reported to the emperor what they had seen and heard in Siam (now Thailand). In their meeting, there was a sentence: "King Tsakhia was the Zheng family in Chaozhou a hundred years ago, and he reigned for more than ten years." China chaozhou people, a former king of Siam, was a famous patriotic hero in Thai history and the founder of the dynasty, namely Zheng Zhao (Zhao means King of Siam), who was praised by Liang Qichao as one of the "Four Colonists of China". His China name is Zheng Xin.

a letter

Zheng Xin's ancestral home was in lopburi Village, Chenghai County, Guangdong Province, China. His father Zheng Da, also known as Haifeng, was a poor farmer and was regarded as a bad son (prodigal son) by the squire. In the early years of Yongzheng in Qing Dynasty, it was difficult for Zheng Da to gain a foothold in the countryside, so he had to cross the sea to Siam to make a living with a wooden sailboat privately engaged in the trade between China and Siam. At first, he worked hard in the lower classes of Ayutthaya, the capital of Siam. Later, he won money by gambling, won the contract right of the casino in Beijing and began to develop, so he changed his name to Yongzheng and was awarded the title of "Kunpai" by the king. He married a Siamese girl named Luo Yang, and in April of 1734, Hiuke married Zheng Xin. Soon after the death of Yongzheng, Zheng Xin was adopted as an adopted son by Finance Minister Zhao Pi Yekery. There is a legend among Chinese in Thailand: One day, Zhao Piekery passed by the cradle of Zheng Xin and saw a boa constrictor with seven tapestries on it. He thought the child must be an alien, so he adopted him. This legend is full of China myths. In fact, Zhaopiyekery had no children at that time, and Yongzheng lived in his territory. After Yongzheng's death, he saw that Zheng Xin was cute and recognized him as his adopted son. Zheng Xin, like other aristocratic children, began to accept the traditional education of Siam after being adopted by Zhaopiyekery. Proficient in Thai, Chinese, Vietnamese and Sanskrit. At the age of thirteen, he was appointed as a bodyguard. At the age of twenty, he entered a temple and became a monk. Three years later, I returned to the secular world. Soon, he was sent to the government, and soon he was named "Pierre" and promoted to the military and political chief of Dacheng. Therefore, people used to call him Piedasin.

drive out aggressors

1765 At the end of the year, Myanmar soldiers, a powerful neighboring country, invaded Siam in two ways, and soon reached the edge of the capital city. The king of Siam hastily organized a decisive battle, but was immediately defeated. Burmese troops surrounded the capital. Zheng Xin heard the news and led his department to save the king of Qin. He fought tenaciously and beat back the enemy's attacks several times. However, ministers have repeatedly slandered him for ordering fire to attack the enemy without authorization. The king of Siam didn't trust him either. 1767 65438+ 10, the king of Siam concentrated his forces and launched a large-scale attack in six directions, hoping to break the encirclement of the enemy in one fell swoop, but he was defeated. Zheng Xin's troops were in charge of the rear of the house, and were locked out of the city by the commander-in-chief of the guarding city. They were in a dilemma. Zheng Xin then desperately deus ex, led the rest of the 500 Thai and China soldiers, day and night hardships, quickly retreated to the south. On the way, he repelled the pursuers twice. In an encounter in Pusan Village near Nakhon Nayufu, he used favorable terrain to defeat a Burmese army of more than 2,000 people and seized many weapons and ammunition. In the difficult period when the dark clouds were overwhelming, Marsh's victory greatly inspired the Siamese people's fighting spirit against the enemy, and Pierre Marsh's name soon spread throughout Siam. People along the way enthusiastically joined the army, and many local officials also led their subordinates to defect. Zheng Xin's army grew rapidly. When he arrived in the southern city of Luoyong in February, he had more than 10,000 guns and a war elephant team. So Zheng Xin declared himself king. Prepare to base in the south and unite local forces to fight against Myanmar.

Piero Yong, the ruler of Luoyong, welcomed Zheng Xin on the surface, but secretly sent troops to eat Zheng Xin's army. When Zheng Xin got the news, he first arrested Piero Yong and took control of the city. The pointed bamboo building on the southeast coast is a densely populated rich area and has not been destroyed by the war. Zheng Xin wanted to unite with Pierre's bamboo house to supplement his army with manpower and material resources. He wrote a letter to Pierre Pointed Bamboo, but Pierre Pointed Bamboo was noncommittal and only sent four cows and rice. At this time, Zheng Xin intercepted the surrender letter sent by the Burmese army to Bambusa piera. He ordered that the letter should still be sent to Pointed Bamboo, and he stationed troops near Pointed Bamboo, waiting for Pierre Pointed Bamboo to make a decision. While waiting, news came that Ayutthaya was captured by the Burmese army on April 7, and King Bronn Moro III starved to death on the way to escape. Zheng Xin decided not to wait any longer. He captured several villages near Jianchu Wencheng and sent troops to conquer the nearby Spring Li Wu. Finally, four Buddhist envoys were sent from Tsim Zhu Wen, and Zheng Xin was invited to Tsim Zhu Wen. However, this is a cover. Zhu Wen's military forces have been lying in ambush halfway, ready to launch a surprise attack when crossing the river in Zheng Xin. Fortunately, the scouts in Zheng Xin got the news, so they changed their marching route and took a shortcut to the gate of Tsingtao. Zheng Xin rejected the invitation of Pierre Zhu Wen to enter the city three times, on the grounds that Pierre Zhu Wen is a third-class city, and the chief executive had to leave the city to meet Pierre Daxin, the ruler of the first-class city. Pierre pointed out that Zhu Wen also rejected Zheng Xin's request to withdraw its troops, and a big war was inevitable. Maybe Zheng Xin has heard the story of the Battle of the Julu in China. Like Xiang Yu before the Battle of Julu, he ordered all the marching pots to be smashed. He told the soldiers: "You must take the pointed spring tonight and eat in the city, or you will starve to death!" " Riding a war elephant, he took the lead in rushing to Jian Chuwencheng. In the fierce battle, the elephant was injured, and the elephant slave worried about its safety and drove it back. Zheng Xin flew into a rage and raised his knife to kill the elephant slave. The elephant slave hurriedly begged for mercy and stabbed the elephant back with a dagger. The elephant ran in pain and knocked down the city gate at once. Zheng Bing took the opportunity to rush in and captured Jianchucheng.

After Qian Zhuowen was arrested, Dalai City immediately declared its loyalty to Zheng Xin. In this way, the southeast coastal areas of Siam are all unified under the banner of Zheng Xin, and they have a solid foundation for resisting Myanmar and rejuvenating the country. After some preparation, from 1767 to 10, Zheng Xin led an army of 100 warships and began to go to the Northern Expedition. At that time, the situation was very favorable to the just war led by Zheng Xin: the atrocities of burning, killing and looting by the Burmese invading army had aroused the anger of the Siamese people, and Zheng Xin's army had received extensive support from all walks of life; At that time, Myanmar became hostile to China, and the main force of invading Siam had been transferred back to China to cope with the attack of the Qing army, leaving only one army in the town near the big city. Therefore, Zheng Xin's army is invincible. 165438+1October 6, they successfully captured the city of Tomburi, which raped Naitong in Siam, pointing to the big city. The left-behind Burmese general Suu Kyi panicked and quickly sent lieutenant yemeng to lead the troops to intercept. However, yemeng was frightened by Zheng Xin's powerful and high army and fled without fighting. Suki is helpless and has to fight it by itself. It turned out to be a mantis car. After a period of fighting, he saw himself under siege and had to raise the flag and surrender. Zheng Xin successfully recovered Ayutthaya, only six months before the fall of Acheng.

After recovering Ayutthaya, Zheng Xin took some measures to win the hearts of the people. He took in and appeased the surviving royal family of the old dynasty, sent people to find and excavate the body of the late king, held a grand cremation ceremony for it, tried his best to arrange the officials of the old dynasty, and distributed wealth to the people. Zheng Xin decided to move the capital to Tun Li Wu, in view of the fact that the big city has been burned by the Burmese army, leaving only a pile of ruins, and nine times out of ten the surrounding areas of the capital have been captured by the sparsely populated Burmese army. Zheng Xin is also called "Pat Zhao Gong swallowed Wu Li" because its capital was annexed by Wu Li and was called Wu Li Dynasty in history.

Unify Siam

The highlight of Ayutthaya indicates that the war to expel Myanmar has been won and the country has regained its independence. However, in the early days of the establishment of the Wu Dynasty, the situation was still very grim. Myanmar, a strong neighbor, is still eyeing up, but Siam is divided and competing with others. Although Wu Li Dynasty has rich southeast coastal and central areas, such as Tunwu Li and Dacheng, there are also "Guan Hou" who ruled Nakhon Suwang and Peng Shiluo, and "Fang Elders" who ruled Fu Nan and northern Paphos. In the south, there is the "King mujica" who controls the surrounding area of Liu Kun, Malay Peninsula; In the northeast, there is a ruler of Pimai City who "sticks to the skin wall". In addition, there are many small feudal separatist forces. These feudal lords, big and small, each according to his own side, dominated a city, which broke the country and displaced people, and at the same time posed a threat to the Wu Dynasty. Therefore, after expelling the invaders, Zheng Xin began a three-year war of reunification.

Zhao Piye and Peng Shiluo (deceased) were the most powerful separatist forces at that time, and they posed the greatest threat to Wu Li. Zheng Xin conquered him first. 1768, Zheng Xin led an army with the water army as the main force to attack. However, Zhao Piye and Peng Shiluo had long expected this. When Zheng Xin's fleet trudged to the river mouth in the rainy season, Peng Shiluo's army, which had already occupied favorable terrain, suddenly stormed. The situation is very unfavorable. In the fierce battle, Zheng Xin's leg was injured again and he had to order the withdrawal. The first expedition failed. Zheng Xin was not discouraged. Just after the rainy season, his injury healed, and he launched a war to destroy the feudal separatist forces. At this time, Zhao Pai Peng Shiluo, who became the king of Siam after repelling Zheng Xin, died of illness, and the pagoda that succeeded to the throne was busy coping with the pressure of the elders. Zheng Xin was glad to see the two of them competing with each other, so he pointed the finger at Pimai City. Tiepibi, the ruler of Pimai, took Guidoro, the concubine of the former king, and under his banner, prepared to take the son of heaven as a vassal, introduce Laos as foreign aid and seize the world. When he got the news that Zheng Xin's army was attacking in two ways, he ordered Regent Suriye Wang Sha and Regent's youngest son Wa Wang Luo Shatiro to lead an army to divide the enemy.

But wow, Wang Luo Shah Tyroff was defeated after the confrontation; The Regent met Zheng Xin's main force, and he was captured before the war. I got the news that Pimaitibi lost both roads, and quickly fled to Vientiane with my family. On the way, I was caught and killed by Zheng Xin's pursuers. The separatist forces in Pimai were completely wiped out. At the end of the same year, Peng Shiluo was captured by Fang Elder's army, and King Futaiyage was killed.

1769 in April, Zheng Xin began an expedition to Liu Kun in southern Siam. In advance, Zhao Piye Kerry (surnamed Mu) was the viceroy, and Tong Luan, Pi Bicha were the deputy viceroy. They marched 5,000 by land. The generals lost the first battle because of disagreement. Pi sent to die, Zhao Pi's son was captured, and the army retreated to guess. Marvin sent someone to play it, saying that Zhao played Kerry with bad intentions. Zheng Xin thinks this is groundless after analysis. He recalled Marvin, sent Zhao Piye and Song Jialuo to lead the army to reinforce, and led the water army to attack from the sea. On June 6th, 65438/KLOC-0, the fleet overcame the storm and finally arrived at Liukun Port. King pagbalha of Liu Kun didn't expect Zheng Xin's army to suddenly appear, so he rushed into battle and gave the city to Pattani. Zheng Xin ordered Pattani to hand over King Liu Kun. However, in view of the secluded peninsula, which is difficult to manage, and the Wang family has a certain prestige in the local area, they named a nephew of Wang as "Uncle Zhao Pi" as the chief executive, chose one of Wang's daughters as a concubine to show restraint, and took the Wang family to swallow Wu Li to raise them. Liu Kun belongs to the Wu Dynasty.

Only Elder Fang is left of the four separatist forces. Elder Fang is an ambitious fake monk and a feudal Lord. Since the collapse of the Ayutthaya dynasty, he has become a king himself and sealed officials everywhere. He has an army in red cassock. This army is a famous monk, but it eats and drinks meat, marries and keeps prostitutes, burns and plunders, and does all kinds of evil. He defeated Peng Shiluo with this army. Residents of Peng Shiluo, Piji and nearby towns fled to Tunwuli and took refuge in Zheng Xin. Elder Fang has expanded his territory to. Utani and Chena, the first to bear the brunt, scrambled to annex Wu Li. Zheng Xin is determined to remove this last big obstacle. He sent Pieete and Marvin, who had just been awarded the title of Pieete, each with an army and led the water army up the river alone. After some fighting, he occupied the city of Pengshiluo. After the troops arrived in Marvin and Picha, they concentrated on conquering the empty Wangsha City. Then he went straight to the north. After repeated battles and defeats, Elder Fang fled to Chiang Mai to join the Burmese army. After the big feudal lords were eliminated, all the small separatist forces changed their names and declared their allegiance to the Wu Dynasty.

1770 165438+1October 14 to16, Emperor Zheng Xin of Wu Li held a three-day grand celebration in Pengshiluo City to celebrate the independence and unity of the country.

The overlord of Indian zhina Peninsula.

Through hard work, Siam's national strength began to increase, and the situation of passive beatings since the late Ayutthaya dynasty began to reverse. During the reign of Zheng Xin, there were nine large-scale contests between Siam and Myanmar. Although most of these wars are still triggered by the invasion of Myanmar, Siam soldiers and civilians have been able to organize effectively to repel the invaders and safeguard their national independence and dignity. 1774, Zheng Xin recaptured Chiang Mai, a major town in the north, from the Burmese, bringing this small country separated for hundreds of years back to the embrace of Siam. The contest ended in the victory of annexing the Wu Dynasty.

This victory inspired Zheng Xin to pursue more honors. 177 1 year, Zheng Xin led the navy to wipe out the Moshilin regime in hexian county, south of Annan (Vietnam). Land and water go hand in hand, pointing to Phnom Penh, driving away the pro-Annan Cambodian king Udi Anton and setting up a new king, making Cambodia a vassal state of Siam again. 1776, Zheng Xin sent troops to destroy champasak, a small independent country in Laos, captured its king and expanded the territory of Siam. 1778, internal disputes in Vientiane. Zheng Xin took the opportunity to support one faction, sent troops to attack Vientiane by land and water, besieged the city for two months, and forced it to surrender in Kaesong. Vientiane and nearby Luang Prabang also became vassals of Siam. Siam gradually gained the upper hand in the struggle with Myanmar and Annan for control of Indian zhina Peninsula. In the heyday of Ayutthaya Dynasty, the crown of the overlord of Indochina Peninsula was put on Zheng Xin's head again.

Zheng Xin and China.

For political reasons, and perhaps blood relationship, Zheng Xin became the queen of Siam and longed to establish friendly relations with her powerful neighbor in the north, the Qing Dynasty. He sent a special envoy to China to win the victory, saying, "... since being invaded by Burmese bandits, although there was no Shao nationality in retaliation, the ministers pushed Zhao as the leader and offered things according to law. 1768, Zheng Xin entrusted Chen Meisheng, a Chinese-Guangdong maritime merchant, to submit a letter to the Qing government, hoping that China would continue friendly exchanges with Siam and asked the Qing Dynasty to make him King of Siam as in the past. Emperor Qianlong threw back Zheng Xin's documents on the spot, ordered the punishment of military aircraft in the name of Li Shiyao, governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and returned a harshly worded letter.

Although Zheng Xin was very disappointed after receiving the reply, he still didn't give up his efforts to mend fences with China. 177 1 In August, he ordered a group of Burmese prisoners to be sent to Beijing. This time, Emperor Qianlong was no longer so formal. He instructed Li Shiyao: "You don't have to pay anything, it's too expensive. You should reward the satin horse as the governor wishes. " Zheng Xin saw the situation improved and took the initiative to get through again and again. He returned the captured soldiers of China rescued from the Burmese, sent China businessmen back to China several times and offered sacrifices to Burmese prisoners again and again. Finally, Emperor Qianlong's view of Zheng Xin changed. He instructed Li Shiyao that if Siam had other demands, there was no need to refuse.

According to the emperor's meaning, the official documents of the Qing Dynasty began to call Zheng Xin Zhengzhao from 1772, instead of dismissively calling him Siam or Pianxin or Ganenqi as in the past. This is equivalent to officially recognizing Zheng Xin as the King of Siam.

Relations between the two countries have recovered rapidly. 1775, Emperor Qianlong broke the rule that arms and materials were not allowed to go abroad and agreed to sell 50 tons of sulfur and 500 iron pots to Siam. The next year, it was sold to 100 tons of sulfur. Afterwards, Qianlong instructed Yang, the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, "If there is any need, he should still be allowed to buy it back." 1777 In July, Zheng Xin sent three envoys to Guangdong by sea, and they brought documents demanding the establishment of formal relations, which were approved by the Qing Dynasty. 178 1 In July, the Siamese delegation, including Prince Lito Tinapiro and poet Maha Nupo, arrived in Guangdong on eleven large ships full of ivory and other tributes. Accompanied by Guangdong officials, the delegation arrived in Beijing in the first month of the following year and was given a grand banquet by Emperor Qianlong. In July, the delegation returned to China with a lot of building materials. Unfortunately, the dynasty no longer exists at this time, so this batch of materials originally intended to be used to build Zheng Palace became the foundation of the new dynasty palace in Bangkok.

In the late Ming and early Qing Dynasties, many Fujian and Guangdong businessmen sailed privately to and from China and Siam for barter trade, regardless of the ban of their own governments. Gradually, some of them stayed in Siam, and some bankrupt farmers like Zheng Xin's father also went to Siam with the ship to make a living. These early overseas Chinese lived in harmony with the Siamese people and made outstanding contributions to the development and defense of Siam. There are many China armies under Zheng Xin, and some famous China generals have emerged, such as Chen Lian, the commander of Song Jialuo. They made great contributions to the establishment of the Wu Dynasty. Therefore, after Zheng Xin ascended the throne, many China people were appointed as military leaders and local officials, while others became government tax contractors. They gained various privileges in dealing with politics, military affairs and trade. In the southern coastal areas of Siam, the status of Chinese is particularly significant. This created favorable conditions for the trade between China businessmen and Siam and the migration of China immigrants. Coupled with Zheng Xin's preferential policy of exempting overseas Chinese from poll tax, during the period of annexing Wu Li Dynasty, a wave of poor people from the southeast coast of China moved to Siam in large numbers. In particular, Zheng Xin, whose ancestral home is Chaozhou Prefecture, Guangdong Province, has the largest proportion of immigrants, and is called "royal Chinese". On the other side of Wu Li in Bangkok, a Chinese community has formed and developed into a prosperous business district. The arrival of immigrants from China alleviated the difficulty of Siam's labor shortage at that time to some extent, and accelerated the pace of Siam's economic recovery. Therefore, the Bangkok Dynasty, which followed the annexation of Wu Li Dynasty, still inherited Zheng Xin's preferential policies for overseas Chinese, the non-governmental trade between China and Siam continued, and China immigrants flowed to Siam continuously.

Superstar fall

The crisis first came from Zheng Xin's mistakes in Buddhism. Siam is a Buddhist country and most people in China believe in Buddhism. Zheng Xin himself is a Buddhist, and he did a lot of work for the revival of Siam Buddhism in the early days of his rule. But in the later period, Zheng Xin made a fatal mistake in order to strictly control the Buddhist forces and establish his absolute authority. It is the rectification movement of monks in the north. After Fang's regime was destroyed, the monks were purged under the leadership of imitating the elders. Zheng Xin's personality has become extremely irritable, extreme and suspicious, and his subordinates are often accused and tortured. Moreover, he also encouraged the people to complain to each other, and indiscriminately arrested many middle-and upper-class defendants, making everyone feel insecure.

Another crisis comes from mistakes in the political system. Zheng Xin almost completely copied a set of political systems of Ayutthaya Dynasty, especially the Sacdina system, which greatly restricted the productive forces of society and accelerated the corruption of political power. Constantly waging foreign wars for regional hegemony not only made people restless and shook the foundation of the country, but also had to rely more and more on military nobles, which contributed to the expansion of military nobles headed by Tong Guan (succeeded by Zhao Piye after Mu's death) and weakened centralization.

1780, civil strife occurred in Cambodia, and the founding king was killed. Annan King Nguyn Phuc Anh took the opportunity to intervene and wanted to bring Cambodia into his sphere of influence. 1782, Zheng Xin mobilized 200,000 troops, led by Zhao Piekerry (Tong Luan), to crusade. Just as the army reached the front line, there was a riot and rebellion in the rear.

Zhaopiye Chakri, who confronted the Annan army in Luowei, Cambodia, soon received the news of the coup that Zheng Xin was overthrown. He urgently ordered Pierre Suri, the nephew who was guarding Nakhon Ratchasima, to lead troops to annex Wu Li and control the situation. At the same time, he imprisoned Prince Zhaoshui, who was in charge of logistics with the army, and quickly reached an armistice agreement with Annan commander Ruan Yourui and returned to Wu Li. Pierre Surya arrived here first and defeated the emperor's nephew Glenkun anurak Songkan; Catch Piessen and force Zheng Xin back to vulgarity and shut him down. On the 7th, Zheng Xin was executed for riots, and Zhaopiyekery ascended the throne with the support of ministers, known as "Rama I" in history. "Rama I" moved the capital from Dun Ngari to Bangkok on the other side, and established the Bangkok dynasty that continues to this day. Lanfanghui

In the thirty-seventh year of Qianlong (A.D. 1772), Luo Fangbo went to Borneo (present-day western kalimantan island) after having obtained the provincial examination. In East Lv Wan, Luo Fangbo first established Lanfang Association, an organization to protect the Chinese community. In fact, it is a gang, and its main rival is the Heaven and Earth Society. After many battles, heaven and earth perished, and Doris grew and developed.

At that time, East Lv Wan was faced with internal troubles and foreign invasion, internal struggle and external invasion by powerful neighbors. The Dutch colonists in Indonesia, together with the East India Company, launched many armed invasions on the Kundian region. Luo Fangbo and his partners, together with the local people, helped the local Sudanese leaders to quell the rebellion of the indigenous people, won the leadership award, and put East Lv Wan under Luo Fangbo's jurisdiction. This place has a population of more than 65,438+and a gold ore field of several tens of kilometers from north to south, attracting tens of thousands of Chinese and hundreds of thousands of indigenous people, and naturally establishing a huge economic entity-Lanfang Company.

After the establishment of the company, Luo Fangbo cleaned up the local fragmented Chinese groups, chambers of commerce and villages one by one and wiped out all his opponents. At this time, Doris Company has got rid of the gang nature before and officially appeared as an army.

1776, Luo fangbo changed "company" to "* * * Republic" and established an autonomous government. This year was designated as the first year of Lanfang. At that time, Luo Fangbo was recommended as king, and Luo Fangbo disagreed with him. Afterwards, the delegates discussed the establishment of the Lanfang Grand Master System, calling Luo Fangbo the chief or guest of the Tang Dynasty. However, when he sent envoys to Beijing to pay tribute, he still used the name of "Lanfang Company".

Luo Fangbo was the general manager of 19 and died in West Kalimantan on 1795 at the age of 58. After Luo Fangbo's death, Uncle Jiang succeeded him.

In the history of 1 10 years, there were 12 heads of state before and after. The change of head of state is a form between democratic election and abdication. Luo Xianglin's book "* * * and the National Examination on Luo Fangbo's Construction in West Borneo" made such a conclusion: "During the Qianlong period, there was Luo Fangbo in Jiaying, Guangdong Province, who lived in West Kundian, Nanyang Borneo, reclaiming land, encouraging people to mine and helping the indigenous Sudan to calm down the disaster. For a time, many expatriates returned there. Expedition to the East, conquest of the West, invincible. Sudan knew that it was outnumbered and ruled by dividing the land. Fang Bo established the capital, established the official system, repaired armaments, opened shopping malls, promoted mining and metallurgy, and appeased the people. Lan Fang was established in the Yuan Dynasty. When the People's Republic of China was founded, it was called General Lan Fang's military system. He was promoted to be the county magistrate of the Tang Dynasty and established a country with land, people, organization and complete sovereignty. "Basically, this is the final decision. Doris is * * * and the country. This statement is widely accepted. On the Internet, if you search for "lost countries", Lan Fang is one of them.

* * * and national characteristics

Zhang Yonghe and Zhang Kaiyuan adopted Luo Xianglin's theory. According to Luo Fangbo's biography, Doris does have some characteristics of * * * and the country:

There are the capital (Toeng-wan-loet in East Lv Wan), the central government and local governments. The local governments are divided into three levels: provinces, counties and townships. Officials at all levels are democratically elected, and the ruling on government affairs is also decided by everyone. This article is the key for people to judge whether Doris is a country or a harmonious country.

The political system is divided into five parts: justice, military, finance, economy and education.

In terms of armaments, an ordnance factory was set up to cast weapons, except for a small number of standing troops stationed in military strategic places, and there were no troops stationed elsewhere. At ordinary times, everyone takes their positions and transfers young people of appropriate age to practice shooting. Once something happens, they will be recruited to form an army (much like today's reserve).

In terms of finance, tax inspectors are set up to implement taxation to enrich the state treasury; Collect merchant's goods tax, and generate income on the principle of export.

Economically, actively expand the market.

In education, a Chinese language school has been established, with Confucian scholars as teachers, with emphasis on the traditional culture of China.

In the judicial aspect, based on the plan of the Heaven and Earth Society (Lanfang Company annexed the Heaven and Earth Society after a hard military struggle, so the more systematic and complete plan of the Heaven and Earth Society was also absorbed by Lanfang), and then it was revised into a universal and easy-to-use law.

Zhang Yonghe and Zhang Kaiyuan said that Lan Fang also formulated her own national flag, stipulating that all Hanfu are national costumes.

However, looking at the "White Tomb of Luo Gong Fang" in the forest of East Lvwan, the "History of Luo Gong" carved in stone under the tomb column should be his theory of coffins, which clearly wrote:

"Luo Gong Fang Bai, a native of Shishanbao, Meixian District, Meizhou City, Guangdong Province. ..... Dingding East Lv Wan founded the foundation of Lanfang Company. " The word "Dingding" subtly changed the nature of things. You can say it's the capital or the headquarters.

The only king of China who doesn't call himself king.

According to Luo Fangbo Biography, the local ruler Sultan signed a contract with Luo Fangbo to cede the land to Lan Fang for autonomy. "The land he ceded is ten thousand labors in the east, capps River in the west, quadrangles in the south, the line between Shanghou and Shuanggouyue, and the line between Laolao, Shankou and Bangjia in the north, which is hundreds of miles in vertical and horizontal directions ..." This is a country with a vast territory and a population of10 million.

In fact, immigrants from China, such as Luo Fangbo, were called "abandoned children in China" in the society at that time and had no social status at all. It was during the Qianlong period, when China was prosperous and imperial power was everywhere. Luo Fangbo, they dare not say that they are lonely, for fear of committing treason. It doesn't matter if they stay away from their homeland, but that's the trouble. China people always identify with the motherland in their bones, and no matter how far they go, they can't change "my China heart", and so can Luo Canfang Bo. On the contrary, they always hoped to be accepted by the Qing court as a local government, so that they could honor their ancestors, rely on their motherland and resist the invading Europeans. In fact, although the Qing court never officially recognized Lan, the envoys sent by Luo Fangbo at least complied with the etiquette, which made the Dutch people, who had long coveted Lan, afraid and never expected anything more. It was not until 1886 that the Qing court declined that the Netherlands attacked Lanfang on a large scale and wiped out the countries established by Chinese overseas.

Lan Guofang, which has a population of one million and can be used by the whole people in wartime, was defeated by the Dutch from afar. It is said that the main reason is poor weapons. This incident tells us that what system a country implements is not important, but its strength-economic strength, scientific and technological strength and military strength.

It is not uncommon for China people to establish their country overseas. Luo Fangbo is not the only one, but he is the only one who is not king. Dai Yan Kingdom is a kingdom established by Guangdong Wu Yuansheng in northern Borneo. The throne is hereditary, which existed from the middle and late18th century to the middle19th century, and lasted for more than 70 years after four generations of kings. /kloc-became a Dutch colony in the middle of the 0/9th century and perished.

The first king of the Kingdom of Dai Yan was Wu Yuansheng, whose ancestral home was Jiaying County (now Meixian District, Meizhou City). Because of the planned uprising, he fled to Borneo Island in Southeast Asia in the middle and late Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty. /kloc-In the middle of the 0/8th century, he founded an influential Jusheng company there and became a leader. Later, his subordinate Luo Fangbo gradually surpassed him in prestige. Luo Fangbo replaced Wu Yuansheng as the leader and established Lanfang Company. Wu Yuansheng became a subordinate of Luo Fangbo. 1777, Luo Fangbo established the Republic of Lanfang in Borneo, and Wu Yuansheng, Luo Fangbo's subordinate, was stationed in the kingdom of Daitayo, north of the Kundian River. At that time, King Dai Yan was cruel and people hated him. 1783, Wu Yuansheng killed King Dai Yan. After Wu Yuansheng killed the king, people were very grateful and admired him, so he was acclaimed as the king of Dai Yan.

Later, after Wu Yuansheng's death, his son was young and his wife attacked him as the queen. Queen Dai Yan was still in power when Xie Qihang, a traveler and navigator in Qing Dynasty, set sail in Nanyang (1783- 1797). From then on, the throne was inherited by Wu for four generations, until it became a colony of the Netherlands in the middle of19th century.

Xie recorded the situation of the kingdom in Hai Lu: Dai Yan is in the south of Kundian, upstream from the south river of Kundian, and it takes about seven or eight days to reach Shuangwendu, which is it. In a few days, we will arrive in the capital. Before Qianlong, the Cantonese assassinated Mr. Fan, which was the main thing for the Chinese. Sheng Yuan died, his son was still young, and his wife attacked his position, which still exists today. Zhang, a native of chaozhou people, Guangdong Province, established a kingdom of Zhang on Inbona Island (Natuna Island) and became king on his own. In19th century, Zhang died, internal disputes occurred and the kingdom collapsed.

Wu Yang, a native of Fujian, founded the Kingdom of Wu in the Malay Peninsula.

Zheng Xin in Huafu Village, Chenghai, Guangdong, recruited soldiers after the demise of Siam Dynasty, repelled the Burmese army, pacified the separatist forces in various places, unified the country and became the founding king of Siam Kingdom.

There are two who can't even find their names, only their surnames. One is the Boluo king whose ancestral home is in Fujian; One is King Shunta of Java, chaozhou people, Guangdong. Some local forces appealed to the Qing court, hoping that the Qing court would allow Nanyang to be integrated as a foreign vassal to pay tribute to the Qing court, but the Qing court ignored it.

All the above China countries died in the invasion of Southeast Asia by western colonialists in the19th century.