The origin of panlongcheng place names

Panlong City and Southern Land in Shang Dynasty

Li Xueqin, chief scientist of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dating Project and researcher of Institute of History of China Academy of Sciences.

Three towns in Wuhan, located at the intersection of the Yangtze River and Hanshui River, are the key positions that have a very important influence on the national politics, economy and culture. It is no accident that Panlongcheng appeared here, and it is inextricably linked with the three towns in Wuhan.

Wuhan is a prosperous city because of martial arts. From the beginning, we noticed the military nature of Panlongcheng. Many weapons were found there, which shows this point. But it's not just a military city. Far from the commercial capital of the Central Plains, it is impossible to maintain long-term rule by military force alone. It must rely on the effective support of the local people, have a fairly broad foundation, and establish the rule over the local people. In this sense, it should be a vassal. Whether the Shang Dynasty can use the word "vassal" can be discussed again. But there must be an administrative regime structure, otherwise it cannot exist. Although we haven't dug up ancient writing materials in Panlongcheng to prove that this is a concrete feudal country, we can still sort out a clue by combining historical documents.

We can make an analogy with some feudal countries in the Zhou Dynasty. The Zhou Dynasty in Beijing was a feudal Yan State. Yan State is surrounded by Shanrong culture. The cultural outlook here is quite different from Zhou Culture, but the Zhou Dynasty established a feudal country here. This feudal capital is bigger than Panlongcheng. This city, together with the ritual vessels unearthed in the tomb of the ruler, is the same dynasty, and even the characters are the same. This is because the rule was established by the dynasty, and the rulers were people of the dynasty. No matter which nationality, they must follow the ritual and music system of the dynasty. The pottery and weapons used by the lower class residents have local characteristics, indicating that they belong to the local ethnic group. The same is true of Panlongcheng. Bronzes and jades unearthed from aristocratic tombs, as well as the scale and shape of the city, reflect the ritual and music system and cultural characteristics, which are consistent with those of Shang rulers. Therefore, in Panlongcheng, there is a ruling institution that represents the Shang Dynasty and its established rule.

The culture on the city of Panlong is divided into seven periods, with continuity between each period. It was built in four phases, and there is a basic problem before it is built. Brasilia is the capital of Brazil and Islamabad is the capital of Pakistan. Both are to move people here first, immigrate to a certain extent, then build a city, and then the city will develop greatly. It is conceivable that the same is true of Panlongcheng. So I said that businessmen should form a certain settlement here earlier, and the construction of the city wall may be later. Considering this situation, combined with the measurement data of C 14, it is more appropriate to say that the distance from Panlongcheng is now 3500 years.

In connection with the historical evolution of Wuhan, we can use the method of backtracking. Everyone knows the late history of Wuhan. Going back, it is also clear when it comes to the Western Zhou Dynasty. The name Hubei can be traced back to the Western Zhou Dynasty. There was Ezhou at that time, and there was Ezhou. From the Zhou Dynasty to the Shang Dynasty, there are also some records in Oracle Bone Inscriptions. During the Wuding period of Shang Dynasty, Wuding ordered a general to raise a man to conquer the tiger's edge from here, and "lifting" was to carry water in Wuhan. His route of conquest is the same as that of King Zhao of Zhou. He spread out the three armies, saying that the right follows me, the middle follows me and the left follows Zeng. It can be seen that this military array was laid out in Wuhan at that time. In the late Shang dynasty, the Shang king may not have arrived in Hubei. Oracle Bone Inscriptions mentioned a square country, I didn't recognize it. It is also found in a bronze inscription on Shamao Mountain in South Han, so this place is in Hanyang and Wuhan. Going back from the late Shang Dynasty, we arrived at Panlongcheng. So I said that this history is quite relevant.

Let Panlongcheng become a household name.

Zou Heng, executive director of China Archaeological Society and professor of Peking University.

Panlongcheng was discovered very early. A large number of exquisite bronzes were unearthed from the site, but due to objective reasons (no museum), these cultural relics could not be displayed, which greatly reduced the popularity of Panlong City. In fact, Panlongcheng is well-known abroad, and many foreigners and scholars want to visit Panlongcheng. But because there is no museum, people who want to see it can't be received. Sanxingdui in Guanghan City, Sichuan Province has planned to invest hundreds of millions of yuan for protection and development, and to build a museum. The site of Panlongcheng is earlier than Sanxingdui era and has its unique historical value. To this end, I would like to make the following suggestions to the leaders:

Do a good job in publicity and intensify efforts to make Panlongcheng's reputation a household name in Wuhan. As the source of Wuhan's urban development, Panlongcheng has a rich cultural background. If it is well publicized and built, it will definitely enhance Wuhan's popularity. City leaders have the boldness of vision to turn Panlongcheng into a signboard in Wuhan. Protect, develop and build this treasure land of Wuhan, and never leave this treasure land in your own hands.

There were few city sites in the early Shang Dynasty in China. In addition to the shopping malls in Zhengzhou and Yanshi, it is necessary to count Panlongcheng. Sanxingdui in Sichuan and Wucheng in Jiangxi are not as good as Panlongcheng in a sense. Neither of the above two places is strictly a business culture. Panlongcheng is a commercial culture (not a local culture). The scale of Panlongcheng (1000× 1 100 m) is rare in China. Its status was also very high in the early Shang Dynasty. Bronzes found in Hunan and other places are not a series of Shang culture. It shows that Panlongcheng arrived directly under the central rule of Shang Dynasty. Wuhan at that time was the physical evidence of the political forces of Shang Dynasty moving southward.

Panlongcheng is not only the signboard of Wuhan, but also the signboard of Hubei Province. The exquisite cultural relics unearthed in Panlongcheng should be displayed. With the opening up of Panlong City, traffic problems need to be solved urgently. Now there are about 2 kilometers of tractor roads entering Panlong City. This is very unfavorable to the opening up of Panlongcheng, resulting in a short journey, but it is difficult to reach. Leaders at all levels should attach importance to and seize the opportunity to speed up the development and construction of Panlong City, make this famous historical heritage famous at home and abroad, and add luster to Wuhan's economic construction.

The Historical Position and Protection and Utilization of Panlongcheng

Li, the chief scientist of Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties Dating Project, is the doctoral supervisor of Peking University Institute of Archaeology and Culture.

First of all, I think the discovery of the site of Panlongcheng can be traced back to a relatively distant point. In fact, it is an important breakthrough in the integration of the civilizations in the Yangtze River valley and the Yellow River valley, and it has formed a very important breakthrough in the unified civilization of China. Before that, the culture of the Yellow River basin and the culture of the Yangtze River basin were often in a situation of confrontation and exchange, and you came and went. Stability is the appearance of Panlongcheng in the early Shang Dynasty, which really brought the middle reaches of the Yangtze River into the political map of Shang Dynasty. In this sense, I think it should be a very important starting point for the formation of Chinese civilization and Chinese unified civilization.

The second problem is the protection and utilization of this site. How to make this very important ancient city site in the early Shang Dynasty be well protected and play its role needs our serious treatment.

First, after the publication of national key cultural relics protection units, the scope of cultural relics protection should be delineated on the basis of clarifying its scope.

Second, it is necessary to formulate the protection and utilization plan of the Shang Dynasty site in Panlongcheng and bring it into the overall planning of Wuhan. This plan involves not only cultural relics, but also the surrounding environment, including the relocation of residents in the reserve.

Specific to work in Panlongcheng. We should put forward a long-term plan from the archaeological point of view, within five years, 10 years. The plan should be consistent with and become a part of the overall protection and utilization. I think many problems in Panlongcheng have not been solved. The first is the base of the palace, and the second is the city wall. I think the stake outside the south gate is more important. I guess it must be the passage behind the city gate, which is the bridge on the moat. Several cities found in the north do not have such facilities, so we can do some work in the future. There is also a northeast corner of the city, just around the corner of the city. I found a house at the corner, which is very similar to the current turret. In addition, there are handicraft workshops. Is it cast copper? Still making pottery?

As for future use, the first thing is to protect it. Within the scope of protection, Yangjiawan and Louziwan are now involved. Just now, the district said it was determined to move. I think this decision is very good. Another question is where the museum will be built. It is impossible to restore the open-air palace base. In the past, we used to cover it with earth, which is of course good, but people can't watch it. Only when they can see can they use it. It is suggested that the Municipal Preparatory Office and Panlongcheng Museum should focus on the key points first, prepare the overall protection and utilization plan as soon as possible, and make a good planning plan.

Early Shang Cultural Center in the Middle Reaches of the Yangtze River

Shi Quan, Professor of Historical Geography and Doctoral Supervisor of Wuhan University.

Panlongcheng Site in Liudian Village, huangpi district, Wuhan, still preserves rich relics such as rammed earth city walls, large palace bases, tombs of noble officials, hand-made workshops, etc., with a scale of 1. 1 square kilometer. It is an advanced site in the early Shang Dynasty about 3,500 years ago. Its cultural outlook has more similarities with the commercial culture in the Central Plains, forming the local type of early commercial culture in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River. The types of Panlongcheng are widely distributed and found in many places along Jianghan Plain and Dongting Lake, indicating that Panlongcheng was a central city in the middle reaches of the Yangtze River established by Shang Dynasty to control the soil in the south, and it was the political, economic and military center of the region at that time.

Cities are the product of the combination of human culture and natural environment. Panlongcheng is located at the intersection of Hanshui River and Yangtze River. Rich in products, convenient transportation and superior ecological environment. From the Neolithic Age to the Xia Dynasty, many primitive residents lived here. These favorable conditions were the basis for the Shang Dynasty to establish a central city here, and based on this foundation, it achieved the goal of unified governance of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River and completed its military, political and economic goals.

Panlongcheng is located in the same geographical unit as today's Wuhan and is the source of Wuhan's urban development. Its establishment and development had a great influence on the process of the middle reaches of the Yangtze River in the early Shang Dynasty. Its early urban civilization also played a positive role in the urban development in the middle and late Shang Dynasty and the Western Zhou Dynasty. Using the method of historical geography, taking Panlongcheng as an opportunity, analyzing and studying the formation and development of Wuhan city is of positive significance to the urban development and the construction of a famous historical and cultural city in Wuhan today.

Four paragraphs of Wuhan's "Urban Times"

Feng Tianyu is the director and doctoral supervisor of China Traditional Culture Research Center of Wuhan University.

The determination of a city's "urban age" must be systematically investigated in the process of its occurrence and development. As for Wuhan's "urban age", from the perspective of the stage development of urban history, it can be divided into four levels for textual research.

1. Panlongcheng, located in the suburb of Wuhan today (only 5 kilometers away from the center of Wuhan), was built in Shang Dynasty. It is the residence of representatives sent to the middle reaches of the Yangtze River, and may be the capital of Fang. Taking Panlongcheng as the source of Wuhan, from the ground, Panlongcheng is within the "Great Wuhan" and only 10 from the "Little Wuhan" (urban area); Functionally, a large number of archaeological materials of Panlong City show the political, military, religious and economic functions of the city. After the city was abandoned, its functions were continued and passed down by other cities that gradually emerged in Wuhan. Accordingly, the "city age" of Wuhan is about 3500 years.

Second, the establishment of counties in Wuhan began in the Han Dynasty. In the sixth year of Emperor Gaozu, Jiangxia County was separated from Nanjun County, and now Wuhan is in the county. Shaxian county belongs to Jiangxia county, covering the whole urban area of Wuhan today. During the Three Kingdoms period, Jiangxia County of Wu ruled Hanyang Lushan (Guishan) first, and then moved to Wuchang Jiangxia Mountain (Sheshan). Therefore, today's Wuhan area is designated as the county administrative office, which began in the Western Han Dynasty, about 2 100 years ago; However, the county government was located in the present urban area of Wuhan, starting from the Three Kingdoms Wu, about 1700 years ago.

3. During the Tang and Song Dynasties, Ezhou ruled Jiangxia County (now Wuchang District of Wuhan City) and Yunzhou ruled Hanyang County (now Hanyang District of Wuhan City), separated by a river, and the situation between the two cities was settled. Wuhan changed from "Twin Cities" to "Three Towns" because the Hanshui River changed from the northern foot of Guishan Mountain to the Yangtze River in the middle of Ming Dynasty, and Hankou was separated from Hanyang. Hankou, a commercial town in central China, Li Zhuo, began in the middle and late Ming Dynasty and flourished in the Qing Dynasty. Together with Beijing, Suzhou and Florida, it is also called "the four largest gatherings in the world". It is also called "four famous towns" with Jingdezhen, Zhuxian Town and Foshan Town. Some scholars call the transformation of the city's main functions from politics and military to economy "urban revolution", and Hankou is a typical product of "urban revolution".

1In June, 858, the Qing government signed the Tianjin Treaty with Britain and France respectively. 186 1 March, Hankou officially opened. Since then, Britain, France, Russia, Germany and Japan have set up concessions in Hankou, and more western countries have traded with China and set up factories, foreign companies, schools and hospitals. From the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century, Zhang Zhidong, Governor of Huguang, established large-scale modern machinery industries in Wuhan, such as Hanyang Iron Works, Hanyang Arsenal, Silk Cloth Yarn and Hemp Fourth Bureau, and also reformed academies, established schools, built dikes and paved roads, laying a foundation for the economic, cultural and municipal construction of Wuhan as a modern metropolis. Therefore, the opening of Hankou in the middle of19th century and the supervision of Hubei by Zhang Zhidong at the end of19th century are the starting points of Wuhan's transformation from a medieval ancient town to a modern metropolis. In addition, as a famous historical and cultural city, Wuhan's urban style can be defined as Jiangcheng style, Chu culture style and industrial and commercial metropolis style.