A bunch of questions about wolves (urgent! ! )

Wolves are gathered into a large group by one or several families and live in groups. If men and women are paired, have good feelings, often live together for a long time, and some even stay together for life, taking care of each other is extremely considerate, which is rare in animals.

Large groups only form in winter; Live alone in summer, or live in a small family.

In winter, because small animals hide and hibernate, they hunt large animals such as deer. But when hunting large animals, it needs group cooperation, so wolves should form larger groups in winter.

In summer, because they have to raise their young, they naturally live in small families in pairs, living in dense forests and deep mountains, and it is difficult to be found.

Therefore, wolves living in the south all the year round are unlikely to form large groups; Only wolves living in the north will form large groups. There are usually 4 to 8 wolves in a wolf pack, but as many as 36 large groups have been found.

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When wolves hunt, they work together. When looking for prey, line up in a single file and move slowly at a speed of 26~40 kilometers per hour.

When a wolf chases its prey, it can catch up with dozens of kilometers and drive it to a very difficult place. They can track their prey until it is exhausted. Therefore, the wolf is a very smart, strong and brave animal.

Game world

Wolves usually have their own hunting areas and special hunting lanes, sometimes as long as 100 km.

Near these passages, there are often all kinds of prey. Wolves often patrol these hunting lanes and paint them with smelly liquid or feces secreted by their bodies as a symbol of their own territory. These hunting grounds are often handed down from generation to generation.

nesting

Wolves use tree holes, caves and grasslands as hiding and roosting places. In the spring breeding season, wolves will build some nests near the hunting grounds. The female wolf is responsible for nesting, and the male wolf assists.

If a wolf builds a nest in a cave, it will first spread some branches in it, and then spread leaves and hair falling from the mother wolf.

Young people

In North America, wolves usually give birth in May. During the 63rd day of pregnancy, 3~6 fetuses can be born at one time, with the highest record of 14 fetuses.

A newborn wolf, weighing 400g, needs 10 days to open his eyes. The little wolf is very much like a puppy, with light blue or dirty brown thick soft hair. It can be weaned in about 4~8 weeks, and then its parents give it semi-digested meat and spit it out.

When I was more than 2 months old, I was able to run out of the nest. When I was 3 months old, I could run around with wolves. After that, I began to learn how to hunt.

When the cub is one year old, it has grown to the size of an adult wolf. He came of age at the age of two or three. The life span of wolves is almost the same as that of dogs, about 12~ 16 years, but wolves raised artificially can live to be 20 years old.

social organizations

Wolves have complex social organizations. After the battle, the strongest male wolf is the leader, and then he and a female wolf form a pair of leaders, who are responsible for patrolling the boundary of the site, solving disputes among members and controlling the migration of the team.

The bottom of social order is often the expelled elements, who live on the edge of the team and live by eating the leftovers of wolves.

The social system of wolves is established and maintained by complex signal language. This signal language includes many movements of the tail, ears, mouth and body, that is, vocalization, which shows the identity and emotions of each member. For example, the strong will tilt their tails and stare at the weak, and the weak will bend their ears and show their throats.

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The wolf's secret

A wolf turned pale. Are wolves really terrible? In order to find out the truth, a Swedish biologist once went deep into the wolf's den alone, interacting with wolves for many years, and observed, tested and studied nearly a hundred wolves in Italy. He often howled with wolves, and gradually understood the language of wolves, revealing the secrets of wolf society.

The biggest feature of wolves is that they flock together. Wolves are used to sniffing around, judging their neighbors and knowing how to get along. Wolves have a keen sense of smell and are not easily deceived. It likes collective action. Once they find animals that can be hunted, they will attack in droves. Thirty or fifty hungry wolves whizzed past the snowy fields where the wind roared, which was unmatched by any animal. A bear weighing several hundred kilograms was once seen being chased by wolves and barking wildly. At last, the wolves swarmed and tore it to pieces. When sharing their prey, wolves devour each other greedily and never fight for food.

Among wolves, only one pair enjoys the highest status. They are the leaders of wolves. The highest-ranking male wolf is busy all day maintaining the peace of wolves, calming down disputes and restraining the combatants. The female wolf in the position of queen is the manager who dominates all the affairs of wolves. The throne was won through the struggle of "election" They often fought bloody battles for the position of leader. The power struggle between female wolves is even fiercer than that between male wolves. Only the most authoritative "queen" has the privilege of being a mother. Therefore, the "Queen" always closely monitors the love life of other female wolves. If the female wolf has contact with the male wolf, she will be bitten black and blue.

The "queen" is extremely gentle to her suitors and never picky. Usually she will have an affair with the male wolves at lower levels, so that her future children can be taken care of by these male wolves. Only in estrus, under the leadership of the female wolf, will the female wolf mate with the highest-ranking male wolf.

The wolf's young son began to play out of the nest soon after he was born, and soon learned the wolf's language. The wolf grimaced and howled loudly. Wolves howl in different tones, forming different contact signals and keeping in touch with hunting companions. Wolves in the distance also howl to tell their companions where they are. Wolves also often howl to show their collective strength. They often get together and howl like a song party.

Since Wide Reading (Essays on Scientific Knowledge of Literature and History) 8 1 page, People's Daily Publishing House.

Four, Wolf child, bear child, leopard child, deer child

India's "Wolf Child" Ramu died on1February 28th, 986. There are more than 50 "animal children" found in the world. The earliest recorded discovery was 1344, a "wolf child" in the deep mountains of Germany. In addition to the "wolf children" raised by wolves, there are also various "animal children" raised by other animals. 176 1 year, some Hungarian hunters found a mother "Xiong Haizi" playing with some bears in a cave in the deep mountains.

1923, Indian hunters killed a female leopard and found two cubs and a five-year-old "leopard" in the leopard cave. This "leopard" can only crawl on all fours, and the skin of the whole body becomes thick and full of scars due to friction. When he sees chickens and ducks, he will pounce on them, tear them up and eat them alive.

1975, a French explorer found a "deer boy" with black hair in a forest area in Africa. He followed the deer and jumped on all fours.

Species of deer in New Zealand

At present, there are more than 5,000 deer farms in New Zealand. The number of deer on hand is 6.5438+0.8 million, ranking first in the world.

New Zealand's "deer immigrants" include European red deer, North American red deer, sika deer, Indian water deer, Southeast Asian black deer, South Asian flower deer, European deer and North American white-tailed deer. European red deer: 185 1 year, the first deer was introduced to New Zealand. Those are some red deer from Europe; 1923, 1000 European red deer were introduced to new Zealand, scattered in about 50 locations in the south and north islands. North American red deer: 1870, North American red deer was introduced to Dunedin, South Island; 1905 In March, 18 North American red deer was introduced.

Sika deer: 1885, the first three sika deer were taken to Dunedin, but they soon lost their voices and were probably shot. The second batch of sika deer was introduced from Wubang Temple in England in 1905. Water deer: 1875 A pair of water deer were introduced from Sri Lanka and raised in canavan. To 1880, due to proper protection, it reached 30. /Black Deer:1907165438+10. It was introduced and released in Rotorua, but it was mistaken for a water deer. Lu Hua: In 1867, seven Rhubarb flowers from Moben were released to Otago, South Island, and increased to 100 in10, but were hunted by settlers between 1890- 19 10. Tianlu: During the period of 1860- 19 10, at least 24 companies introduced to New Zealand. Up to 1980, there are still 13 wild populations. White-tailed deer, North America: 190 1 year, the first batch of 2 males and 2 females in white-tailed deer were put into Taka Valley, but failed; 1905, and the other nine were brought from New Hampshire, USA.

Wolves and deer

The wolf is ferocious, the deer is docile, the wolf is a villain, and the deer is the object of people's pity. This is the wolf and deer we know from fairy tales, so how do wolves and deer live separately in the real forest? What's the connection between them?

This is a story about the ecological balance between wolves and deer. The text tells that 100 years ago, residents of kebab forest killed wolves and other natural enemies of deer in order to protect the deer in the forest. As a result, contrary to expectations, a large number of deer died of illness and the forest was seriously damaged. It tells people that things are closely related, and destroying the ecological balance will bring unimaginable disasters to the environment. Wolves and dogs are relatives, and they look alike in appearance, but wolves are a little bigger than dogs, and their body hair is generally grayish yellow, sometimes the color varies from place to place. The wolf's figure is very thin, its four legs are very long, and its tail drags between its two hind legs and rarely swings. People call it a wooden tail. Its nose is a little sharper than that of a dog, its mouth is a little wider, its eyes are a little oblique and its ears are straight. Looks like losing face and is one of the main pests in animal husbandry.

Wolves are fierce, alert, suspicious and cunning. In addition, their hearing, sight and smell are very keen, and they move in groups. Therefore, in pastoral areas, when shepherds are negligent, they often rush in to kill the sheep or take them away. Moreover, they will kill sheep, deer, roe deer and poultry by ambush and siege, and even hurt people's lives. Because wolves do great harm to people, some countries even kill wolves by helicopter. However, some scientists believe that wolves play a certain role in the ecological balance of nature. Because wolves are good at hunting unhealthy individuals in antelopes and deer herds, they objectively play the role of natural selection.

Wolves are distributed in Europe, Asia and North America and live in mountainous areas. Plains, forests and tundra, even mountains as high as 5000 meters, are the most abundant in the open Yuan Ye. Usually solitary or hermaphrodite, they often gather in groups in winter, generally more than 10 per group.

Wolves' fur can be made into fur coats, mattresses and hats.

Deer water deer

Habitat: Broad-leaved forest, coniferous forest, shrub forest, grassy slope at forest edge in middle and low mountain areas.

Predation: eat leaves and grass with your mouth.

Food: stems, leaves, flowers and fruits of many plants.

Body shape: body length 1.8 ~ 2 meters, tail length about 24 cm. The female deer weighs about 120kg. Step-down180kg.

Habits: like to live in groups, often in pairs or in groups of 3 ~ 5 people. Lie in the tall grass during the day or rest in the forest, and come out at night. There are often cries at night, and activities are more frequent in rainy days. Alert by nature, good at running and jumping. I like swimming in the water, and I often take a mud bath in the mire, especially in summer, so I can swim several kilometers easily. Have the habit of licking saline soil. Water deer has been domesticated in Yunnan and Hainan for a long time.

Classification: Mammals, Artiodactyla, Cervidae.

Distribution: Mountainous areas of Yunnan. South of the Yangtze River in China.

Protection: The second-class key protected animals in China.

Muntiacus muntjak Indian muntjak, barking deer

Habitat: Forests and shrubs in low-altitude mountainous hills.

Predation: eating plants with your mouth.

Food: twigs, leaves, flowers, fruits and crops.

Body shape: body length 1 m, tail length 17 ~ 2 1 cm, weight 25 ~ 30 kg.

Habits: solitary animals, timid and cautious, mostly foraging at night or early morning or dusk, and resting in the bushes during the day. When frightened, it will bark loudly like a dog. The range of activities is very fixed. When you are chased, no matter how far you run, you will eventually return to your original activity area. Strong fertility, mating all year round, about 2 10 days pregnant, one child per child, reaching sexual maturity at the age of one. Suede is an important raw material for tanning. Red muntjac is the main hunting animal in southern China.

Classification: Mammals, Artiodactyla, Cervidae.

Distribution: All parts of Yunnan. Southeast, South China, Southwest China.

Protection: not included in the list of protected animals.

ecological balance

The energy flow and material circulation in the ecosystem are always carried out smoothly under normal circumstances (without violent interference from external forces), while the structure of the ecosystem remains relatively stable, which is called ecological balance. The most obvious manifestation of ecological balance is that the number of species and population size in the system are relatively stable. Of course, ecological balance is a dynamic balance, that is, its indicators, such as the yield, species and quantity of organisms, are not fixed at a certain level, but change back and forth within a certain range. This also shows that the ecosystem has the ability of self-regulation and maintaining balance. When an element in the ecosystem has abnormal function, its influence will be offset by the adjustment made by the system. The energy flow and material circulation of ecosystem are carried out through various channels. If one channel is blocked, other channels will compensate. With the invasion of pollutants, the ecosystem shows a certain self-purification ability, which is also the result of system regulation. The more complex the structure of an ecosystem, the more ways of energy flow and material circulation, and the stronger the ability to adjust or resist the influence of external forces. On the contrary, the simpler the structure, the weaker the ability of the ecosystem to maintain balance. Farmland and orchard ecosystems are examples of fragile ecosystems.

The regulation ability of an ecosystem is limited. If the influence of external force exceeds this limit, the ecological balance will be destroyed and the ecosystem will undergo structural changes in a short time. For example, the population size of some species will change dramatically, while others may disappear or produce new species. However, the overall result of the change is often unfavorable, which weakens the adjustment ability of the ecosystem. The damage caused by this out-of-gauge influence on the ecosystem is long-term, and it often takes a long time for the ecosystem to recover to its original state, even causing irreversible changes, which is the destruction of ecological balance. As a member of the biosphere, human beings have a greater impact on the ecological environment than natural forces, and it is mainly a negative impact, which has become the main factor to destroy the ecological balance. The destructive influence of human beings on the biosphere is mainly manifested in three aspects: first, the natural ecosystem is transformed into an artificial ecosystem on a large scale, which seriously interferes with and destroys the normal operation of the biosphere, and agricultural development and urbanization are typical representatives of this influence; Second, a large number of resources in the biosphere, including biological and abiotic resources, have seriously damaged the ecological balance, such as deforestation and over-utilization of water resources. Third, the products and wastes produced by human activities are excessively imported into the biosphere, which seriously pollutes and poisons the physical environment and biological components of the biosphere, including human beings themselves, represented by fertilizers, pesticides, herbicides, industrial wastes and urban garbage.

Sika deer is a medium-sized deer, with a body length of 125- 145 cm, a tail length of 12- 13 cm and a weight of 70- 100 kg. Its body is well-proportioned and beautiful, and its coat color changes with the seasons. In summer, its body hair is chestnut red and there is no fluff. It has many white spots arranged in sequence on both sides of its back and the lower edge of its side, which are shaped like plum blossoms and will give off gorgeous luster in the sun, hence the name. In winter, the body hair is smoky brown, and the white spots are not obvious, which is similar to the color of hay, so as to hide themselves. The neck and the back of the ear are grayish brown, and a black back midline extends from the tip of the ear to the root of the tail. The abdomen is white, with white patches on the buttocks and black terry around it. The head is slightly round, the face is long, the nose is exposed, the eyes are big and round, the infraorbital gland is cracked, the lacrimal gland fossa is obvious, and the ears are long and upright. The neck is very long. The limbs are slender, the main hoof is narrow and pointed, and the side hoof is small. The tail is short, the back is black and the abdomen is white. The female beast has no horns, and the male beast has a pair of majestic real horns on his head with four forks. The eyebrow fork forms an obtuse angle with the trunk and protrudes forward near the base. The distance between the secondary fork and the eyebrow fork is large and the position is high, so people often think that it has no secondary fork and the trunk is divided into two branchlets at its end. The trunk is generally bent to both sides, slightly in a semi-arc, the eyebrows cross forward and upward, and the corners of the eyes are slightly bent inward, which is very sharp. It is a powerful weapon for struggle for existence.

The old horn of sika deer male deer falls off in mid-April every year and regenerates to grow new horn. The new stratum corneum is brittle and has no ossification. It is covered with a layer of brown velvet skin and covered with blood vessels. This is the famous velvet antler at home and abroad. At this time, if you don't pick the antler, it will gradually ossify after August, the outer layer of antler skin will gradually fall off, and the whole antler will become hard and smooth. Until the next spring, the antler will automatically fall off and grow again.

In different stages of the growth and development of velvet antler, its external morphology will also change. People have given some common names of images to each growth stage. Wild sika deer lose their bone horn without sawing, which is called "cutting off the fork" or "cutting off the branches", and the bone horn left by the raised sika deer after sawing is called "cutting off the petals" or "cutting off the petals". After the disk falls off, there is a clot on the corner base, which is called "tiger eye". Later, the hair bud tissue grew inward from the surrounding skin and merged with the blood scab in the middle to form a slightly concave bowl, which was called "lamp bowl". After that, the hairy buds formed by the meristem of velvet antler grew rapidly and were pink. At first, it was called "pulling out piles". When it grew to 1.5-2 cm, it was called "grinding umbilicus". After about 10 days, it was called "eggplant bag" when it grew to 3-4 cm. The velvet trunk, known as "Da Ting", looks like a saddle when it is divided into eyebrow branches, which is called "Little Saddle". When the trunk grows higher than the eyebrow branches, it is called "big saddle", and when it continues to grow to a certain height, it is also called "small bar". When the trunk is 6-7 cm higher than the eyebrow branch, it looks like a cucumber, so it is also called "melon horn". The initial stage of the second branch of the trunk is called "small mouth and three branches", and the middle stage of the second branch is called "big mouth and three branches". Before the third lateral branch, the trunk, eyebrow branch and second lateral branch appeared morphologically, and there were three branches, so it was called "three branches". After branching to the third side branch, it is called "four branches". It is generally believed that it can grow to 4-5 branches at most, but some people say that it is less than 5 branches. The ossified young horn is called "top", and the peeled three or four branches are called "clear three branches" or "clear four branches"

Sika deer is a special species in East Asia, which is found abroad in eastern Russia, Japan and South Korea. In China, it is distributed in Wusuli River in Heilongjiang, Xinglong in Hebei, Shandong, Taiyuan in Shanxi, Hongyuan in Sichuan, Taihu Lake in Jiangsu, Zhenjiang, Nanjing, Shanghai, Hangzhou, Anhui, Guangxi and Guangdong.