Outline of required reading classics in junior high school

How Steel was Tempered, Robinson Crusoe, Gulliver's Travels, Stars, Spring Water, Flowers in the Morning, The Journey to the West's Water Margin, Camel Xiangzi, Who's Who, Childhood

The Journey to the West's brief introduction

The Journey to the West was born in Jiajing, China in the 16th century. Author Wu Cheng'en, whose name is Ruzhong, and whose name is Sheyang Jushi, and The Journey to the West wrote the first draft in Wu Cheng'en's middle age, which was later polished. He recreated the art on the basis of literary works and stories about Tang Priest's learning from the past generations, and changed the original story of Tang Priest's learning from the past to the history of the Monkey King's fighting between heaven and earth.

the Monkey King is the most brilliant image in the book. "Making a scene in Heaven" highlights his spirit of loving freedom and daring to resist. "Learning from the West" shows his spirit of eliminating evil when he sees it. After the Monkey King failed to make a scene in the Heavenly Palace, he was released by the Tang Priest and went to the Western Heaven together after 5 years of repression under the Five Elements Mountain. He is no longer the image of a rebel, but a hero wearing a tight hoop and a tiger skin skirt, who is dedicated to relieving the magic disaster on earth. Perseverance in the face of difficulties and improvisation are the main characteristics of the Monkey King, the town demon killer.

The fantasy world and mythical figures described by The Journey to the West are mostly based on real life, and at the same time, they embody some good wishes of writers and people in magical forms. Eighty-one difficulties, seventy-two changes, and all kinds of magical skills are full of fantasy; The colorful treasures are obviously imagined by people in order to conquer nature or defeat the enemy. The Journey to the West constitutes the basic artistic feature of romanticism.

The Journey to the West combined well-meaning ridicule, bitter satire and severe criticism artistically, which made many chapters full of fun and fully expressed profound ideological content and the author's distinct love and hate. Forty-one short stories contained in eighty-one difficult are also expressed through the intricate relationship among monks, buddhas and demons, and one wave after another is unsettled. In these numerous fantasy plots full of struggles, the optimistic spirit of the broad masses of people resisting evil forces and demanding victory over nature and difficulties is meaningfully embodied, which reflects the social reality of feudal times in a tortuous way.

There is a flower and fruit mountain in Aolai State, Dongsheng Shenzhou. A stone at the top of the mountain gave birth to a monkey. The stone monkey, named the Monkey King, learned 72 kinds of changes, and one somersault was feasible, calling himself "Monkey King". He stole the anchor needle and turned it into a golden cudgel, big or small, weighing 13,5 Jin. He went to the underworld again and erased the name of the monkey from the book of life and death. The Jade Emperor wanted to send troops to capture him. Taibai Jinxing suggested that the Monkey King should be called into the upper bound to be a Bi Mawen. When the Monkey King learned that Bi Mawen was only a small official in charge of horses, he beat out the Tianmen and returned to Huaguoshan, calling himself "the Great Sage of Qitian". The Jade Emperor sent heavenly soldiers and heavenly generals to capture the Monkey King, and the Monkey King defeated the giant spirit god and Nezha in a row. The Monkey King was asked to take charge of the Flat Peach Garden. He stole the flat peach, stirred up the flat peach banquet of the Queen Mother, stole the elixir of the Grandfather and fled the Heavenly Palace. The Jade Emperor sent heavenly soldiers to capture him. The Monkey King fought against Erlang God's gambling method, regardless of the outcome. The old gentleman hit the Monkey King with a hidden weapons, and the Monkey King was captured. After being chopped with knives and axes, struck by fire and lightning, and exercised in Dan furnace, the Monkey King was unscathed. The Jade Emperor invited the Buddha Tathagata to put the Monkey King under the Five Elements Mountain.

The Tathagata sent Guanyin Bodhisattva to the East to find a Buddhist monk, and came to the West to learn Buddhist scriptures and persuade all sentient beings. Guanyin enlightened Chen Xuanzang to go to the Western Heaven to seek the true scriptures. Emperor Taizong recognized Xuanzang as his royal brother and gave him the title of Sanzang. Tang Sanzang westbound, in Wuxing Mountain, rescue the Monkey King. The Monkey King was put on the hoop of Guanyin, and when the Tang Priest recited the hoop spell, Wukong had a terrible headache. The master and the apprentice went west, and they collected the white dragon in the eagle sorrow stream, and the white dragon became the mount of the Tang Priest. In Gaolaozhuang, Zhu Wuneng Bajie was accepted, and Zhu Bajie became the second apprentice of Tang Priest. In Liushahe, Sha Wujing was conquered, and the sand monk became the third disciple of Tang Priest. The four of them waded through mountains and rivers, and went west to seek scriptures.

Guanyin Bodhisattva wanted to test the Taoist mind of Tang Priest's master and disciples, and turned Li Shan's mother, Pu Xian and Manjusri into beautiful women, and recruited four of them as husbands, but Tang Priest and others were unmoved. Only Bajie was infatuated with women and was hanged by the Bodhisattva. In Wuzhuangguan, Wanshou Mountain, the Monkey King ate ginseng fruit and knocked down fairy trees. In order to compensate, the Monkey King invited Guanyin to save the fairy tree with manna. Bai Gujing changed three times, trying to get Tang Priest, but Wukong found out. Don't tell the truth from the falsehood, Tang Priest listened to Pig's slanders and drove Wukong away, but Huang Paoguai caught him. Bajie and Friar Sand could not compete with Huang Paoguai, but Friar Sand was captured and Tang Priest was turned into a tiger. Under Bai Longma's persuasion, Bajie went to Huaguoshan and asked him to turn to the Monkey King to subdue the demon. The four of them continued westward. The king of Wuji was drowned in the well pushed by the lion essence, and the lion essence became king. The ghost of the king appealed to the Tang Priest for help, Bajie carried the body out of the well, and Wukong asked for the elixir from the Grand Master to save the king. Niu Mowang's son, Hong Haier, was holed up in the cave of fire clouds and wanted to eat the meat of Tang monks. Wukong couldn't resist Hong Haier's samadhi, so he invited a bodhisattva to subdue the demon. The Bodhisattva subdued Hong Haier and made him a boy of good fortune. King girl country wanted to recruit Tang Priest as a husband, and Wukong and others were determined to go west, but Tang Priest was taken away by the scorpion essence of the Pipa Cave in the poisonous enemy mountain. Wukong invited the Pleiadian official, and the Pleiadian official turned into a double-crowned rooster, which made the monster show its true colors. Soon, the Tang priest killed the highwayman again because of Wukong, and drove him away again. Liu er Monkey King took the opportunity to change into Wukong, snatched the luggage and customs, and changed the little demon into Tang Priest, Pig and Friar Sand, trying to cheat the scriptures in the Western Heaven. The true and false Wukong was killed from the sky to the underground, and the Bodhisattva, the Jade Emperor, and the Earth Treasure King could not tell the true and false. It was not until the Tathagata in Leiyin Temple that the Buddha revealed his true nature, and the monkey essence was killed by Wukong.

The four masters and apprentices are as good as ever, and work together to drive to the Western Heaven. In the Flame Mountain, I want an iron fan, a princess, a banana fan to extinguish the flame. Princess Tiefan was angry that Wukong sent her child Hong Haier to Luojiashan as a boy and refused to borrow it. Wukong, Princess Iron Fan and Niu Mowang fought wits and tricks several times, using the divine power of heavenly soldiers to subdue the three monsters and put out the fire. King Bhikkhu was puzzled by the changing monarch of the White Deer, and wanted to use the heart of 1,111 children as a medicine guide. Wukong rescued the baby and repelled the evil spirits. The birthday boy came to take back the white deer. Destroy the French king vowed to kill 1, monks, and the Monkey King cast a spell to shave off the hair of the king's empresses and ministers of civil and military affairs, so as to make the king change his mind and change France into Qin France. In Tianzhu, the Tang Priest was hit by a fake princess throwing a lottery ball with five rabbits in the Moon Palace, and wanted to recruit a horse. Wukong saw through the truth, joined Taiyin Xing Jun to capture the Jade Rabbit, and rescued the real princess who was living in the Arc Temple outside the city.

The four men went through all kinds of hardships and finally came to Lingshan Holy Land to meet the Buddha. However, because they didn't send any personnel to Ah Nuo and Gaya, they only got the scriptures without words. The Tang Priest and his disciples returned to Leiyin Temple, and presented the Zijin Bowl given by the Tang King as a personnel, so as to obtain the true scriptures and return to the mainland. I don't want eighty-one difficult to be short of a problem yet. In Tongtianhe, the old man threw four people into the river and wet the scriptures. So far, the Buddhist Scriptures are incomplete.

Tang Sanzang and others returned the Buddhist scriptures to Chang 'an, the capital of Datang, and returned to Lingshan in person. Sanzang was named as the Buddha of the Buddha, Wukong was named as the Buddha of Fighting and Overcoming, Bajie was named as the messenger of purifying the altar, Friar Sand was named as the golden body of Lohan, and Bai Longma was promoted to eight dragons, each returning to his own standard, enjoying bliss.

Introduction to Water Margin: (Author Ming Shi Naian)

The book describes the story of 18 people led by Song Jiang who gathered in Liangshan Park, Shandong Province at the end of the Northern Song Dynasty.

Shi Jin, the Nine-Wen Dragon, got acquainted with three people, including Zhu Wu, the chief strategist of Shaohua Mountain, and was reported by the government eagle dog. The local government sent troops to capture him. Out of desperation, Shi Jin burned down his manor and went to a foreign land, where he met a junior officer, Lu Da. Two people * * * drinking in a restaurant, heard the voice of the singing girl crying, ask father and daughter is bullied by the local bully town of Kansai Zheng Tu. Lu Da gave a generous gift of silver, sent his father and daughter back to their hometown, and took the initiative to find the door, killing the town of Kansai with three punches. Afterwards, he abandoned his post and fled, and happened to meet the father of the singer who had a place to live, and took him home to hide; Later, he went to Wutai Mountain to become a monk, and the dharma was named "Zhishen". Lu was intolerant of Buddhist rules and regulations, repeatedly drank too much, and broke the mountain gate and King Kong. The elders in the temple had no choice but to introduce him to Sokokuji, Tokyo, as a minister monk to take care of the vegetable garden. In the meantime, he subdued a group of ruffians.

Lu Zhishen met Lin Chong, the coach of the 8, imperial army in Tokyo by chance, and they were very speculative. Gao Yanei, the son of Gao Taiwei, the powerful minister of the dynasty, coveted Lin's beautiful wife, designed and framed Lin Chong, falsely accused him of "bringing a knife" into Baihutang, sent him to Cangzhou, and attempted to kill Lin Chong on the way. Thanks to Lu Zhishen's secret escort all the way, he was able to save the day. After Lin Chong was sent to Cangzhou, he went to Liangshan under the unbearable situation.

There was a classical man near Liangshan. He learned that the son-in-law of Cai Jing, the powerful minister, and Liang Zhongshu, the magistrate of Daming Prefecture, sent Yang Zhi to escort Birthday Gang to Beijing, so he was designed by Wu Yong, and gathered seven people, including three Ruan brothers, to rob Birthday Gang in Huangnigang and go to Liangshan. Yang Zhi lost his birth outline and couldn't go back for a job, so he joined Lu Zhishen and occupied Erlong Mountain.

There is a Song Jiang named Hu Baoyi in Yuncheng, Shandong Province. He has an outer room named Yan Poxi. The man was having an affair, and he found out that Song Jiang had contacts with a "strongman" and threatened him in every way. Sung river in a rage, killed Yan Poxi, fled to the small whirlwind Chai Jin Zhuang, to get to know Wu Song. After Wu Song killed the tiger in Jingyanggang, he became famous for a while and was hired as the head of yanggu county. He happened to meet his long-lost brother Wu Da. His sister-in-law, Pan Jinlian, envied Wu Song Yingwei and wanted sexual intercourse, but Wu Song refused. After going out on business in Wu Song, Jinlian liaised with Ximen Qing and poisoned Wu Da. Wu Song found out his feelings when he returned, and killed Ximen Qing and Pan Jinlian to avenge his brother. Afterwards, he voluntarily surrendered to the county government, was sent to Mengzhou, met with kindness, drunk and beat Jiang Menshen, angered and killed Zhang Dujian's family, and also moved to Erlong Mountain to settle down. Song Jiang went to Qingfeng Village Castellan Hua Rong to linger, and was framed for some reason and sent to Jiangzhou. One day, he was drunk and occasionally wrote "anti-poetry", and was sentenced to death. He was rescued by Liangshan brothers, and Song insisted on going home to visit his father. He was in danger again and finally went to Liangshan.

Later, after three strikes at Zhujiazhuang, Liangshan was very powerful and sent troops to save Chai Jin. Then he beat off Gao Taiwei's three roads in a row, and Taohua Mountain, Erlong Mountain and Liangshan Mountain met and returned to Shui Bo. Then, Classical was unfortunately killed by an arrow, and Lu Junyi went to Liangshan after many twists and turns. The rebel army broke Zengtou City and beat back several attacks by the imperial court, and many of them took part in Liangshan Juyi. Finally, the total * * * has one hundred and eight leaders, and has arranged the seating of "thirty-six plough and seventy-two earth demons".

In the face of the situation that Liangshan Rebels became more and more brave in the Vietnam War, the imperial court changed its strategy and sent people to appease them. So, under the guidance of Song Jiang and others' compromise thought, all Liangshan accepted the appeal and reorganized into the army of Zhao and Song Dynasties. The ruler also adopted the strategy of "impeded people" and ordered the Liangshan heroes to go to the Liao Dynasty, and after several battles, they won the victory. Then he was ordered to go to Jiangnan to conquer Fang La. As a result, Fang La was defeated, and the rebel army suffered heavy casualties, leaving 18 heroes dead, disabled, wandering, hidden and scattered, leaving only 27 people. However, even these survivors failed to escape the bad luck that followed. Seeing that Liangshan Rebel Army was alone, the ruler killed Sung River and others shortly after he was awarded the title: Sung River and Lu Junyi were poisoned by medicated wine and mercury respectively, likui jy was dragged to be buried with Sung River when he died, and Wu Yong and Hua Rong hanged themselves in Liaoerwa ... A vigorous peasant uprising was thus stifled.

Introduction to Flowers in the Morning and Flowers in the Evening

This book is a collection of reminiscence essays written by Lu Xun in 1926, with ten articles. The first five articles were written in Beijing and the last five in Xiamen. At first, it was published in the semi-monthly magazine Mangyuan with the general topic of "Reviving the Past". In July, 1927, Lu Xun re-edited it in Guangzhou, and added "Introduction" and "Postscript", renamed "Flowers in the Morning", which was first published by Beijing Weiming Society in September, 1928 and listed as one of the "Unnamed New Collections" compiled by the author. Reprinted in February 1929. In September 1932, the third edition was rearranged and published by Shanghai Beixin Bookstore. The cover of the book was painted by Tao Yuanqing. These ten essays are "Memoirs of Memories" (Preface to Three Leisure Collections < Selected Works >), which completely record Lu Xun's life path and experience from childhood to youth, vividly depict the life picture of the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China, and are important artistic documents for studying Lu Xun's early thoughts and life and even the society at that time. These chapters are profound and meaningful, and they are classic works in China's modern prose.

On the translation of this book, Lu Xun said in a letter to Masuda on April 11th, 1934: "Flowers in the Morning and Evening Picking Up" can be translated if there is a publishing place, but there are too many customs and trivia about China, so it's hard to understand without many notes, and it's boring to read. " In his letter to Masuda on December 2, 1934, Lu Xun mentioned that Masuda and Haruko Sato had jointly translated Selected Works of Lu Xun, saying, "There is only Mr. Fujino, please translate it and add it. Fan Ainong is poorly written, so it is better to give up what one loves."

From Herb Garden to three pools mirroring the moon, Mr. Fujino and Fan Ainong in this book were selected as middle school Chinese textbooks.

Contents of Morning Flowers and Evening Picks:

A Long Introduction to Dogs, Cats and Rats, and Twenty-four Filial Paintings of Mountain and Sea Classics, The Five Cabins will be impermanent

From Baicaoyuan to three pools mirroring the moon's father's illness, Mr. Fan Ainong's Postscript

Introduction to Camel Xiangzi

The novel Camel Looks is the representative work of Lao She, a famous modern writer in China from 1899 to 1966. In 1924, Lao She went to Xiangtian, England as a Chinese teacher and worked there until 1929. There, he read a lot of western European literary masterpieces and began to write novels. Early works, such as Lao Zhang's Philosophy, Zhao Ziyue, Erma, etc., contained satire in humor, which was quite close to the pen of British writer Dickens, but exaggeration was sometimes a little out of proportion and almost fell into slick. However, for Lao She, the initial creation was an indispensable practice. In the 193s, his creation gradually matured, and in 1936, he finally launched his own masterpiece "Camel Xiangzi".

Camel Xiangzi tells the tragic story of Xiangzi, a rickshaw puller in Beiping, old China. Xiangzi came from the countryside, and the declining countryside made it impossible for him to survive. He came to the city and was eager to create a new life with his honest work. He tried all kinds of jobs and finally chose to pull a rickshaw. This career choice shows that although Xiangzi left the land, his way of thinking is still that of farmers. He is used to individual labor, and at the same time he is eager to have a car as reliable as land. Buying a car and being an independent laborer, "This is his wish, hope and even religion". The city seems to have given Xiangzi the opportunity to realize his wish. After three years of struggle, he bought a car, but in less than half a year, he was robbed. But Xiangzi still refused to give up his dream of owning his own car. Although he had doubts about his pursuit and wavered several times, he kept pulling himself together and struggling again. It should be said that Xiangzi's tenacious character and stubborn attitude fight against life, which constitutes the main plot content of the novel. The end of the struggle ended in Xiangzi's failure, and he finally failed to realize his dream of owning his own car. The realism of this novel lies in that it not only describes the harsh living environment for Xiangzi