Changes of women in society in the past 50 years

Traditional anthropology studies women, including marriage and family, kinship system and gender roles, and female anthropology.

Meade and Benedict are mostly regarded as practitioners rather than theoretical builders. In the 1970s, it was decided by feminism and culture.

Feminist anthropology, based on the combination of fixed views and fixed views, discusses the influence of cultural variability and social factors on gender behavior and concepts.

Began to explore gender (gender differences), changed the traditional anthropological study of women, and made gender become

The real starting point of female anthropology research and the important topic throughout. Mainly including: gender and women's status,

Gender and human origin, evolution and socio-biological research, gender and kinship system, gender and labor

The basic research on division of labor, gender and language behavior, gender and state and colonialism mainly

From the mid-1970s to the mid-1980s.

Women's living conditions have become the starting point of gender research, involving women's concepts, roles, identities and identities, including

Including the criticism of the concept of "women are unclean", the reflection on the role of mothers and the logic of "family: society = women: men"

Criticism of series and recognition of women's inferior status. It is believed that culture defines women as mothers who give birth to children.

It is the social basis for the formation of women's subordinate status, and gender differences are widespread, and its social and historical roots are complex and far-reaching.

And it is not just a family category, but a social relationship. The review of gender history can also be traced back to Baba in19th century.

Wilt's achievements: gender division of labor is divided into men and women, and social values are superior to women.

As a standard. As a social group, women began to study the differences between their status and that of men. American female scholars put forward that

It is necessary to revise the usual historical stages in order to bring women's lives into the official history (Joan Kelly 1977), British women.

Female anthropology, discussing the status of women as a silent group, the London female anthropology group was influenced by Marx's theory.

Ring, discuss female reproductive production in different economic societies, while France focuses on gender discrimination and oppression. sexism

It has become the focus of male criticism, which is actually a social ideology of gender inequality, which is concentrated in violent rape.

.

The research of female anthropology on the origin and evolution of human beings is mainly manifested in: 1, questioning the concept of "human",

It is pointed out that throughout history, people and people can be replaced, inclusive and equal by the word people.

Not only words, but also most graphic images, publications, magazines, textbooks and museums are displayed by men.

Vividly representing human beings, "the origin of human beings" is actually expressed as the origin of human beings. Because men have evolved to represent human beings.

Cheng, thus submerged the role and power of women, leading to the previous concepts of social development and scientific and technological progress.

Achievement is only the achievement of men's ability. Men naturally become leaders, producers and providers of social development, while women

Sex is only a passive participant. 3. Challenge social biology, emphasize the positive position of female animals, and consider nature.

Selection also increases the adaptability of female animals, indicating that female apes interact in society (social cooperation, family combination)

Playing a role no less than that of men. 4. Anthropological prehistory research regards women as the creators of production process and spiritual culture.

And began to study how the cultural relationship of prehistoric human gender came into being and the relationship between gender roles in various historical forms.

Definition, coordination and manipulation.

Kinship system and marriage and family are still the themes of women's anthropological research, aiming at understanding women's role in marriage and childbirth.

And their position in kinship. After the mid-1980s, anthropology gradually questioned the "kinship system", saying that

As a condition or standard to accept or exclude some people, kinship terms are different in any culture or society, and there is no such thing as kinship terms.

The concept of fictitious kinship system is defined and produces results, which is no longer the focus of many anthropological research courses.

In the division of labor, early female anthropology was influenced by Marx's mode of production and reproduction, and thought that men and women

They are mainly engaged in labor related to production and family; In the late 1980s, feminist anthropology began to revise and supplement Engel.

The viewpoint in The Origin of Family, Private Ownership and State holds that the division of labor between men and women naturally happens too absolutely.

(Noe: rosalind Coward: Precedents of Patriarchy, London, 1984, p.

Page 146- 149. ), women are not only giving birth in the process of population reproduction, and not all women bear this responsibility.

Role; The reproduction of human beings is not the problem of women themselves, but related to the quality of the whole social population (note: AnnAna

Gnost: Rationality of population and country after Mao Zedong, intersection of local and global in reproduction politics.

University of California, 1994. ), breaking through the limitations of traditional research on the relationship between men and women.

The research of female anthropology on language behavior and gender is mainly reflected in: how language reflects gender,

Especially the relationship between female consciousness, language behavior, gender and social communication and politics. Introduce the concept of gender

The relationship between language behavior and the use of power is a great contribution of female anthropology.

A consistent field of women's anthropology is the investigation of women and countries. In the 1970s, Rico, Wright and Schacks.

According to the report, the emergence of the state has limited women's activity space. 1980s, Hivibright analyzed the formation of the country.

Different ways bring women's historical status (1988). Kelly also studied the influence of colonialism on gender.

The influence of the system, that is, the introduction of capitalism into a non-hierarchical society, disintegrated the original kinship system and brought women's subordinate status.

Bit (1987).

The emergence of this subject is accompanied by a new interpretation method. In 1970s, the widely used gender inequality analysis model was women.

Society and Culture: Nature \ Culture, Family \ Public * * * (Domain) Dualism. Ortner (Sherry)

Ortner) explains the relationship between men and women with nature and culture, and thinks that men are engaged in production, technology and concept invention, which is higher than men.

Women's natural and cultural creation, so their value and status are considered to be superior to women. Rosado put forward maternal consciousness and

"Women's family orientation" restricts women to family space, which makes men more actively seek politics and economy in the public sphere.

Resources constitute the domestic \ public \ * * pattern of both sexes. In addition, production is limited by male production and female reproductive role/

Replication dualism is also explained in the dominance/subordination relationship between men and women. Obviously, this model was widely spread in the late 1960s.

Levi Strauss explained social methods by thinking analogy, which made the subordinate position of women emphasized and generally recognized.

In the early 1980s, the above explanation was questioned by many cross-cultural debates. Qin Si Li Ge, Briggs and Shaksidi.

Up to now, both sexes have equal status in primitive society and enjoy the same production resources and methods. Li Kirk and others have some clubs for Chen.

The gender inequality of Shanghai's indigenous inhabitants was formed by the change of local economic form by European colonization. Carol McCo

Nack) and Marilyn strasser's Nature, Culture and Gender point out the essence of gender roles.

\ Cultural outlook is Western-style. In many non-western societies, there is no clear distinction or consistent connection between the two, such as Xinji.

Are the Kaolons in Neiya natural? Br> gourmet crow? What happened to the curtains? Cai Xinzheng? Bohui Fuxin spittoon? BR> family is a second-class solution. Under the family system, the two are inseparable from each other, and the family is also male, and the male is the head of the family.

The important role of the field. Obviously, the above analysis model limits the research, because the standard is single and does not take into account cultural differences and changes, which also means that

Understand the limitations of anthropological structuralism dualism. At the same time, both nature, culture and reproduction are biographical.

Following the concept of unified culture, women's activities are attributed to one-way reproduction, and the scope and value of their labor are limited, so they are responsible for their families.

Determine its role status; Cross-cultural interpretation seems to mean that existence is reasonable and only conducive to the recognition of cultural traditions.

Instead of change, these reflect the limitations of the static paradigm of functionalism itself. Functionalism emphasizes social culture.

Practical function and adaptation to the present situation, people think that a social order is effective because of cultural norms and the implementation of the vast majority of members.

Its social status and responsibility, so maintaining the social structure and showing the face of things are the main purposes of functional scholars, who advocate cultural identity.

What is done for a woman, she is what she should do, and there is no need to have other choices. However, the tradition of division of labor and inequality between men and women

It is a long-term product of human culture. Functionalism ignores contradictions, differences and changes, and explains how gender differences exist.

However, it did not reveal the cultural conditions for the formation of gender inequality, failed to explain why it persisted, and did not study away from the two.

The modern pluralistic society with the origin of gender roles is a complex social factor that determines the relationship between men and women. So some scholars turned to history.

Analyzing and investigating the status of women in different periods to explain the central link of women's historical changes (E.P. Thomas) and

The possibility of its status change. At the same time, it denies the psychological motivation ethnography of functional cultural holism and points out that society is right.

The role of the formation of thinking mode; Neo-structuralism on the power form between social and cultural forms (Douglas),

Structural Marxism's support for material relations and ideology, and the connection between cultural logic and social reality and power structure.

The department's ideas had an impact. While expanding cultural horizons, female anthropology began to combine history with sociology.

Like other studies, it pays attention to the relationship between gender status and mode of production, social power, class and racial consciousness. And form a gender.

The social and historical structure of the relationship is represented by nature, culture and society (Note: Carol Macmore, Marily

Nature, culture and society, Cambridge, 1980. ); Then it was discussed by the political economics school.

The influence of external factors on the infiltration and change of traditional social culture has attracted attention, and global capitalism has become prominent.

The influence of gender cultural life in indigenous and indigenous societies; Influenced by the conflict theory, other scholars began to notice that economy is not.

Gender inequality caused by equality (Note: Ian Robertson: Sociology, Commercial Press, Beijing, 1994)

, page 4 17-4 18. ); Women's studies began to be placed in the deeper and broader connotation of social and cultural power relations.

Second, about the social status of women.

As a social group, women should have multiple social status, not only gender affiliation, but also inequality.

It is difficult for them to gain various social status.

Women as a whole are outside politics. At the beginning of the 20th century, American women got the right to vote, only among the 65,438+000 senators.

Second, there is only one in the presidential advisory group, and there is only one female governor in the country. By the 96th Congress of the United States, there were only women.

It accounts for 0.6% of senators, 0.9% of representatives, and only 9% of lawyers and judges. Women in the French National Assembly and Senate

Parliamentarians account for only 4.7% (Note: Luo Qiong: Basic Knowledge of Women's Liberation, People's Publishing House, 1986, p. 19.

. )。 Women's participation in the labor market mainly came from low-income families before the 20th century, and they graduated from American universities in the 1960s.

Women accounted for 56% (Biscanti 1974), and women accounted for 39% of the total labor force in 1970s (h astin1976). in Europe

* * * In the text of 1970-82, the number of unemployed men has increased by 1 times, while that of women has increased by 7 times (Note: Tao Chunfang: The Lady of the House)

Go and Present, Beijing Publishing House, 1985, p. 83. )。 The occupational distribution of women is obviously different from that of men, and women

Most of them are employed in textile, printing, clothing and food processing industries with long working hours and low pay, or engaged in medical care, and women are in the majority.

94.6% of nurses, accounting for 89.8% of nurses (note: Women and Development of Tianjin Normal University 1987,No. 14).

Eight pages. )。 Secondly, women engaged in primary education account for 84%, librarians account for 82% and service industry accounts for 55%.

Service work accounts for 74%, housework accounts for 96.5%, and only managers account for 17%. Oppenheimer 1972). Men and women

Different pay for equal work, the average salary of women in the United States in recent 20 years is 3/5 of that of male workers, and the salary of salesgirls in 1970 is male.

43% of their peers (note: J.A. Sherman, F. L Denmark: Women's Psychology China Women's Publishing House, 1987.

, page 97. ), the salary of Japanese female workers is 58% of that of male workers (Note: Fujitani Fujiko: Introduction to Feminism, China.

Women's Publishing House, 1986, p. 164. )。 In Britain, Ireland, Greece and Luxembourg, women's wages are those of their peers.

Two-thirds of children, French female workers earn three-quarters of that of male workers. Women are related to poverty, and half of poor families and children in the United States are related to poverty.

Both are in families without husbands or fathers.

The multi-faceted nature of gender inequality means the multi-faceted status of women, and its constituent factors are also various, including

Including social class, culture and education, professional marriage, role age, nation-state and so on. These factors sometimes play a role.

Have a relationship, or have their own influence, so the status relationship is not absolute. Carol Smith Rosenberg (Carol

Smith Rosenberg's research on the characteristics of women's field once formed the concept of "female group", while cross-cultural research

On the other hand, it breaks the oneness of female culture. White made a pan-cultural comparison of 93 pre-industrial societies and found 52 possibilities.

There are no universal standards or the most important factors that affect the status of women, and there are no more than five factors in each group.

In order to determine the status of women, there are also differences among women, and there is no unified status. Judith Boehner pointed out that different races,

Women of different nationalities and classes have different cultures and interests (Note: Judith Berthner: Feminism and History).

Gender and history, autumn issue 1989. )。 Generally speaking, the negative indicator of women's status is patriarchy.

Under the background of concubinage, early marriage, arranged marriage, male inheritance right, female discrimination and segregation, polygamy, male first night right, widowhood and so on.

Housework, prohibition of social activities, unemployment rate, informal occupation, and different pay between men and women; Positive indicators are: women's inheritance of property.

Inheritance and domination, freedom of marriage, equality between husband and wife, women's financial assistance, employment and educational opportunities and political participation; Neutral index

There are: the right to use and manage property, the status, occupation and income of parents and husbands.

General scholars discuss women's status mainly in economic and ideological aspects. The former is like Li Keke, and take the classics as an example.

Economic autonomy is the standard of women's high status. Li believes that the difference between the rights and interests of men and women in capitalism and hunter-gatherer society is based on

Their participation in social labor is different. Dai Shan also depends on whether women participate in social and economic production and whether there is product control.

Right is an important indicator of their status, and it also mentions the value of women's labor products given by society and whether women groups are committed to it.

Seek women's social and economic interests. There are also many scholars who believe that prestige can be given a high status from the conceptual level.

Mother's high status (especially in old age) is spiritual rather than economic (Brown, Ken). indentation

Weber's class stratification method (1946), political status (power) and economic status (wealth) and social status.

(prestige), but in fact it is an important reason for status, and economic status is sometimes meaningless in political situations.

. Many high-income women have not got rid of the bondage of family and the unequal relationship.

Family and class background have an important influence on women's achievement opportunities and values. An individual's class status often depends on

Because of his parents' socio-economic status, especially his father's financial resources, his father belongs to the working class and he has received a good education.

Its positive development opportunities belong to the middle class like my father, and I have no education (Robertson 1994). parents

Women with fixed social jobs can experience the combination of marriage and career, which is helpful for creative inspiration, but not yet.

It is not conducive to children's academic growth for women to become mothers themselves or leave society as mothers. The lower classes often carry on the family line.

The concept of gender unity is profound, and different educational methods affect the female personality of their class and family.

The restriction of culture on women's occupation and education is still a realistic factor affecting women's status. Occupation is women's participation in society

Will be an important yardstick, and the big culture thinks that women should not compete, career is a man's territory, and women's success or failure lies in marriage.

Marriage. Most women don't want to be professional women (Oppenheimer 1972), but when a career is

When it comes to being suitable for men, women will automatically give up confidence and choice. Most young women give priority to traditional occupations rather than creativity.

In nature, the phenomenon that girls give way to boys' academic lead increases with age, especially for adult women (including those who have achieved academic success).

All of them automatically reduce their career ambitions in adolescence (Baird 1973). Marriage is the affirmation of men (and most women)

The key is to prevent unacceptable behavior from becoming a universal rule. The real reason why women choose to work is that marriage is a choice of career.

On the premise of choice, women's creativity only plays a role under "femininity", which has nothing to do with professional requirements and foundation.

Experience accumulation is separate. Taking marriage and employment into consideration is a modern choice for married women, and the interruption caused by childbirth is no longer a woman's.

Women's career obstacles, husband's attitude and housework constitute the conflict between their marriage and career. Wives generally do housework than husbands.

More than 3 times the time (1974 page); In the sample of choosing a job, men never worry about marriage, while 4 1% of women think.

Marriage is the main contradiction in employment (Davis 1964). Malvi's (1963) research on women's professional life shows that,

When a woman chooses a job, she chooses both: marriage first, work second, or work first, marriage second; Employment type

Mainly include: no employment after marriage, interruption of employment, re-employment after marriage, and stable occupation (single). But Enbaum (19

7 1) There are three types of research results on women: traditional (unemployed after marriage), married professional (married before employment) and single.

Occupation (unmarried employment). The research model of Zinberg (1973) stage is: the cultivation of femininity → marriage → seeking.

Industry embodies the compromise of women's career choice on traditional marriage. Even women who are employed from their posts can't ignore the tradition calmly.

Role and marriage can't relieve women's pressure.

The gender definition of occupation and education hinders women's beliefs and opportunities for employment and achievement. Constantly improve professional skills

Employees can be required to have corresponding training and education levels, but the occupational distribution reflects the teaching structure; Social control

This mechanism makes it difficult for women to be encouraged, trained or involved in creative activities; Women who graduate from colleges and universities are also limited, and the United States

The salary of female professors is 2/3 of that of male professors (Luo Qiong 1986), while that of female doctors in the Soviet Union is less than 2/3 of that of skilled workers (

Robertson1994); Most creative men live in a higher social class, while 1/3 creative women do not.

Fixed professional posts (J A Sherman 1986). Unequal treatment leads to relatively low self-evaluation of intellectual women.

And lead the society to further despise the educated, educators and education itself. The production or benefits of some industries are tangible.

However, it can be said that gender role socialization has enlarged and aggravated this difference, which has led to a biased labor use policy.

Source. The total unemployment rate of job-seeking women is 65,438+0/3 higher than that of men (ibid.), which also gives women unfairness in job performance and promotion.

Wait for the opportunity.

People's cognitive style is formed from the experience gained from the outside world. If obedience and uncontroversial become the conditions for women to be called women,

If women's worries and fears about social exclusion stem from reality, it is impossible not to change unreasonable gender values.

Expect to change the internal cognitive obstacles of women's success. Women are suppressed by contradictory standards in many social fields: occupation,

Family load requires women to be self-reliant and capable, including mental and psychological health, which is ideal for men, but "normal"

"Mature" women can't break away from the traditional model. They can't act like men under pressure.

Generally speaking, non-traditional women are more likely to succeed than traditional women, and their education level is directly related to this. career women

Among women, 27-57% are married women who have graduated from universities, and 66% have received higher education (birnbaum 197 1).

Moreover, a high degree of education is conducive to the coordination of marriage and career. Ernest Burgess and Bernard Cauteret

A large number of studies show that women's marital harmony increases with the improvement of their education and vocational training. These women

Compared with feminine women, they are more responsible and independent. They do business mainly for profit, not for economic needs.

A kind of social status and autonomy.

The renewal of women's overall self-awareness is very important to women's status. Women's long-term self-discipline makes men stronger.

Social order has never tried to ask them to change their way of life. Modern society provides women with more diverse roles than traditional society.

Opportunities, women are often still limited to their traditional identity and image, even among intellectual women in colleges and universities, there are still negative views on nature.

Standing still and being practical is not conducive to the overall improvement of women's status. Roper (1980) American poll

More than 65,438+0/3 women are opposed to efforts to change their status, and suggestions on equal rights between men and women in several states are due to women.

The woman's opposition ended in failure. When women get rid of the status of housewives, they will be accused or despised by other housewives.

69% of women with children at home denied it (Harris 197 1). It reflects that gender discrimination and prejudice have become women.

Part of self-awareness constitutes an internal obstacle to women's own change, which needs to be recognized and overcome.

No less than the pressure from men, even more restrictive than men's attitude. The real opposite of women is not men.

It is a traditional principle that is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. Women's inner expectation is socialized as "abnormal behavior", and the abnormal is the most positive.

The meaning lies in change. But only when a large number of women enter the mainstream society from the edge of society will women be rearranged.

Three. On women's rights and autonomy

Employment itself does not represent the change of women's status, it may become an additional role, which means that women bear double responsibilities.

Labor pressure. It is a structural variable only when women have the autonomy to choose a job. The standard to measure the relationship between men and women is

When there is inequality, "power" is often used interchangeably with the concept of status, which shows that it also has many sources and levels, as well as the power of both sexes.

Relationships are not fixed. Power exists not only in the public sphere, but also in the family sphere, not just formal legal power.

And informal personal power. Regarding the definition of power, michael smith thinks it is "effective"

The ability to take action on personnel "; Susan Rogers believes that it includes the influence and control of resources.

System and mastery of information, these resources include anything that can be used in politics, economy, religion or interpersonal relationships. Therefore,

In addition to the power of mothers, women often use public opinion to protest and criticize public affairs presided over by men for their own protection.

Comment and discuss. Although these measures show the strength of the weak, they show the fact that women do not just passively accept literature.

Cultural arrangements will also actively seek power, power is the main body of action, and individuals can have a negative effect on culture. 1the situation since the 1980s

Equality criticism seems to make women a passive subject rather than a hot spot, and the unequal power relationship between the two sexes has become a study of women.

Center of gravity, and realize that it is related to nationality, race, class, etc. Will change in different situations, in this woman.

Autonomy highlights its value. At the same time, the negation of functional holism also denies the decisiveness and emphasis of the symbol of the masses.

Show the diversity of personality and field, and highlight the concept of subject, self and human nature; Anthropological practice and power in the mid-1980s

This paper expounds that practice can not completely copy the cultural system and promote the birth of different social models, and the restriction of gender theory on practice

The difference of strength provides a theoretical background for the study of women's autonomy. After the mid-1980s, women's autonomy became women's studies.

More and more scholars use the concept of autonomy to supplement women's "power". I think even at the extreme of patriarchy

In a developed society, women also have the ability to act according to their own wishes and have some control over their activities. Youdi

Bernard pointed out that women have different social situations under different social systems, including oppression and discrimination, as well as initiative and resistance. therewith

Ethnography dominated by women has emerged, such as Erika Friedl's works, even in Islamic society in Iran.

Card women are also good at creating their cultural philosophy, which embodies the dynamic nature of gender culture. Women's autonomy also lies in women.

The organization and movement of women's groups are obvious. It was put forward by Maria Mais in Europe in the early 1980s, and women studied and responded.

Women's actions and movements have contributed to and explored this new field. Many studies have noticed that women will unite for politics and economy.

Resources change their status, and their formal organizations influence the redistribution of power in male-centered society through social and political participation.

; Informal organizations provide the experience of resisting men in community networks.

Here, the differences between women's power and the status and power of the state, ethnic minorities and ethnic minority women, as well as the research on women's identity, have been studied

On behalf of. Studies on women's rights and the state point out that in a society with gender inequality, political power, resource allocation, society

Values reflect the patriarchal nature of the country, and government officials and national systems, policies and propaganda are directly related to women, and

Moreover, male privilege can be independent of the state system, both of which control the female labor force and maintain the power over the state and family.

Several issues of concern were raised: social welfare and health care for women; How does the national organization formulate the national ideology for women?

Women are influential; Equal opportunities for men and women to participate in the national political system; State's attitude towards women's organizations. anthropology

The study also locates the relationship between women and the country under specific historical and cultural conditions, and holds that women are not unified.

There are differences in nationality, race, religion, class and identity. (Note: Irene Silverblatt.

: explaining women in rural areas: a national history of neo-feminism, Micara Trionado, 199 1 year, 140-

17 1 page. )

With the research of third world female anthropologists in China, a number of African-American female anthropologists have emerged.

For example, with the rise of Band-Aids, Dunham, Degas, Green and Delauer, women scholars of color began to criticize whites in 1980s.

Female scholars ignore the gender orientation under the restriction of race and class culture, and connect their research with their parents' homes and ethnic groups.

Female anthropology began to pay attention to the status and power of minority women, and reflected on western centralism with non-western culture.

Angle, constitute the various voices of female anthropology. Affected by this, feminist studies in Europe in the early 1990s mainly focused on concerns and human rights.

Combine the two to discuss minority women. Some black female scholars in Britain investigated the lives of immigrant women and put forward

A challenging issue, but it has not been made public in academic circles. Some countries, such as France, Germany and the Netherlands, have conducted a separate analysis of immigrant and refugee women, but

The study of ethnic minority women has not yet become one of the diverse voices of female anthropology (Note: Min: Women's Studies in 2000

The history, present situation and development of the United States and Western Europe, with ③, p. 198. )。 Studies on Asian minority women, Zeng

As a branch of anthropology, women's studies belonging to history and ethnology are taking shape. Feminist film and television

Works of art and their art festivals are constantly coming out.

In the late 1980s, postmodernism questioned traditional classics, paid attention to mass society and attached importance to different concepts and structures.

Anthropology reconsiders the interpretiveness of different cultures and reflects on whether, how and how big fieldwork and writing are.

To what extent has it created a non-western society? Safeguard the rights and interests of western culture through re-creation and re-expression of different cultures? Negation is based on super-domain module.

The formula covers the regional model, denies the alienation of culture and suppresses the personality of researchers, and advocates subjectivity and

Criticism of power hegemony. It has a positive impact on women's self-awareness and rights awareness. The multiplicity and difference of female identity

To study. Female anthropologists put forward: "Only by combining reflective ethnography with feminism can we be more sensitive."

Aware of the definition of anthropology, study and re-express the inherent inequality (balance) in other cultures "(Note

Judith Stacy: Will there be feminist ethephon? "Can have a hostess?

Women's Discourse: Feminist Practice of Oral History, new york, 19.

9 1 year, pages 1 15- 17115-17. )。 The discussion on the dual identity and writing style of female scholars has become

The main method of experimental new feminist ethnography is to absorb feminist works from marginal societies and communities.

This paper analyzes the relationship between the researcher's own culture and the person being studied, and advocates recognizing the partial consistency of female identity. "Know?

Recognizing that there are similarities and differences, self-identity may include multiple identities, while other identities may

Energy is a part of self to break through the imprisonment of self and others, subjective and objective. "(Note: Laila Abu:)

Can there be a feminist ethnography? Women and performance, 1990, vol. 5, No.

The new feminist ethnography should express all kinds of female voices and study all kinds of individuals and their.

Relevance rather than generalization, in order to reproduce different cultures and politics in detail, the most representative research in this field is kamala Weisway.

Swaran's fictional feminist ethnography (1994).

The study of anthropological nativity and human view points out that the traditional theoretical paradigm is not universal, but it is easy to ignore the possible existence.

Because human beings are of the same sex between different cultures and nations, there is no need to discuss the relationship between social culture and people.

Multidimensional orientation and interaction, especially in women's studies.

In the late 1980s, a great practical success of female anthropology in paying attention to women's status and power was that female anthropology entered the curriculum of traditional departments. 1985 the American anthropological society adopted the "teaching plan for female anthropology" and the new

After that, the Basic Course of Gender and Anthropology (1989) was published, which includes the basic viewpoints and methods of female anthropology, all important topics, and information on gender studies around the world. then

The American Anthropological Society Women's Anthropology Association was established, and a series of publications and materials were published, devoted to the study of women's issues.