World migration

17 13 One day in May, Emperor Kangxi, a sage of the Qing Dynasty who just celebrated his 60th birthday last month, sat in the golden palace and began to serve as a court official. He first called Ao (He, pronounced "He"), the head of farmland and grain household registration in Suining, Sichuan, to the temple and asked about the great immigrants in Sichuan.

It turned out that when Emperor Kangxi met the banquet groups of old people in various provinces last month, he had already contacted Ao's father, 87-year-old Sichuan old man Zhang Niang. Through this contact, he learned that at that time, immigrants from various provinces responded to the imperial edict and poured into Sichuan continuously to reclaim land for major events, which made "the barren land of Sichuan all reclaimed". Therefore, he decided to ask Zhang Peng 'ao about the reasons and background of these four great immigrants. Thus, a letter to the monarch and his subjects related to the research content of this topic began.

Emperor Kangxi first asked, "At the end of the Ming Dynasty, Zhang Bing went to Sichuan and was killed miserably. Do Sichuanese have secretaries to get them? " Zhang Pengyan: "No one remembers." Kangxi went on to say, "My father is eighty-seven years old this year. He was about seventeen or eighteen when Zhang Zhongxian entered Sichuan. He must have seen and heard something, so I want to ask him to explain. " This dialogue, although only a few questions and answers, has rich historical value, so it is included in the Record of the Qing Dynasty. This pet experience made the Zhang family full of brilliance, and it was also preserved in Suining's Zhang family tree.

Soon, Zhang Peng purlin obeyed orders, made a report according to his father Zhang Qian's dictation, and finally handed in an answer sheet to Emperor Kangxi. As for whether the emperor was satisfied, it is unknown. However, his father, Zhang Niang, was inspired by this trip to Beijing and the imperial edict. It's time to fill this historical gap by recording the background of this great immigration with my own personal experience. Later, he tried his best to spare no effort to write a book called "The Record of Embers". Based on his life experience, this book describes what he saw and heard in Sichuan for more than 80 years from the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, from the seventh year of Ming Dynasty (1627) to the fifty-fourth year of Kangxi (17 15). Among them, the situation of Zhang Zhaoshu, which Emperor Kangxi was particularly concerned about, was recorded in detail. .

According to the records of Ember, we can know that the Zhang family moved from Macheng, Hubei Province to Suining in the Ming Dynasty. In the past 300 years, surnames have flourished, with room 13 and a population of more than 10,000. However, after the chaos in Sichuan in the late Ming Dynasty, there were only "three generations and one house, more than a hundred servants". In the early Qing Dynasty, there was another famine, and numerous residents were killed and injured, so "Shu people were exhausted". "Ember Record" also made a truthful analysis of the reasons for the population depletion in the early Qing Dynasty: "Today, at ten o'clock, three people died from the butcher who offered thieves, two people died from the looters who shook the Yellow River (referring to the peasant army active in eastern Sichuan), two people killed each other because of chaos, two people died of hunger and one died of illness." In his view, only 30% of Sichuanese really died at Zhang's hands, and only half of Sichuan's population died at the hands of thirteen peasant armies that shook the Yellow River. The death of the remaining half of the population has nothing to do with Zhang He's thirteen families who shook the Yellow River. They died in successive wars, natural disasters, famines and diseases.

In the 18th year of Shunzhi (166 1), when the Qing Dynasty occupied Sichuan and counted the population of Sichuan, the total registered population was only 500,000-600,000. In view of the large population and small land and the urgent need for social recovery, the court had to decide to recruit people from other provinces and voluntarily settle in Sichuan. Thus, after the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, Sichuan once again set off the climax of the immigration movement, which is the origin of the "Huguang filling Sichuan" immigration movement.

"Huguang" is the name of provincial administrative division, which originated in Yuan Dynasty and was fixed in Ming Dynasty. The Qing Dynasty established the old system of Yuan and Ming Dynasties, and Huguang set up a province, which governs Hunan and Hubei provinces today. Wei Yuan, a scholar, thinker, historian and writer in Qing Dynasty, was the official writer of the word "Huguang fills Sichuan" (1794 ~ 1857). He wrote in the article "On Huguang Water Conservancy": "In the next season, Zhang thieves slaughtered Shu, followed by Chu, and Jiangxi suffered less. After the matter is settled, everyone in Jiangxi is Chu, and Chu people are Shu. So there was a rumor that' Jiangxi fills Huguang and Huguang fills Sichuan'. " "Huguang Filling Sichuan" was originally a popular folk song in Ming Dynasty, which vividly recorded the social phenomenon that Huguang people moved to Sichuan in large numbers since the early Ming Dynasty. Wei Yuan used it to describe the trend that a large number of immigrants from other provinces moved to Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty, which was recognized by the society at that time. He probably never dreamed that this ballad he wrote would set off a modest upsurge of studying Sichuan immigrants in the early Qing Dynasty in the academic circles of Sichuan, Chongqing and even the whole country in the future.

Since Zhang Wei wrote The Record of the Embers, some cultural figures in Sichuan have seized the opportunity to write and publish a series of books, such as Shu Bi, Lu Shujing, Shu Gui Jian, Shu Broken Mirror, and Huang Shu, which filled the gap of Sichuan people's original "remembering everything". Although these books were not written directly for the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan", they also explained the reasons for this large-scale migration movement from the historical background. However, due to the limitations of the times and class prejudice, most people blame Zhang, the leader of the peasant army, and all think that this is caused by "Zhang's suppression of four evils."

After liberation, historians in the new period wrote many works in tit-for-tat manner, and made many useful explorations to promote the research on this subject. From the end of 1970s to the beginning of 1980s, the professor of Sichuan University took the lead in writing an academic monograph, Textual Research on Zhang Killing Shu —— An Analysis of "Huguang Filling Sichuan", which was of pioneering value. The editorial department of Social Science Research of Sichuan Academy of Social Sciences hosted an academic seminar on "Zhang in Sichuan" and set up a column to promote the discussion of this issue, which had a positive impact on the start of the research work of "Huguang filling Sichuan". Later, from the 1980s to the early 20th century, four scholars published many monographs on local history, many of which were related to this period of history. For example, Sun's book "Immigrants in the Early Qing Dynasty" starts from the topic selection and? 【 collated the relevant information. In addition, there are Zhang Chuan, Collection of Financial Historical Materials of Sichuan in Qing Dynasty, Sichuan Population History, China Population Sichuan Volume, Sichuan Ancient History Draft, Sichuan History in Qing Dynasty, Sichuan General History, Sichuan Historical Agricultural Geography, Sichuan Dialect and Bashu Culture, Sichuan Dialect and Folk Custom, and Sichuan Hakka. According to incomplete statistics, there are dozens of academic papers about "Huguang filling Sichuan" published in domestic newspapers and periodicals during this period.

Looking at these achievements, from the research content, it generally involves the following aspects:

(1) Based on the social background in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties, this paper analyzes the reasons for the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan", and points out that the consequence of "Zhangchao Sichuan" is only one factor, not the whole and only reason, which led to the great migration in the early Qing dynasty. (2) The nature, characteristics, process, stages and evolution of the Qing government's immigration policy are preliminarily discussed, and it is pointed out that the immigration policy in the early Qing dynasty is not static, and the immigration wave is ups and downs under the control of the government's immigration policy. (3) The development of population, cultivated land, grain and urban and rural economy in Sichuan under the policy of immigration reclamation was deeply discussed, and the important role of immigration movement in promoting Sichuan's economic recovery and reconstruction was affirmed.

(4) The functions and functions of social organizations in immigrant society, especially immigrant guild halls, are preliminarily discussed.

(5) Various cultural phenomena, such as folk literature, folk culture, local documents, residential buildings, etc. Under the influence of the immigration movement, "Huguang filling Sichuan" was also collected and sorted out.

In a word, the achievements made by Sichuan academic circles in this research field since liberation are obvious to all. His contribution is mainly focused on one point, that is, the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" has been upgraded from a folk song and a legend passed down from mouth to mouth to a serious academic research topic, making it an indispensable chapter in Chinese immigration history and Qing history. Although some people still doubt whether the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" ever existed objectively and truly, there are still many unsolved mysteries, but as an important historical and academic research object in Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty, no one can change it.

At the same time, we should admit realistically that although there are many previous research results on this issue in the past, on the whole, insufficient weight, low quality and insufficient excavation depth are the shortcomings of * * *. A few years ago, Cao, a professor at Fudan University, made a pertinent evaluation of the research status and existing problems of "Huguang filling Sichuan" in China at that time in the sixth volume of "History of Chinese Immigrants". He pointed out: "The status of" Huguang filling Sichuan "in the history of immigrants in the early Qing Dynasty is quite important. Its significance lies in rebuilding the population of Sichuan, a big province, which constitutes the largest regional migration in the early Qing Dynasty. This refers not only to the large number of immigrants, but also to the wide source of immigrants. Unfortunately, the historical data about this large-scale immigration has not made great progress for a long time, so the previous papers are only limited to a simple description of this immigration movement ... There are very few materials about the immigration history of Sichuan in the Qing Dynasty, and it is impossible to make a deeper analysis of the immigration history of various regions ... "

Of course, we can't generalize. During this period, especially in the 1990s, several influential academic works were produced in domestic academic circles, which began to touch on the fundamental issue of regional migration from different aspects. Among them, Zhang Guoxiong's Immigrants in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, Wendy's Social Studies in the Upper Reaches of the Yangtze River, Liu Zhenggang's Hakka People in Fujian and Guangdong in Sichuan, and Lan Yong's Study on the Geographical Characteristics of Sichuan Aboriginal People and Immigrants in Qing Dynasty, etc. Cao commented that these academic works have changed the research methods of "giving examples" in the past. "Some vague concepts, such as' many',' large quantity' and' extensive', are no longer used to describe the scale of Sichuan immigrants in general, but to try to solve the scale of immigrant population and the number of ethnic groups."

Under the above academic background, this book further studies "Huguang filling Sichuan" as a large-scale immigration movement, and systematically expresses it in the form of a monograph through "interpretation". What is the difference between this book and the above works or works with similar themes? What can this book contribute to readers and academic experience? I think there should be the following points:

(1) It is the primary feature of this book to study "Huguang filling Sichuan" as an independent migration movement.

Although previous academic works have recognized the important position and role of the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" in China's immigration history, its importance is beyond doubt. However, on this issue, most of them just regard the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" as a general historical event, and do not attribute it to an independent migration movement. Therefore, the discussion is too general and scattered, lacking detailed and accurate analysis. The situation can be roughly divided into three categories: first, in some academic works, the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" is only treated as a history of Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty, and its content is nothing more than a fleeting scan of the general historical process such as background, motivation, process and consequences. Secondly, in some academic works with special topics, taking only one of them as an example, it may have made some achievements in population, cultivated land, economic development, immigration policy, social impact, etc., but it ignores the development process of this immigration movement and its joint relationship with the content. Thirdly, many descendants of immigrants (including Hakka descendants) describe the history or migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" with narrative works, often relying on temporary memories, legends, intuition and inspiration, they have little information, make empty comments, and lack in-depth and detailed comparison and textual research, which is inevitably superficial and biased. As Mr. Luo Xianglin, a master of Hakka studies, commented in the book Introduction to Hakka Studies: "Hakka people often put forward empty arguments with temporary memories or intuition, but they can't learn from books and various related materials, and can't compare them with scientific methods and objective attitudes, so they can't deeply understand the actual situation and ways of Hakka moving south; People who are particularly strange often make contradictory statements. "

The remarkable difference between this book and previous academic works is that the book "Huguang Filling Four Places" is studied as a complete migration process, thus establishing an observation framework of "one village, one residence and one business", and going deep into the hometown of immigrants for the first time to understand the living environment of immigrants in their hometown and its relationship with migration. And the preparation (including psychological preparation, careful preparation, ideological preparation, road sign preparation, accommodation preparation), packaging, auspicious choice, migration mode, migration route, encounter on the road, etc. It completely reproduces the vivid scene of immigrants from other provinces "filling Sichuan" in the early Qing Dynasty.

(2) From the perspective of social life history, it is the second remarkable feature of this book to take care of and discuss the lower classes and civilian subjects in the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" from microscopic details.

In the early Qing Dynasty, "Huguang filling Sichuan" was essentially a typical economic migration movement. Unlike those people who lived in Sichuan in history because of fleeing famine, exile, official travel, guarding the border and doing business, most of the people involved in this immigration wave are ordinary people. The history of immigration with ordinary people as the main body should be a stage to show the lifestyle of the lower class. The life of the lower class is rich and colorful, covering almost all aspects of society, involving politics, economy, culture, population, society, ecology, family, clan and so on in Sichuan. All social life events related to the lower classes are related to this movement. In the past, many academic works, with the title of "Huguang filling Sichuan", often focused on observing problems from the perspective of political history, and most of the research fields were confined to a narrow scope, focusing on the activities of feudal dynasties and elites. As for the activities of ordinary people behind the evolution of these policies and the changes that have taken place in the lower classes, it is often difficult to enter the research field of vision.

The basic contents of all kinds of writings on immigration history are mostly the general situation of immigration history and the comprehensive research based on it. On the other hand, the research on the historical overview of immigration focuses on outlining the basic outline of immigration activities, that is, summarizing the "historical background at that time, the general situation of the place of departure and immigration, the reasons, methods, routes and quantities of immigration and their influence on the place of departure and immigration" of each immigration activity. Relatively speaking, micro-research has been neglected to varying degrees.

Mr. Liang Qichao is defining "Who is a historian?" Someone once pointed out: "All historical relics are stagnant traces of human activities in the past, and historians can only turn stagnant traces into activation-because as a result, their modality can be deduced and the status quo of the past era can be reproduced today." In his view, only "real history" that is good at "describing style" and "describing state" can be called "historical truth" Otherwise, no matter how good the chronicle is, it will only be "flesh and blood, bone marrow." By this standard, a "true history" that can stand the test of history should be flesh and blood, bone and marrow. To produce such a "true history", we must combine macro and micro research.

On the premise of studying "Huguang filling Sichuan" as a complete migration movement, this book focuses on the living conditions of immigrants themselves and the specific modal problems of immigrants in the process of cross-regional migration, and expresses them with some vivid and tiny details, specifically answering the question that people are generally concerned about: how do the broad masses of lower classes "fill" Sichuan? How do immigrants live in the process of filling Sichuan? What difficulties have you encountered? What hardships have you experienced? Wait a minute. Because there are no ready-made historical details in official history books, and folk historical materials are scattered in various local documents, it is hard to imagine that those valuable historical details that can show the vivid state of immigrant society can enter the researchers' field of vision without deepening the value orientation of Chinese immigrant history research from the way of life and going deep into the grassroots and people's lives. This book tries to make some attempts and explorations in this respect.

(3) The third feature of this book is to use a large number of documents and materials, combined with field investigation, to explain and interpret the migration process and major issues involved in the migration movement, instead of adopting the traditional panoramic narrative method in the past, but adopting the "explanatory" historical expression method.

As the largest regional migration movement in the early Qing Dynasty, "Huguang filling Sichuan" involves a large number of population, population structure, population spatial distribution, ecological and natural environment, social structure and social outlook. It is difficult to explain such complicated social and historical development phenomena and trends clearly only by relying on the panoramic narrative mode of traditional historiography. Because there are essential differences between traditional historiography characterized by "narration" and new historiography characterized by "explanation". In the 20th century, there was a so-called "Copernican Revolution" in western historiography, which was marked by the emergence of new historiography represented by the French Annales School, replacing the traditional historiography. As a result, "narrative" historiography was replaced by "explanatory" historiography.

The so-called "interpretation" historiography is an interdisciplinary historiography based on analysis. The biggest difference between this new historiography and traditional historiography is that it pays attention to the cognitive function of researchers, and requires researchers to absorb theoretical models and research techniques from social science research methods, such as using analytical methods, models and concepts of sociology, social anthropology, demography and econometrics, so as to enrich themselves and build history. To do this, we must learn from the advantages of anthropological deconstruction of life and field investigation methods, give full play to the cognitive function of researchers themselves, and conduct on-the-spot investigation and perception of research objects. Only by combining the research methods of history and anthropology, so that historical research has an anthropological perspective and anthropological research pays attention to historical depth, can we understand this immigration movement from a new perspective and establish a research model different from the past. In this respect, Emmanuel Le Roy Durari, a French almanac master who is famous for studying the material life and spiritual world of the lower classes, has set an example for us. In many of his speeches and works, he opened up "a new field in which historical materials in the past were ignored or fully utilized, which is helpful to understand the life experiences of ordinary people and their attitudes and feelings".

The migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" is a life history of civilians who have disappeared but still live among the people. It once created a colorful immigrant society. Although this society has already melted away, it can be seen everywhere in the real life of Sichuan. For such a lost history, it is difficult to restore it only by relying on the "discourse expression" way of traditional history. This is because traditional historiography is used to writing history for the past by "closing coffins". This expression of "the national discourse and power to preside over the funeral" is inevitably difficult to show the distinctive characteristics and essence of the immigration movement in the face of the immigration movement with civilians as the main body. The responsibility of historians lies in "reviving history". The so-called "let history live", as a scholar pointed out, is to "let the daily life of the civilian world, the continuous process context and the thoughts of the parties live; Let eulogy and power discourse become a peaceful historical dialogue. "

Learning and drawing lessons from these new historical theories and methods, this book has made such explorations in research ideas and expression methods:

(1) According to the development clue of the migration history, the history of "Huguang filling Sichuan" is first decomposed into several stages, and each stage is divided into several segments, and then they are put forward for discussion and necessary exploration, explanation and explanation. The so-called interpretation mainly refers to the necessary identification and textual research of relevant historical materials provided by local documents such as local chronicles, genealogy and folk word of mouth, and then puts them in the specific development stage of the immigration movement for observation, and gives a reasonable explanation in combination with certain natural, historical and social background. In the past, there were not many historical materials about the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" in local literature. However, due to the fragmentation, many works of later generations only talk about facts and fail to grasp the whole. They seldom put these historical materials in a certain historical background and give a reasonable explanation in combination with the local natural, historical and social environment at that time. So it is difficult to make them an understandable and recognizable historical memory.

To this end, this book focuses on two levels of interpretation: first, from the individual to the general. That is, try to analyze and dissect the relevant case data in a certain historical background, so as to make it an indispensable link in the historical chain, rather than isolated events and individual phenomena. The second is from general to individual. That is, according to the development course of the migration movement, some vivid cases are used to supplement and confirm the possible trends at a certain stage, so as to make the historical process more colorful and flesh-and-blood.

(2) Pay attention to the study of "Huguang filling Sichuan" from the family perspective. Generally speaking, in the traditional society of China, the family is the cell of society, and the family organization is the foundation of society. In the thousands of years of historical changes, the family is linked by blood relationship, and through the combination with geographical relationship and interest relationship, it has evolved various forms of regeneration and penetrated into all aspects of social life. The development and evolution of the family has had a far-reaching impact on the economic, cultural and social changes of the traditional society in China. It is an important content of anthropology, sociology and history to study the internal structure, social function, development model and evolution trend of family organization and explore the relationship between family development and social change. From the family point of view, the movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" can penetrate into all aspects of China's social life, which is helpful to change the previous research tendency of attaching importance to the upper level and neglecting the lower level, thus triggering further research.

The immigrant society in Sichuan in Qing Dynasty was established on the basis of immigrant families. Although the Qing government left a wealth of demographic data, there were some differences in quality and statistical caliber. For these population figures, researchers have different understandings, so there are great differences in the statistics of migrant population in Sichuan at present. If we can dig out more and more useful population data samples from more clans and families on a large scale, I believe that scholars' guesses about Sichuan's population data in the Qing Dynasty can also be more truly tested and corrected, so that the existing guesses can be based on a more scientific basis.

As tens of thousands of families moved to Sichuan from other provinces in the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan", it is impossible and unnecessary for us to know the migration situation and process of all families. It is necessary and feasible to choose a suitable object as a typical representative. In view of this, this book selects an ordinary immigrant family-Chen Shian brothers who moved from Fujian to Sichuan as the object of case study.

(3) According to the development track of general immigrant families and immigrant society, this book divides the interpretation framework of the history of "Huguang filling Sichuan" into three stages, and interprets it as the writing structure of three chapters of this book:

The first chapter, hometown, mainly discusses the living environment and living conditions of immigrants in Fujian's hometown with the family object of case study as the clue; The second chapter, migration, mainly traces and restores the historical process of immigrants from other provinces moving into Sichuan; The third chapter, entrepreneurship, mainly tells the environment, encounter and struggle experience after emigrating to Sichuan.

In order to deeply analyze the profound social and historical background of a large number of immigrants from other provinces moving to Sichuan during the process of "Huguang filling Sichuan", in the first chapter, the author goes deep into the family life hometown of the case study object-western Fujian, and further reveals the mystery of why western Fujian became the export place of people who moved to Sichuan in the early Qing Dynasty by digging, exploring and restoring the living conditions of the immigrant ancestors before moving to Sichuan. In view of the scattered historical data of Sichuan immigrants, it is difficult to restore and reproduce them. In each chapter of this book, aiming at the research object and specific problems, the author pieced together a wonderful fragment-"historical fragment" from the examples of many immigrant families moving to Sichuan, which provided a touching blueprint for reappearing the legendary experience and moving scenes in the migration movement of "Huguang filling Sichuan" in history. The protagonist who moved to Sichuan was originally Chen and his brother. Because Chen had no children and no daughters, he died shortly after arriving in Sichuan. This immigrant family is called a brother or family in this book. As for the family population reproduction, clan reconstruction and regional social integration under the historical conditions of the settlement society after the immigrants moved to Sichuan, and the evolution trend of the immigrant society's integration into the settlement society and gradual localization (localization). , which should have been the object of the special study of Huguang Filling Sichuan, should undoubtedly be included in the discussion scope of this book. However, due to the lack of current research, further research is needed. Therefore, this book only puts forward questions at the end to clarify my thinking of observing this problem. The specific content of the book has to be left to the national social science fund project "Huguang Filling Sichuan" and "Study on Ecological Environment and Social Change in Western China" (No.:04xzs004) which I am currently presiding over.

Finally, the problem of narrative mode. Because the research object of this book is the family migration that people are interested in, it has a wide readership, which determines that the writing of this book should be as popular as possible and close to the public. On the other hand, because the issues investigated in this book involve the knowledge of many disciplines, it is inevitable to sort out and quote relevant historical materials, which has to increase the reading difficulty of the public. In addition, this "historical anthropological investigation" itself is a serious academic research, and its writing must pay attention to certain academic norms. Therefore, it is necessary to make necessary comments with reference to the source of dedication. All these determine that this book is necessarily different from another book I published a few years ago-Sichuanese in the World.

From 65438 to 0999, in the book Sichuanese in the World, I dissected and discussed Sichuanese from ancient times to the present, centering on their thoughts and behaviors, by selecting their personalities, external manifestations, inner world, ways of doing things, ways of being human, pursuit of values, spiritual tolerance and philosophy of life. Unexpectedly, this book printed 20,000 copies, and two weeks after its official release, it was found that there were countless pirated copies. An ordinary historical work has attracted the attention of many readers inside and outside the province, and it has been on the bestseller list of provincial and municipal bookstores for several weeks in a row, and even became a modest news hot spot at that time.

"Sichuanese in the World" not only aroused strong social repercussions, but also caused deep reflection in my heart. Didn't there used to be a saying that historical research is too far away from reality and of little use, so it is not popular with the public? But from the publication of Sichuanese in the world, I deeply feel that readers are still very interested in history. They don't need historical research. The key lies in whether historians can produce works that readers pay attention to and like in content and form.

Yang Kuisong, a professor of history in Peking University, has made many incisive comments on this. He profoundly pointed out that it is precisely because human beings pay attention to history that they usually pay attention to the present people and reality. Therefore, "historical research is useful and useless, useful and useless." The extent to which the themes of natural and historical studies have played a role in people and reality, and whether the forms of expression of achievements can be easily accepted by people and reality are closely related. He also summed up the experience of combining academic research content with vivid expression from the book Fifteen Years of Wanli written by Chinese-American historian Huang Renyu, and pointed out that there are two main reasons why Huang Renyu's book has a large number of readers in Chinese mainland and Taiwan Province Province: "First, his research has a distinct sense of the times and shows considerable realistic concern, which can arouse the * * * of many readers and will have certain enlightenment after reading; Second, the expression of his works is more popular and straightforward, which is easy to be accepted by knowledgeable ordinary readers. "

If we say that a few years ago, I found a little feeling of dialogue with history unconsciously, and I put humanistic care into reality, then Sichuan people in the world have become a thing of the past as an experience today, and I should further adhere to this direction and not regress from the existing starting point. Although this book is different from the former in many aspects, as an author, we must strive to solve the problem of combining personal interests with historical responsibilities, and combining academic research content with vivid forms of expression, which is * * *. Only by doing these two "combinations" can we give full play to the social function of history, make our research results tell history in a thoughtful and original way, sum up experience, enlighten the public and provide reference for the present and the future.

To this end, the writing of this book attempts to give consideration to both knowledge and popularity at the point of combining academic and mass reader needs. The specific methods are as follows: under the premise of basically maintaining academic style and academic norms, writing should try to take care of the needs of ordinary readers, but in the statement and analysis of the text, we should not make exaggerated literary descriptions to ensure basic loyalty to history; Only in the introduction of articles and chapters, put it down appropriately and add some associations and metaphors to strengthen the cohesion between chapters and enliven the reading atmosphere. Whether it can be enjoyed by both refined and popular tastes remains to be further tested. Please correct me.