What is exile? Why is there a huge number of immigrants in Qing Dynasty?

Today, the school easy search brings you why the number of immigrants in the Qing Dynasty is huge. I hope I can help you.

What is a hooligan? A person refers to a prisoner who refuses to accept a court ruling or violates the law. In order to maintain their ruling position and interests, the rulers imposed exile and other penalties on such people. Ningguta people are a special social group in a specific period of Qing Dynasty.

It is the tool of the ruling class's dictatorship over the ruled class and the concentrated expression of the ruling class's will, and the Qing Dynasty is no exception. The legal system of the Qing Dynasty not only inherited the traditional legal system of China, but also developed further, forming a relatively complete legal system in the ancient history of China. In the first year of Shunzhi, the Qing Law was revised on the basis of the Ming Law. After repeated revisions, the content is more substantial. In five years, Qianlong compiled a relatively complete Statute of the Qing Dynasty. In addition, the Qing dynasty also formulated the Qing dynasty code according to the Ming dynasty code. After many revisions, there are four kinds of * * *, among which the Qing Code Case revised by Guangxu is the most complete administrative code in China feudal society.

The criminal law of the Qing dynasty still followed the five means of the Ming dynasty, namely, sticks, imprisonment, exile and death penalty, which was an appropriate punishment; Used to assist appropriate punishment and related to exile are migration, exile, dispatch and exile. Of these four criminal laws, dispatching is the heaviest, banishment is the second, and migration and exile are the lightest. The garrisons in the Qing Dynasty were mainly concentrated in the northeast, northwest and north, followed by the tobacco-growing areas in the southwest. Among them, most of them are exiles in Northeast China. According to Li, an expert on refugees, in his History of Refugees in Northeast China, there were as many refugees in Northeast China as1.4000 in Qing Dynasty. In the northeast, Ningguta has the largest number of prisoners, the largest number of celebrities, the longest duration and the most famous. In the eighteenth year of Shunzhi, Zhang Jian, who was demoted to Ninggu Pagoda, said in the collection of rare things that the immigrants in Ninggu Pagoda were "immigrants from Wu, Yue, Min, Guang, Qi, Chu, Liang, Qin, Yan and Zhao". He wrote in the Unique Region where Ningguta was exiled in the 16th year of Shunzhi that "China people have no provinces and no people, but there are thirteen provinces with their own customs", which proves that Ningguta has a large population and the customs of China provinces are different.

So, why is there such a huge number of immigrants? There are many reasons why northeast immigrants settled in Qing Dynasty. To sum up, there are mainly the following aspects:

1. Anti-Qing struggle. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty took over the Central Plains, bringing the Manchu lifestyle and cultural thoughts into the lives and thoughts of the Han people and forcibly ruling them. This behavior aroused the sense of national crisis of some Han landlords and set off a wave of "anti-Qing and regaining sight". After these struggles were suppressed by the Qing government, anti-Qing leaders and their relatives were either killed or exiled. For example, Yueyang and Qi Bansun involved in the Tonghai case; In the fourteenth year of Shunzhi, Zheng Zhilong, the duke of southern Wuping, was sent to Ningguta for insisting on resisting Qing Dynasty, and was found guilty.

2. The internal struggle of the ruling class. The ruling class in the Qing Dynasty was full of serious factional struggles. If one side loses in this struggle, it will inevitably be retaliated by the other side, and many of these people will be sent to the northeast. For example, in the twelfth year of Shunzhi, Peng Changgeng, the adjutant of the official department, and Xu Er 'an, the first viscount, were banished to Ningguta for help. Zhang Jinyan was involved in the North-South dispute; Chen Menglei, a scholar trapped in the "San Francisco Rebellion". Most of these exiles are victims of factional struggles.

3. Review of court cases. As another political means for the Qing rulers to suppress the Han landlord class, the Qing dynasty's handling of court cases is really outrageous. Some people did take bribes, but others were exiled because they were framed. This method, such as the famous poets Wu Zhaoqian and Fang Gonggan, is typical. Among the numerous examination cases in Qing Dynasty, Ding Youshu's senior high school entrance examination case is the most prominent.

4. Literature prison. From Shunzhi, Kangxi to Yongzheng and even Qianlong, in order to suppress the anti-Qing struggle in the whole country, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty implemented literary inquisition to crack down on the resistance and dissatisfaction of scholars at that time, suppress and eliminate dissidents and consolidate their dominant position. Scholars who reveal such ideas or taboos in poems and essays are condemned for this. There are many officials involved and the impact is huge. The famous case of "Nan Shan Bao Dian" was sent to Fangcheng Fang Jia in the northeast, and all the people involved. The prisoners exiled by the literary inquisition not only suffered severe punishment, but also hurt their children and grandchildren, even reaching the fifth generation.

5. Official dereliction of duty. According to the legal system of the Qing dynasty, officials of the Qing dynasty will be severely punished if they accept bribes, neglect their duties, fail to fight effectively, delay fighter planes and defect to the enemy. According to feudal punishment, some of them and their families will be exiled.

The reasons why the Qing Dynasty sent troops to garrison can be roughly summarized as the above points. It is not difficult to find that there are many officials, literati, ordinary people and their relatives' children among the exiles stationed in Ningguta, which involve different social classes. However, it can be found that all this was based on the punishment and suppression of rebels and sinners in order to consolidate the ruling position and safeguard the ruling interests in the Qing Dynasty.

It is worth mentioning that among many refugees, Chen Jiayou was the first to be exiled to Ningguta, Fujian. His name was Dumb. In the winter of the eleventh year of Shunzhi, Chen Jiayou, a bureaucrat, was sentenced to exile in Ningguta for mediating others. After going through all kinds of hardships, in the second year, I came to Ningguta outside the Great Wall in Northeast China with my family. In the 28th year of Qing Emperor Kangxi, he once said to Vencent Yang, "I lived in Ningguta in the 12th year of Shunzhi, and there are no Han people here." This is enough to prove that Chen Jiayou was the first Han Chinese exiled to Ningguta. Since then, the Qing Dynasty has opened the road of prisoners' exile in Ningguta.

The last exile in the Qing Dynasty to Ningguta was Aisingiorro Zailan, the son of Yi Yin, the fifth son of Daoguang, the imperial clan of the Qing Dynasty. According to the Records of Ning 'an County in the Republic of China, in the 26th year of Guangxu, Xinjiang was demoted for discussing the Boxer Rebellion. In the first year of the Republic of China, most of the exiles in Ningguta were scribes, especially the prisoners in the literary prison. They have profound attainments in literature and art. They are not overwhelmed by their tragic fate, but actively create literature or history, leaving us a lot of works, using their cultural knowledge to ignite the torch of spreading the civilization of the Central Plains in Ningguta area, and providing precious historical documents for our future research. For example, Fang Gonggan's Jue Yu Lue and He burrow's Collection and Outland, Qiu Ji and Tian Dong's Notes, Gu Ning Tower Landscape, Gu Ning Tower Lue and Qi Bansun 0755-7900.

At the same time, the influx of a large number of migrants has greatly promoted the production development, population increase and economic development in Northeast China.