Arthur conan doyle's life background.

In the process of industrialization, the industrial bourgeoisie and the working class have gradually evolved into opposing classes from the past interest association. In the industrial revolution, the machinery industry gradually replaced the handicraft production, but the workers became the accessories of the machine from the main body of production. In order to maximize profits, capitalists always try their best to increase working hours, improve labor intensity and reduce wages, and even hire women and children and give them lower wages. Capitalists, on the other hand, can't give workers the necessary labor safety guarantee, and the working environment is bad, and industrial accidents continue, which seriously endangers workers' health and personal safety. "184 1 year, the report of the Royal Commission appointed to investigate the coal industry shocked the whole UK. The report reveals all kinds of barbaric scenes in coal mines: women and children are employed, the working hours are cruel, there are no safety facilities, and the sanitary conditions and moral conditions are generally poor, which is disgusting. The discussion about this report and similar situations revealed by other industries are almost immediately reflected in English literature. From the perspective of morality and aesthetics, they constantly set off a wave of criticizing industrialism. " [5] These negative effects brought by the industrial revolution and laissez-faire will inevitably intensify the contradiction between labor and capital, thus affecting social stability and economic development. In this regard, the government should have intervened through labor legislation. However, in Britain in the early industrial age, laissez-faire prevailed. It was believed that the contractual relationship between employers and employees was signed by both parties voluntarily, and the law should not interfere. If there were problems in the performance of the contract, they should also bear the responsibility. Therefore, in Britain at that time, despite many problems, the government's labor legislation was slow, which caused great dissatisfaction among the working class.

The intensification of market competition has also caused a large number of poor people, and inequality and poverty have emerged in society. By the end of19th century, nearly one million people in Britain were unemployed, and the government was in urgent need of relief. In the heyday of the development of liberal capitalism, the bourgeoisie despised human rights, did not treat the unemployed workers and the poor as human beings, and thought that poverty was caused by "personal laziness" and therefore should be "personally responsible" [6]. Under the guidance of this idea, 1834, under the impetus of the industrial bourgeoisie, the government enacted the poverty relief law. This law stipulates that all localities should establish workhouses, and those who need social assistance must enter the workhouses because they have no source of livelihood. However, the rescued people were forced to do heavy manual labor in the workhouse, and the living conditions inside were extremely bad. "If people who receive relief live as well as those who are self-reliant, then this relief system will fundamentally make everyone lose the spirit of hard work and self-motivation. If this system is really implemented, then as a supplement, an organized forced labor system is needed to force those who have no self-reliance to work like cattle and horses. " [7] It can be seen that this poverty relief law actually turns "helping the poor" into a means of "punishing the poor" [8], and its ultimate goal is to get rid of the tax burden of helping the poor and provide an adequate source of labor for capitalist production. The unemployment and poverty of a large number of workers have caused great pressure on the government and the bourgeoisie. This fact forces the government to begin to realize that poverty is caused by social reasons, and the government should assume the responsibility of alleviating poverty.

The development of free capitalism has led to disorderly and vicious competition in the economic field, high concentration and monopoly of production and capital, which are not conducive to economic development. This was normal for people who pursued the philosophy of economic liberalism at that time. They believe that individual free competition and laissez-faire are conducive to economic development and social progress; All economic affairs are self-managed and regulated by market subjects; The government with the least management is the best government, and it advocates that the government should act as a "night watchman". However, laissez-faire has not adapted to the needs of economic and social development in the new period, which has hindered the development of capitalism in general and is not conducive to the realization of the government's macro goals. The serious political, economic and social problems in industrial society force the government to change its ruling strategy, constantly strengthen centralization, implement a positive state intervention policy in political, economic and social affairs, and carry out political and social changes, otherwise it will endanger social stability and state rule. As the German comparative jurist Zweigert pointed out, "Britain's international position in the19th century was stronger than ever because of Napoleon's defeat, but the country was caught in a period of serious social and political crisis. Industry and commerce have become the center of economic activities, and more and more workers have moved to cities. However, the two houses of parliament are still dominated by ultra-conservative hereditary nobles, bishops and land nobles. At this time, because the European continent, exhausted by the Napoleonic War, could provide very limited export markets for British industry, the number of unemployed people in Britain surged and wages fell. On the other hand, landowners implement the tariff system of grain to curb the cheap import of grain, which further deepens the people's suffering. Hunger and strikes have made the progressive forces in Britain begin to realize that political and social reforms are necessary to avoid revolution. " [9] The political, social and judicial reforms in Britain in the whole19th century were carried out under such a historical background.

City:

The slums of London are dirty and crowded.

Birmingham-an important industrial town in Britain

Leeds

Manchester

Sheffield

/kloc-in the second half of the 0/8th century, Britain's long-term technological innovation took a leap forward, setting off an industrial revolution, and qualitative changes began to take place from production technology to production mode. With the great progress of production mode and production capacity, the population has grown at an unprecedented scale. British population 180 1 year 1 5.74 million,1year 24 15000, 185 1 year 27.39 million. From 180 1 year to 185 1 year, the annual population growth rate in China is 14.0% and18.1year respectively. In the same period, the growth rate of cities/towns reached 23.7%, 29. 1%, 28.0%, 25.0% and 25.9% respectively. The growth rate of urban population is much higher than the national average. With the process of industrialization and urbanization, a large number of people are concentrated in towns/cities, which undoubtedly brings great pressure to the housing in towns/cities. Some cities in northwest England are developing very fast. From 1820 to 1830, the population growth rate of Leeds, Manchester, Sheffield and Birmingham reached over 40%. Immigration has also added new pressure. The famine in Ireland 1848 alone sent 10,000 poor people to London. The rapid increase of urban population has led to a sharp rise in urban land prices, and the urban population has begun to migrate to the suburbs. Subsequently, the suburbs were reorganized according to the existing class structure: the upper-middle class moved to the west. On the other hand, the working class is concentrated in the East District and lives in a crowded and harsh environment. In this way, in the city, the residential pattern formed since the Middle Ages was gradually broken, and many new rich areas and large and small poor areas were formed.

It should be obvious that19th century British cities have workers' residential areas or slums. One of the so-called slums, commonly known as slums, was called "rookeries" by people at that time in the middle of19th century. Such slums are manifested in different modes in almost every city, whether it is an old capital like London or a new industrial city like Manchester. St Gilles, Mount Sefton, ratcliffe Expressway, Jacob Island, Beric Street, Pai Street, Westminster and Gibraltar in London; Oxford Road, Little Ireland and Parliament Street in Manchester; Shoes and socks factory in Leeds; The ruins behind Nottingham long street; In Dylan (1Xldlam), Neues, tle, Gateshead and Bernardo, almost every city has various slum areas.