Russia's eastward invasion in the Russian Far East

From the beginning of17th century, Russia continued to expand eastward and occupied the Yenisei River area in the 1920s. Russia's eastward advance is mainly based on the huge flow of Siberia, along the criss-crossing rivers and streams, from one stream to another. Between two similar waters and rivers, Russians call them "land and water roads". In winter, you can walk on ice. "Land-water connection" can shorten many distances. By the early 1930s, the Russians had occupied the middle, lower and upper reaches of the Yenisei River.

In the process of Cossack's colonization, news about the Lena River has been heard all the time. And obtained some route information to the Lena River. After the Russian government occupied the two major water systems in Siberia, it also wanted to occupy the Lena River, the third largest water system. So they sent troops from Mangaxia in the north and Yenisesk in the south, and occupied the Lena River at the same time. Cossack troops came to the Lena River basin mainly through the north road of the Lower Tunguska River, the south road of the Upper Tunguska River and the ancient roads often used by the Ewenki people. They plundered the property on both sides of the river and established strongholds. Central Villier, Lower Villier and Upper Villier were successively established. 1638, the Russian government ordered the establishment of the Yakutsk military governor's office, forcibly incorporating large envelopes in the Lena River area into the Russian territory. Yakutsk was originally built on the right bank of the Lena River. 1643, Governor Golovin ordered the city to be moved to the left bank of the river. Since then, Yakutsk has become the command center of Russia's further expedition to Northeast Asia.

The geographical conditions in Northeast Asia are complicated. Besides mountains and rivers, it is also close to the Arctic Ocean and the Sea of Okhotsk. From 65438 to the end of 1930s, Russian Cossacks began an expedition to Northeast Asia. They mainly enter the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena River by sea, use the Lena River and its tributaries or reach all parts of Northeast Asia by land, or reach the Sea of Okhotsk by several different routes. Russian colonialism established many castles and winter camps in this area in the process of advancing eastward. For example, 1638 established Vilho Jansk on the Yana River, and 1642 established Nijansk; Peter Vilske and others set up a stronghold on the Indigilka River. 1645, Mikhail Stadukhin and others arrived at the Jorge Lema River, and successively established three winter camps: Upper, Middle and Lower Kolemesk. Fort Okhotsk was built in 1647.

By the fifties and sixties of 17, Cossack's footprints had spread all over Northeast Asia. Then, they began to advance to kamchatka peninsula. At this time, the kamchatka peninsula was inhabited by Igles, Kolyaks, Eskimos, slaves and so on. They are engaged in fishing and hunting here and live a primitive life. 1695, Yakutia Cossacks went to Fort Anadel in the overseers. Some of them visited kamchatka peninsula the next year. At the beginning of 1697, Atlasov, a Cossack of 50 people, assembled a team of 120 people to conquer kamchatka peninsula, where he fought fiercely with the local people. Later, castles such as Upper Kamchatka were built and guarded. By 17 1 1, the whole of kamchatka peninsula was conquered and incorporated into the Russian territory. After occupying Northeast Asia and kamchatka peninsula, Russia stepped up its push to Alaska and Aleutian Islands in the North Pacific.

In the process of expanding to Siberia and the Far East, Russia also extended its aggression tentacles to Lake Baikal and Heilongjiang. /kloc-In 1930s and 1940s, Russia invaded Lake Baikal from the west and north, centering on Yenisesk and Yakutsk. Cossacks established Balagansk (1654) and Irkutsk (1652) in the Angara River basin, and Vilho Lensk (1642) in the upper reaches of the Lena River. In the northeast corner of Lake Baikal, Cossacks established Upper Angarsk (1647) and Balguzin Fort (1648), and 1652 established Fort Bowen Tosk. In this way, Russian troops generally surrounded Lake Baikal from the north, laying the foundation for further southward and eastward advancement.

Russian troops invaded Heilongjiang from the south bank of Lake Baikal, all the way down to China and Mongolia, all the way east to the Shileka River in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang. On the way to the east and south, the Russians chose to go hand in hand with land and built several town castles in a hurry. For example, Nebuchadnezzar was founded in 1658, Telianbinsk in 1658, Serengesk in 1665 and Houdusse in 1666. These castles have played an important role in Russia's military, diplomatic and economic activities and trade with China.

65438+ In the forties and fifties of last century, Russia invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin. 1643, Cossack Bojar-kov took the Ardan River, a tributary of the Lena River, and then entered the Mka River in New York State along the Wuqiur River, then crossed the outer Xing 'an Mountains, took the land route of lianshan, and finally entered the Jingjili River (Jieya River), a tributary of Heilongjiang Province. The other route starts from Mahe River in aulick and reaches Heilongjiang along Tujil River, its tributary. Khabarov's expedition to Heilongjiang took this road. In order to strengthen management, the Russian government set up the aulick Minsk Fortress at the Mahekou in aulick at 1656.

Russia conquered the vast Siberia and the Far East, and immediately established administrative and military institutions to control it and implement colonial rule. The whole Siberia is managed by the central Siberian government. The region is divided into inspector jurisdiction and county. There are four supervision areas, namely Tobolsk, Tomsk, Yakutsk and Yenisesk, and each area belongs to several counties. /kloc-in the 0/7th century, there were 19 counties in Siberia, such as Tulinsk, Tyumen and Tara. Each district and county has supervisors who are responsible for all military, administrative, judicial and economic powers in their respective areas.

1850, taking advantage of the decline of China in the Qing Dynasty, invaded the Heilongjiang River Basin by force. In jaxa, Russians even eat Sauron people as food, which is really a man-eating demon; Nikolayev captured the Temple Street, brutally killed the local Hezhe and Ewenki residents, created the Temple Street tragedy, and renamed it Nikolayevsk; At the same time, it forced the Qing Dynasty to sign the Sino-Russian Love-Faint Treaty and the Sino-Russian Beijing Treaty, and seized 6,543,800 square kilometers of China territory in the Heilongjiang River Basin, including a large area of territory north of Heilongjiang, south of the outer Xing 'an Mountains and east of the Wusuli River to Sakhalin Island. Hezhe people living in this territory were slaughtered, the Elunchun people of Jieya River were forced to move into Daxing 'anling, and the Jurchen people were forced to move into the west of Wusuli River south of Heilongjiang. Finally, Russian immigrants became the main ethnic group in the area. I wonder if the Buryat Mongols east of Lake Baikal have been assimilated?

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, a large number of Han people immigrated to Northeast China and became the main ethnic group in Northeast China, which ensured the centripetal force of Northeast China to China and became the strongest force to consolidate the border defense in Northeast China. The sixty-four village in Jiangdong was reclaimed by the Han people for many years, so it was specifically stated in the Aihui Treaty that China people enjoyed the right of residence in the sixty-four village in Jiangdong, and the Qing government enjoyed jurisdiction over the people there. However, the Qing Dynasty had no sovereignty over this place. At the end of the Qing dynasty, the Russians broke the contract and drove the residents of the Han and Oroqen nationalities to Heilongjiang to drown or kill them. This is the 64th massacre in Jiangdong! After the Qing Dynasty, Yuan Shikai, the Northern Warlords and the Kuomintang regime refused to recognize the occupation of Sixty-four Tun in Jiangdong, insisting that it was a part of China territory.

1900, Eight-Nation Alliance invaded China, and Russia took advantage of the fire to seize and colonize the whole northeast of China. 1905 Japan defeated Russia, seized the southern section of Sakhalin Island and the southern Kuril Islands, and controlled Jilin and Liaoning. Later, southern Heilongjiang entered Zhang, and the Far East Republic was established in 19 17, and Japan controlled the entire Kuril Islands.

193 1 year, the Japanese occupied the northeast of China, established a puppet "Manchukuo" and confronted the Soviet Union in Heilongjiang. The Soviet Union drove away or killed the Han nationality in the Far East and forcibly moved the Korean nationality in the Far East to Central Asia. 1945, the Soviet Union recaptured the southern part of Sakhalin Island from Japan and occupied the entire Kuril Islands (including four northern Japanese islands). Sayanling-Lake Baikal-Waixinganling-Sakhalin Island is the life and soul of Russia's Far East, the population center, resource center and economic center of Russia in Asia, and the mainland of the Pacific Fleet. Without these territories, Russia will lose convenient transportation links with Kamchatka and Aleutian, and the security of Northeast Asia will be completely lost. Without these China territories, Russia will have no real foothold in Asia.

Here is a brief introduction to the Russian Far East city in China.