How is Spain's economy now?

Spain is a moderately developed capitalist industrial country. The gross domestic product ranks eighth in the Organization for Economic Development and 1 1 in the world. The main minerals are 8.8 billion tons of coal, 65.438+0.9 billion tons of iron, 500 million tons of pyrite, 4 million tons of copper, 6.5438+0.9 million tons of zinc and 700,000 tons of mercury. The total forest area is 1 179.2 hectares. The main industrial sectors are shipbuilding, steel, automobile, cement, mining, construction, textile, chemical, leather, electric power and other industries. Service industry is an important pillar of the western national economy, including culture, education, health, commerce, tourism, scientific research, social insurance, transportation and finance, among which tourism and finance are relatively developed. Tourism is an important pillar of the western economy and one of the main sources of foreign exchange. Famous tourist attractions include Madrid, Barcelona, Seville, Sunshine Coast and Beautiful Coast.

but

Italy:

Affected by the global economic downturn, Italy's 200 1 economic growth is slow, lower than the government's 2% expectation. After the center-right government came to power, it launched a "100-day plan" to revitalize the economy, including encouraging investment, increasing employment, abolishing inheritance tax and gift tax, reducing the burden on enterprises, promoting industrial and infrastructure construction, reforming the labor and employment system, reducing medical expenses, raising the minimum pension, gradually abolishing the underground economy, adopting high technology, etc., which was welcomed by business owners, but the contradiction between labor and capital intensified. The main economic indicators of Italy in 200 1 year are as follows:

Gross domestic product:12165.83 million euros (about10.94925 million US dollars).

Per capita GDP:2 109 1940 euros (about 18983 USD).

GDP growth rate: 1.8%.

Currency name: lira, euro.

Exchange rate: 1 euro =0.9 USD, 1000 lira = 0.62 1 euro.

Inflation rate: 1.4%.

Unemployment rate: 9.5%.

Mineral resources are scarce, only hydropower, geothermal energy, natural gas, marble, mercury, sulfur and a small amount of lead, aluminum, zinc and bauxite.

Three quarters of the energy supply and main industrial raw materials in this industry depend on foreign imports, while more than 1/3 of the products are exported. Historically, Italian state-owned enterprises were relatively developed. Yili, Eni and Eiffel used to be three state-owned consortia, accounting for about13 of the national industrial output value, and their business scope involved steel, shipbuilding, machinery, petroleum, chemical industry, arms and other departments. Since 1990s, the government has accelerated the privatization of state-owned enterprises. Small and medium-sized enterprises occupy an important position in the nursing economy, and have great advantages in the fields of tanning, shoemaking, clothing, textiles, furniture, kitchen equipment, ceramic tiles, silk, jewelry, wine-making, machinery, marble mining and machinery industry, and are characterized by high degree of specialization, strong adaptability and large proportion of products exported. Italy ranks sixth in the world in crude oil processing capacity, with an annual refining capacity of about 654.38 billion tons. In 200 1 year, the output of crude steel is 26.7 million tons, the output of plastics and tractors is the sixth in the world, and the power generation is the ninth in the world. In recent years, I am interested in the development of emerging technology industries, mainly electronics industry. At present, the information and communication technology industry accounts for 6.2% of the gross national product. Output of main industrial products in recent years: (1995 = 100)

1998 1999 2000

Energy products107.4109.4112.4

Metal and nonferrous ore 99.9 9 1.6 98.9

Non-metallic ore104.9109.3114.9

Chemical products105.9106.1107.7

Metal products106105.1106.8

Agricultural and industrial machinery103.7101107.5

Office equipment10192.9103.8

Mechanical and electrical products 98.7 98. 1 98.8

Transportation equipment111.11.8116.4.

Food and tobacco104.4107.5109.7

Textiles, clothing and leather 99.9 95. 1 95.6

Wood and furniture10411.9121.3

Paper and publishing industry10711.5112.5

Total index104.3104.4107.7.

(Source: Annual Report of the Bank of Italy in 2000)

In 2000, the output value of agriculture, animal husbandry and fishery was 52.8 trillion lira, accounting for 2.4% of GDP. Due to mountainous areas and lack of fertile soil, the area of agricultural arable land only accounts for 10% of the total area of China (1995). 1995 The main agricultural output values are as follows: 3,606.5 billion lire for crops, 2,243 lire for livestock, 733 billion lire for forestry and 230.7 billion lire for fisheries. In 20001year, the import and export of vegetables, beans and fruits in Italy were194 billion euros and 2.853 billion euros, respectively, increasing by 20.7% and 1.7% over the previous year. It means that the world's second largest wine producer, after France, produces 5 1 100 million liters of wine in 200 1 year, which is 5% less than the previous year, accounting for about one-fifth of the world's total output. The export profit in 2000 was 2 billion euros, and the export profit in the first nine months of 20001year was 654,380.8 billion euros. Besides fruits and vegetables, it means a net importer of agricultural products. The total output of major agricultural products in recent years is as follows (unit: ton):

1998 1999 2000

Wheat 8460.9 7947.2 764 1.8

Corn 9127.310127.910/96.3

Potato 2320.7 2 155.8 2 108

Tomatoes 6076.4 7498. 1 7594.2

Grape 9400.2 9599.6 9 186.5

Olive 2664.9 3888.4 2927.4

Citrus1422.31912.71852

Apple 220 1.5 2383.7 28338+0

(Source: Italian National Bureau of Statistics, Annual Statistics 2000)

Tourism tourism is developed, and tourism income is an important source to make up for the country's balance of payments deficit. In 200 1 year, foreign tourists spent about 28.779 million euros, down 3.8%; Italian tourist consumption abroad 1, 568. 1, 000 euros, down by 7.9%; The net profit of tourism in the whole year was 6.5438+0.3098 million euros, slightly higher than the previous year's 6.5438+0.2893 million euros. Italy is rich in tourism resources, humid climate, beautiful scenery, numerous cultural relics, good beaches and mountains, and convenient highways. Most hotels are small and medium-sized There are 1 15000 hotels in China, including hotels, campsites, tourist villages and agricultural tourist houses. In 2000, it received 44.53 million domestic tourists and 34.59 million foreign tourists. The number of people staying in China is China 1948 13000, and foreigners 137545000. The main tourist cities are Rome, Florence and Venice.

Traffic Domestic traffic mainly depends on roads, with road passenger traffic accounting for 2/3 and freight traffic accounting for 70%. The toll revenue of 1989 is about 3 trillion lira, and that of 1998 is 679.8 billion lira, which has more than doubled.

Railway: 1995, with a total length of 19527 km, of which 80% are state-owned railways and the rest are private railways. In 200 1 year, the national railway company made a profit of 20 million euros for the first time. Group employees106,000, and 7,500 trains are guaranteed to run every day; The annual passenger traffic is 474 million passengers and the freight volume is 87 million tons. The group owns 80,000 locomotives and vehicles on the railway with a length of16,000 km, and is also responsible for the ferry crossing the Messina Strait to Sardinia.

Highway: 1995, with a total length of 307771km; China has 30.3 million motor vehicles, 2.8 million commercial vehicles and 6.2 million motorcycles and mopeds. 1996 road transport17.55 million tons/km. From 65438 to 0999, the total length of Italian expressways was 6,453 kilometers, and it was decided to sell the shares of state-owned expressways and hand over 30,000 kilometers of expressways to local management.

Water transport: Due to its special geographical location, sea transport has always been the main mode of cargo transportation. 1986 There were 203 merchant ships and fishing boats, with a total tonnage of 8.06 million tons; 1995 65438+294 million tons of inbound goods; /kloc-0.08 million tons of outbound goods (of which 5 100 million tons are shipped abroad); China has 19 major ports, such as Genoa, Naples, Venice, Trieste, taranto, Livorno and Siracusa. Due to the measures of establishing independent management institutions, privatization and liberalization of port services, its ports are more competitive than other ports in the central Mediterranean.

Air transport: 1998 international arrivals17.9 million passengers, including 6.6 million passengers from Alitalia; The number of people leaving Hong Kong is 6.5438+0.98 million, of which 6.9 million are from Alitalia. The main airports are fiumicino in Rome, Noeraert in Milan, Malpensa in Turin and Caselle.

Huge fiscal deficit and public debt have always been two major problems in the Italian economy. Since 1992, it has intentionally increased its privatization, and successively invested in National Labor Bank (BNL), Credit Italia Bank (1993 65438+February), Italian Commercial Bank (1994 March), as well as Yili, Eni and National Insurance Company (INA). At the same time, public expenditure has been cut, the social welfare system has been reformed, and the financial situation has been continuously improved. 1999, the first batch to join the European Economic and Monetary Union. In 200 1 year, the government's fiscal deficit was1761400 million euros (34.3 trillion lira), accounting for about 1.4% of GDP, and the national debt was about122.4 billion euros, accounting for about/kloc-of GDP. The financial revenue and expenditure in recent years are as follows (unit: one billion euros):

1999 2000 200 1

Fiscal deficit-194.17-62.63-176.6438+04

(%) of GDP1.80.51.4.

Treasury bonds 2457 2493 13300

(%) of GDP114.9110.6109.4.

Note: 1999 and 2000, the unit of public debt was trillion euros.

(Source: Italian National Bureau of Statistics Economic Situation Report 200 1)

The main banks are as follows: Sao Paulo Imi, formerly known as the Bank of Sao Paulo in Turin, was established in 1563 with assets of 99 billion euros (2001); In 2000, he took over the Bank of Naples, including its 16.2% government share. IntesaBci, which was formed by the merger of Lombardy Savings Bank 1998 and Ambro Veneto Bank, merged with Parma Savings Bank and Frisian Bank on 1999, and then merged with Italian Commercial Bank (Bci) on 200 1, with total assets of 96.3 billion euros (2006544). UniCredit is the first banking group in Italy. 1June, 1998, Credit Italia, Rollo Bank and Turin merged into UniCredit Italia. 1June, 1999, Trieste Savings Bank of Trento and Rovereto was merged again, with assets of 732.2 billion euros (200 1). Banca di Roma, founded on March 9th, 1880, with assets of 25.4 billion euros (2001); 1997 acquired 33% of the shares of Yili Group, 1999 acquired Mediocredito Centrale, one of the last state-owned banks in Italy. The National Labor Bank (BNL) was established in August 2003 with assets of1919.8 billion euros (200 1).

Foreign trade is the main pillar of Italian economy. Traditional products are the main source of foreign exchange earned by export, with manufacturing accounting for a quarter of the total output value and three quarters of products and services exported. Although the output value of service industry is twice that of manufacturing industry, most service industries are related to the marketing or supply of manufacturing products. Specialized industrial zones and government policies to encourage exports have effectively promoted export growth. Italy's foreign trade surplus year after year is the third largest country in the world after Japan and Germany. Due to the increase in oil prices and the depreciation of the euro, Italy's trade surplus in 200 1 year reached 9.8 billion euros (19 trillion lira); Among them, imports were almost the same as the previous year, totaling 495.499 billion lira (26,065,438+79 million euros), up 0.6% over the previous year, while exports were 4982.0 10 billion lira (269,705,438+million euros), up 3.6% over the previous year, mainly to Russia, China and Central and Eastern Europe. The foreign trade situation in recent years is as follows (unit: billion euros):

2000 200 1

Total amount 5 139 5298.8

Import value 2559 260 1.79

Export value 25802697.06438+0

Difference 2 1 95.22

(Source: Italian National Bureau of Statistics Economic Situation Report 200 1)

Imports are mainly petroleum, raw materials and food, and exports are mainly mechanical equipment, chemical products, household appliances, textiles, clothing, leather shoes, gold and silver jewelry and other light industrial products. Italy's foreign markets are mainly in Europe. The regional distribution and import and export volume of Italy's foreign trade in 200 1 year are as follows: (unit: 100 million euros)

The year-on-year growth rate of imports and exports.

Omon1469.44 0.3%1448+040.3%

Eu member States 1284.40 1.3%

European Free Trade Association 107.32 14.8%

Russia 85.34 2.4%

Other European countries 33.73 25.1%49.0217.2%

EU candidate 159.20 19.7%

Opec countries181.13-12.6%102.68 20.7%

USA 127.78-5.5%

Mercosur 34.55 -5.6% 37.49-1.7%

China 74.8 1 6.4% 32.72 37.5

Japanese books 62.77-2.2% 47.04 8.4%

Asian economies 63.50-5.9%

Other countries 202.22 0.3% 25 1.96 3.3%

Note: EFTA: EFTA countries; MERCOSUR: Southern Common Market, mainly referring to Brazil, Paraguay, Uruguay and Argentina; Asian economies refer to Singapore, Korea, Malaysia, Thailand, Taiwan Province Province and Hongkong.

(Source: Italian National Bureau of Statistics 200 1 Economic Report)

Import and export trade of major projects in recent years: (unit: million US dollars)

1998 1999 2000

Total exports 245.7 235.2 238.3

Machinery and transportation equipment110.0105.010.0

Textiles, clothing and leather 38.5 37.0 4 1.0

Metal products14.214.816.8

Total imports 2 18.4 220.3 236.6

Machinery and transportation equipment 74.5 83.0 93.5

Chemical products 32.5 36.0 39.5

Energy products 18.5 19.5 22.3

Metals and nonferrous metals 19.0 20.0 22.0

(Source: Press release of the Italian National Bureau of Statistics, 2000)

Famous companies A brief introduction of several famous big companies is as follows:

(1) Gruppo Fiat, full name of Turin Automobile Factory, Italy, was founded in 1899, and its current name was officially adopted in 1906. The business scope of the enterprises controlled by the Agnelli family includes: various forms of automobiles and parts, commercial vehicles, agricultural and construction machinery, metallurgical products, production systems, aircraft and marine engines, publishing and communication, finance and insurance, and commercial services. In 2000, Fiat Group's turnover exceeded 57 billion euros, and it had 654,438+0,064 companies in 64 countries around the world, with 223,000 employees, of which 654,438+0./kloc-0./10 million were distributed in overseas companies. Among its 242 production plants, 167 are located abroad, 13 1 is located in the R&D center, and 6 1 is located overseas. In 2000, Fiat Auto Company * * * produced 2.439 million cars, and its operating income reached more than 25 billion euros, accounting for 45.5% of the group's total income. 200 1 year, the group lost 79 1 10,000 euros.

(2) National Hydrocarbon Company (Eni), also known as Eni Group. 1953 February 10 was formed by the merger of state-controlled oil, natural gas and petrochemical enterprises. Business scope includes: crude oil, natural gas, chemical and petrochemical products, nuclear fuel, coal, machinery and equipment, textile raw materials and clothing, mining and metallurgy, contracted construction and trade. In 20001year, the group's net profit reached 7.745 million euros, an increase of 1.974 million euros over the previous year, with an increase of about 34.2%.

People's livelihood is 200 1 year, and the total number of employed people in China is 21510.4 million, with 434,000 new jobs, up 2. 1% year-on-year. Among them, the agricultural population1126,000, up by 0.6% year-on-year; The industrial population is 684 1 10,000 people, with a year-on-year increase of1.1%; The population of construction industry1707,000, up by 5.5% year-on-year; Service industry population13.548 million, up 2.7% year-on-year; The number of unemployed people is 206 1 000, accounting for 9.5%. At present, every 3.4 people have a TV set, every 3.9 people have a radio, every 1.7 people have a telephone, and every 1000 people have 154 daily newspapers and 565 cars. For many years, the birth of Italian population has been zero or negative; In 200 1 year, there were 544,000 babies born and 544 deaths110,000. The population growth rate is zero, but the life expectancy is longer, with an average of 75 years for men and 82 years for women.

The southern region includes abruzzo, molise, Campania, Puglia, Calabria, licata, Brazil, Sicily and Sardinia. The southern area is 654.38+2300 square kilometers, accounting for 40.8% of the total area of Italy, and the population is 20.85 million, accounting for 36% of the national population. Although Italy is the fourth largest economic power in the European Union, due to historical reasons, the economic and social development in southern Italy is seriously lagging behind, and there is a big gap between the north and the south. Some provinces and regions are even the most backward places in the EU economy. Since 1995, although EU institutions and Italian government have been implementing various preferential policies for this region, its development and changes are still not obvious, which has become a long-standing problem in Italy. 1999, the per capita GDP in southern Italy is only 54.9% of that in the north-central region, with low per capita income and high unemployment rate. In 200 1 year, the number of unemployed people in southern Italy was1456,000, accounting for 64.2% of the whole country. The unemployment rate is about 20%, of which more than half are young people, 29.4% are women and 23.5% are black.

build

Pisa Cathedral, its bell tower and baptistery are one of the most important buildings in medieval Italy. It was built to commemorate 1062' s defeat of Arabs and the capture of Palermo.

The main church is a Latin cross with a total length of 95 meters and four rows of columns. Wood truss is used in the central hall, and cross arches are used in the side corridors. The facade is about 32 meters high, decorated with four empty corridors, with rich shapes and light and shadow changes.

The bell tower (1 174) is more than 20 meters southeast of the main church. It is circular, with a diameter of about16m. It is eight stories high, and the middle six floors are surrounded by empty coupon corridors. Later, due to uneven settlement of foundation. The tower began to tilt year by year. However, due to the rationality of the structure and the superb skills of design and construction, the tower itself has not been damaged and has been circulated for nearly a thousand years. The world-famous Leaning Tower of Pisa.

Italy and Spain are hard to compare!

Everything is fine. Spain is rich, Italy is not bad, not as poor as you said. Compared with all the same kind!